Simulate the unreadable partitions.csv instead of chmod

Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: J. Nick Koston <nick@koston.org>

.claude/settings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "hooks": {
+    "SessionStart": [
+      {
+        "hooks": [
+          {
+            "type": "command",
+            "command": "d=\"${CLAUDE_PROJECT_DIR:-.}\"; [ -x \"$d/venv/bin/python\" ] || { mkdir -p \"$d/.temp\"; env -u VIRTUAL_ENV \"$d/script/setup\" >\"$d/.temp/setup.log\" 2>&1 || echo '{\"systemMessage\":\"script/setup failed; see .temp/setup.log\"}'; }",
+            "statusMessage": "Setting up dev environment (script/setup)...",
+            "timeout": 900
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

.github/workflows/ci-docker.yml

@@ -119,16 +119,22 @@ jobs:
       # pushed image) keeps it working for fork PRs, which never push to ghcr.io.
       - name: Export image for compile-test
         if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-24.04' && matrix.build_type == 'docker'
-        run: docker save "ghcr.io/esphome/esphome-amd64:${{ steps.tag.outputs.tag }}" | gzip > compile-test-image.tar.gz
+        # zstd over gzip: docker save is on the critical path for every
+        # compile-test job, and zstd -T0 is multithreaded (export 50s -> 9s).
+        # docker load auto-detects the format; its time is layer extraction,
+        # not decompression, so it is unchanged. shell: bash adds pipefail so
+        # a failed docker save cannot upload a truncated artifact.
+        shell: bash
+        run: docker save "ghcr.io/esphome/esphome-amd64:${{ steps.tag.outputs.tag }}" | zstd -T0 -3 > compile-test-image.tar.zst
 
       - name: Upload compile-test image artifact
         if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-24.04' && matrix.build_type == 'docker'
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
-          # The tar is already gzipped, so upload it as-is. archive: false skips
-          # the redundant zip and makes the file name the artifact name (the
-          # `name` input is ignored in that mode).
-          path: compile-test-image.tar.gz
+          # The tar is already compressed, so upload it as-is. archive: false
+          # skips the redundant zip and makes the file name the artifact name
+          # (the `name` input is ignored in that mode).
+          path: compile-test-image.tar.zst
           retention-days: 1
           archive: false
 
@@ -182,8 +188,6 @@ jobs:
       contents: read  # actions/checkout to load the test configs
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
-      # Modest cap so this smoke test leaves room on the shared runner pool.
-      max-parallel: 8
       matrix:
         # One entry per distinct toolchain. ESP32 variants (c3/c6/s2/s3/p4)
         # share a toolchain bundle, so esp32 is exercised on the base variant
@@ -208,9 +212,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Download image artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
-          name: compile-test-image.tar.gz
+          name: compile-test-image.tar.zst
       - name: Load image
-        run: docker load --input compile-test-image.tar.gz
+        run: docker load --input compile-test-image.tar.zst
       - name: Compile ${{ matrix.id }}
         run: |
           docker run --rm \

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ jobs:
             apt-get install -y libc6-dbg
 
       - name: Run CodSpeed benchmarks
-        uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@4296e51e7041e24dadb86d1d6e8b9320d223dbe8 # v5.0.3
+        uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@373d6868929f444bc08d901fd0eb0ad52a8875ea # v5.2.1
         with:
           run: |
             . venv/bin/activate
@@ -946,7 +946,6 @@ jobs:
       ESPHOME_SDK_NRF_PREFIX: ~/.esphome-sdk-nrf
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
-      max-parallel: ${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.release-pr == 'true' && 32 || 16 }}
       matrix:
         batch: ${{ fromJson(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.component-test-batches) }}
     steps:

CODEOWNERS

@@ -577,6 +577,7 @@ esphome/components/tuya/select/* @bearpawmaxim
 esphome/components/tuya/sensor/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/tuya/switch/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/tuya/text_sensor/* @dentra
+esphome/components/tuya/water_heater/* @iago-veiga
 esphome/components/uart/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/uart/button/* @ssieb
 esphome/components/uart/event/* @eoasmxd

docker/Dockerfile

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RUN \
     -r /requirements.txt
 
 # Install the ESPHome Device Builder dashboard.
-RUN uv pip install --no-cache-dir esphome-device-builder==1.13.0
+RUN uv pip install --no-cache-dir esphome-device-builder==1.13.1
 
 RUN \
     platformio settings set enable_telemetry No \

esphome/__main__.py

@@ -2734,10 +2734,14 @@ def run_esphome(argv):
     # Skipped when -s overrides are passed, since the cache was written
     # against the previous substitution set.
     config: ConfigType | None = None
-    cache_eligible = (
+    cache_write_eligible = (
         args.command in ("upload", "logs") and not command_line_substitutions
     )
-    if cache_eligible:
+    # An explicit --toolchain must re-run the per-platform validators, so
+    # gate only the cache read; the refresh below saves the result unless
+    # the sidecar records a different toolchain.
+    cache_read_eligible = cache_write_eligible and args.toolchain is None
+    if cache_read_eligible:
         from esphome.compiled_config import load_compiled_config
 
         config = load_compiled_config(conf_path)
@@ -2761,17 +2765,14 @@ def run_esphome(argv):
             return 2
     CORE.config = config
 
-    # Fallback for platforms whose validators didn't set the toolchain
-    # (only the esp32 component reads esp32.framework.toolchain). All
-    # other platforms only support PlatformIO today. Must run before the
-    # cache refresh below so its sidecar records the same toolchain a
-    # compile would.
+    # The cache fast path skips validation, and legacy sidecars lack the
+    # toolchain field. Must run before the cache refresh below.
     if CORE.toolchain is None:
         CORE.toolchain = Toolchain.PLATFORMIO
 
     # Refresh the cache so the next upload/logs hits the fast path
     # instead of re-running read_config.
-    if cache_eligible and cache_missed:
+    if cache_write_eligible and cache_missed:
         from esphome.compiled_config import save_compiled_config_and_sidecar
 
         save_compiled_config_and_sidecar(config)

esphome/arduino8266/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+"""Native (PlatformIO-free) build support for the ESP8266 Arduino core.
+
+This package downloads the Arduino ESP8266 core and the xtensa-lx106
+toolchain, generates a ninja build for them plus the ESPHome sources, and
+drives the build directly — the ESP8266 equivalent of ``esphome.espidf``.
+
+Deliberately importable without the esp8266 component to avoid circular
+imports; the component wires these modules in via lazy imports.
+"""

esphome/arduino8266/framework.py

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+"""Download and install the Arduino ESP8266 core, toolchain, and ninja.
+
+Artifacts land in a machine-global cache (shared across projects, like the
+ESP-IDF install in ``esphome.espidf.framework``):
+
+    <cache>/arduino8266/frameworks/<version>/   framework-arduinoespressif8266
+    <cache>/arduino8266/toolchains/<version>/   toolchain-xtensa (gcc 10.3)
+
+Packages come from the PlatformIO registry (identical bits to the PlatformIO
+backend); ``ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_*_MIRRORS`` overrides the URLs. ninja comes
+from PATH or the ninja PyPI wheel.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+from esphome.build_helpers.ccache import ccache_defaults_env
+from esphome.build_helpers.ninja import find_ninja
+from esphome.build_helpers.tools_cache import ARDUINO8266_TOOLS_CACHE, tools_cache_path
+from esphome.core import EsphomeError, Version
+from esphome.framework_helpers import str_to_lst_of_str
+from esphome.platformio.registry import install_package, prefetch_packages
+
+FRAMEWORK_PACKAGE = "framework-arduinoespressif8266"
+TOOLCHAIN_PACKAGE = "toolchain-xtensa"
+# gcc 10.3, the toolchain Arduino core 3.x builds with; the build
+# generator's compile flags are tuned to it.
+TOOLCHAIN_VERSION = "2.100300.220621"
+
+ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_FRAMEWORK_MIRRORS = str_to_lst_of_str(
+    os.environ.get("ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_FRAMEWORK_MIRRORS", "")
+)
+ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_TOOLCHAIN_MIRRORS = str_to_lst_of_str(
+    os.environ.get("ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_TOOLCHAIN_MIRRORS", "")
+)
+
+
+def get_arduino8266_tools_path() -> Path:
+    # Machine-global so all projects share one install; see
+    # espidf.framework.get_idf_tools_path for the location rationale.
+    return tools_cache_path(*ARDUINO8266_TOOLS_CACHE)
+
+
+# 3.1.1 rather than 3.1.0: the registry has no package for 3.1.0, and the
+# encoder below cannot name 3.0.0/3.0.1 either (see its docstring)
+MIN_FRAMEWORK_VERSION = Version(3, 1, 1)
+
+
+def framework_package_version(ver: Version) -> str:
+    """Map an Arduino core version to its registry package version (3.1.2 ->
+    3.30102.0; the leading 3 is the package major).
+
+    Exact registry names only for cores > 2.6.2 and >= 3.0.2; callers floor
+    at MIN_FRAMEWORK_VERSION.
+    """
+    if ver.major > 3:
+        raise EsphomeError(
+            f"Arduino core {ver} is not supported yet; "
+            "the newest known core series is 3.x"
+        )
+    if ver <= Version(2, 6, 2):
+        # Cores <= 2.6.2 use the older 1.x/2.x package-major encodings (same
+        # boundary as _format_framework_arduino_version's era guard)
+        raise EsphomeError(
+            f"Arduino core {ver} uses an older package encoding than this "
+            "helper implements (newer than 2.6.2)"
+        )
+    return f"3.{ver.major}{ver.minor:02d}{ver.patch:02d}.0"
+
+
+def get_framework_path(package_version: str) -> Path:
+    return get_arduino8266_tools_path() / "frameworks" / package_version
+
+
+def get_toolchain_path() -> Path:
+    return get_arduino8266_tools_path() / "toolchains" / TOOLCHAIN_VERSION
+
+
+class InstalledPaths(NamedTuple):
+    """Locations of the installed framework, toolchain, and ninja binary."""
+
+    framework: Path
+    toolchain: Path
+    ninja: Path
+
+
+def check_and_install(framework_version: Version) -> InstalledPaths:
+    """Ensure framework, toolchain, and ninja are installed; return their paths."""
+    if framework_version < MIN_FRAMEWORK_VERSION:
+        # Config validation enforces this too; keep the module honest when
+        # called directly.
+        raise EsphomeError(
+            f"The native toolchain requires the Arduino core "
+            f">= {MIN_FRAMEWORK_VERSION}, got {framework_version}"
+        )
+    # Probe the cheap local dependency before ~110 MB of downloads
+    ninja_path = find_ninja()
+    package_version = framework_package_version(framework_version)
+    framework_path = get_framework_path(package_version)
+    downloads_dir = get_arduino8266_tools_path() / "downloads"
+    toolchain_path = get_toolchain_path()
+    # One spec per package: the prefetch and the installs must agree
+    specs = (
+        (
+            FRAMEWORK_PACKAGE,
+            package_version,
+            framework_path,
+            ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_FRAMEWORK_MIRRORS,
+            ("cores/esp8266", "tools/sdk", "libraries"),
+        ),
+        (
+            TOOLCHAIN_PACKAGE,
+            TOOLCHAIN_VERSION,
+            toolchain_path,
+            ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_TOOLCHAIN_MIRRORS,
+            # xtensa-lx106-elf pins the target: every gcc package has a bin/
+            ("bin", "xtensa-lx106-elf"),
+        ),
+    )
+    # Fetch both archives at once; the installs below verify and extract
+    prefetch_packages([spec[:4] for spec in specs], downloads_dir)
+    for name, version, dest, mirrors, expect in specs:
+        install_package(name, version, dest, mirrors, downloads_dir, expect=expect)
+    return InstalledPaths(
+        framework=framework_path, toolchain=toolchain_path, ninja=ninja_path
+    )
+
+
+def toolchain_tool(toolchain_path: Path, name: str) -> Path:
+    """Path to one toolchain tool (gcc, g++, ar, size, addr2line, ...).
+
+    The single owner of the ``bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-<name>`` layout and the
+    Windows suffix, so a toolchain package bump touches one spot.
+    """
+    suffix = ".exe" if os.name == "nt" else ""
+    return toolchain_path / "bin" / f"xtensa-lx106-elf-{name}{suffix}"
+
+
+def get_build_env(toolchain_path: Path, ccache: str | None) -> dict[str, str]:
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    # Drop empty entries: a trailing separator from an absent PATH would
+    # make the shell search the current directory for tools
+    parts = [
+        str(toolchain_path / "bin"),
+        *filter(None, env.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)),
+    ]
+    env["PATH"] = os.pathsep.join(parts)
+    env.update(ccache_env(ccache))
+    return env
+
+
+def ccache_env(ccache: str | None) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Return ccache settings for the build subprocess (not os.environ).
+
+    ``ccache`` is the pre-resolved binary (resolve_ccache_path), or None
+    when disabled. Values the user already set in the environment are
+    respected.
+    """
+    if ccache is None:
+        return {}
+    return ccache_defaults_env(get_arduino8266_tools_path() / "ccache")

esphome/build_gen/espidf.py

@@ -90,9 +90,10 @@ def get_project_cmakelists(
     """
     idf_target = variant_to_idf_target(get_esp32_variant())
 
-    # esp_idf_size 2.x (bundled with IDF >=6.0) made NG the default and
-    # removed the --ng flag; on 1.x (IDF 5.5) --ng is required to get
-    # --format=raw because the legacy mode doesn't support it.
+    # esp_idf_size 2.x (IDF >=6.0) made NG the default and removed --ng;
+    # 1.x (IDF 5.5) needs --ng for --format=json2. 1.x json2 also lacks
+    # total_size, hence the ELF fallback in espidf/size_summary.py; both
+    # go away together when 1.x support is dropped.
     size_ng_flag = "--ng" if idf_version() < cv.Version(6, 0, 0) else ""
 
     # Project-wide compile options: -D defines and -W warning flags (skip
@@ -211,10 +212,12 @@ include($ENV{{IDF_PATH}}/tools/cmake/project.cmake)
 
 project({CORE.name})
 
-# Emit raw JSON size data for ESPHome to read post-build.
+# Emit per-memory-type JSON size data for ESPHome to read post-build.
+# json2 stays small; raw dumps every symbol (~2s on a large map) and
+# this command runs inside the link edge, blocking everything downstream.
 add_custom_command(
     TARGET ${{CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}}.elf POST_BUILD
-    COMMAND ${{PYTHON}} -m esp_idf_size {size_ng_flag} --format=raw
+    COMMAND ${{PYTHON}} -m esp_idf_size {size_ng_flag} --format=json2
             -o ${{CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}}/esp_idf_size.json
             ${{CMAKE_PROJECT_NAME}}.map
     WORKING_DIRECTORY ${{CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}}

esphome/build_helpers/ccache.py

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""Shared ccache policy for build backends: env-knob parsing, binary
+resolution, and default ``CCACHE_*`` values."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from esphome.framework_helpers import strip_win_long_path_prefix, tool_version_runs
+from esphome.helpers import FALSY_ENV_STRINGS, TRUTHY_ENV_STRINGS
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _ccache_runs(ccache: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True when the ``ccache`` found on PATH actually runs."""
+    return tool_version_runs(
+        ccache,
+        "Ignoring ccache at %s because it failed to run; compiling without ccache",
+    )
+
+
+def parse_enable_env(name: str) -> bool | None:
+    """Strictly parse an on/off environment knob; None when unset or invalid.
+
+    ``bool(str)`` truthiness would flip ``no``/``off`` to enabled, so only
+    1/true/yes/on and 0/false/no/off count; anything else warns and reads
+    as unset so the caller's default policy applies.
+    """
+    raw = os.environ.get(name)
+    if raw is None:
+        return None
+    lowered = raw.strip().lower()
+    if not lowered:
+        # ENV KNOB= (Docker/CI) has always read as a disable
+        return False
+    if lowered in TRUTHY_ENV_STRINGS:
+        return True
+    if lowered in FALSY_ENV_STRINGS:
+        return False
+    _LOGGER.warning("Ignoring unrecognized %s=%r; use 1 or 0", name, raw)
+    return None
+
+
+def resolve_ccache_path() -> str | None:
+    """The ccache binary to wrap compiles with, or None when disabled.
+
+    An explicit ``ESPHOME_CCACHE_ENABLE=1`` skips the runnability probe; the
+    Windows extended-length prefix is stripped before probing (#18399).
+    """
+    import shutil
+
+    explicit = parse_enable_env("ESPHOME_CCACHE_ENABLE")
+    if explicit is False:
+        return None
+    ccache = shutil.which("ccache")
+    if ccache is None:
+        if explicit:
+            _LOGGER.warning(
+                "ESPHOME_CCACHE_ENABLE is set but no ccache binary is on PATH; "
+                "compiling without ccache"
+            )
+        return None
+    ccache = strip_win_long_path_prefix(ccache)
+    if not explicit and not _ccache_runs(ccache):
+        return None
+    return ccache
+
+
+def ccache_defaults_env(cache_dir: Path) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Default ``CCACHE_*`` values for a build subprocess (not os.environ).
+
+    Values the user already set in the environment are respected. Depend
+    mode is on: both native backends emit depfiles (-MMD / CMake), which
+    keeps cache-miss overhead low.
+    """
+    from esphome.core import CORE
+
+    # An unset build_path means the env was built before preload; fail loudly
+    # rather than silently drop CCACHE_BASEDIR.
+    if CORE.build_path is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "CORE.build_path must be set before constructing the build environment"
+        )
+    defaults = {
+        "CCACHE_DIR": str(cache_dir),
+        "CCACHE_NOHASHDIR": "true",
+        "CCACHE_DEPEND": "1",
+        "CCACHE_BASEDIR": str(Path(CORE.build_path).resolve()),
+    }
+    return {k: v for k, v in defaults.items() if k not in os.environ}

esphome/build_helpers/ninja.py

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""Platform-neutral helpers for ninja-driven native builds."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import shutil
+
+from esphome.core import EsphomeError
+from esphome.framework_helpers import strip_win_long_path_prefix, tool_version_runs
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _ninja_runs(binary: str) -> bool:
+    """Whether the ninja found on PATH actually runs (see tool_version_runs)."""
+    return tool_version_runs(
+        binary,
+        "Ignoring ninja at %s because it failed to run; "
+        "falling back to the bundled wheel",
+    )
+
+
+def find_ninja() -> Path:
+    """Locate the ninja binary: a runnable PATH hit first, else the ninja
+    PyPI wheel."""
+    if binary := shutil.which("ninja"):
+        binary = strip_win_long_path_prefix(binary)
+        if _ninja_runs(binary):
+            return Path(binary)
+    import_error: ImportError | None = None
+    try:
+        import ninja
+    except ImportError as err:
+        import_error = err
+        wheel_binary = None
+    else:
+        wheel_binary = Path(ninja.BIN_DIR) / (
+            "ninja.exe" if os.name == "nt" else "ninja"
+        )
+    if wheel_binary is None or not wheel_binary.is_file():
+        raise EsphomeError(
+            "ninja not found on PATH or in the ninja package; reinstall the "
+            "esphome Python environment"
+        ) from import_error
+    return wheel_binary
+
+
+def escape(value: Path | str) -> str:
+    """Escape a path or token for a ninja file."""
+    return str(value).replace("$", "$$").replace(":", "$:").replace(" ", "$ ")
+
+
+def quote_arg(tok: str) -> str:
+    """Quote with the CreateProcess argv rule (as ``subprocess.list2cmdline``):
+    backslash runs double only before a quote. Windows-only; ``$`` must
+    already be doubled for ninja.
+    """
+    quoted = re.sub(r'(\\*)"', lambda m: m.group(1) * 2 + '\\"', tok)
+    quoted = re.sub(r"(\\+)\Z", lambda m: m.group(1) * 2, quoted)
+    return f'"{quoted}"'
+
+
+# Force-quote any token containing a character outside the shlex.quote-style
+# safe set: ninja hands POSIX commands to /bin/sh -c, so bare (, ;, <, *, `
+# and friends would be re-parsed as shell syntax.
+_NEEDS_QUOTE = re.compile(r"[^\w@%+=:,./-]")
+
+
+def shell_token(tok: str, force: bool = False) -> str:
+    """Re-quote a lexed token for the platform shell; ``force`` always quotes.
+
+    Single quotes on POSIX (/bin/sh), the argv rule on Windows
+    (CreateProcess). ``$`` is doubled first because ninja expands it before
+    the command reaches the shell.
+    """
+    tok = tok.replace("$", "$$")  # ninja would expand a bare $ to nothing
+    if not (force or not tok or _NEEDS_QUOTE.search(tok)):
+        return tok
+    # An empty token must become '' / "" or it vanishes from the argv
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        return quote_arg(tok)
+    # shlex.quote's rule; inlined because the $-doubled token must not be
+    # re-examined for safe characters
+    return "'" + tok.replace("'", "'\"'\"'") + "'"
+
+
+def quote_path(value: Path | str) -> str:
+    """Force-quote a path for the ninja command line (shell/CreateProcess)."""
+    return shell_token(str(value), force=True)

esphome/build_helpers/tools_cache.py

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""Machine-global tools cache location shared by the native backends."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def tools_cache_path(env_var: str, subdir: str) -> Path:
+    """A backend's machine-global tools directory, with an env override.
+
+    A blank/whitespace override is treated as unset: ``Path("")`` resolves
+    to the CWD, which ``clean-all`` would then delete.
+    """
+    import platformdirs
+
+    from esphome.helpers import get_str_env
+
+    if prefix := get_str_env(env_var, "").strip():
+        # resolve(): symlinked prefixes otherwise trip idf.py's
+        # venv-mismatch warning on every build
+        return Path(prefix).expanduser().resolve()
+    # appauthor=False keeps the Windows path short (no vendor segment);
+    # deep IDF trees run into MAX_PATH otherwise
+    return (
+        Path(platformdirs.user_cache_dir("esphome", appauthor=False)) / subdir
+    ).resolve()
+
+
+# (env override, cache subdir) per native backend. writer.clean_all wipes
+# every entry via tools_cache_path, so listing a cache here is the single
+# step that registers it for removal; the backends' own path getters use
+# the same named pairs so the two cannot drift.
+IDF_TOOLS_CACHE = ("ESPHOME_ESP_IDF_PREFIX", "idf")
+SDK_NRF_TOOLS_CACHE = ("ESPHOME_SDK_NRF_PREFIX", "sdk-nrf")
+ARDUINO8266_TOOLS_CACHE = ("ESPHOME_ARDUINO8266_PREFIX", "arduino8266")
+TOOLS_CACHE_SPECS = (IDF_TOOLS_CACHE, SDK_NRF_TOOLS_CACHE, ARDUINO8266_TOOLS_CACHE)

esphome/compiled_config.py

@@ -100,6 +100,21 @@ def _refresh_sidecar() -> bool:
             )
             return False
         if old is not None and old.can_apply_to_core():
+            if (
+                old.toolchain is not None
+                and CORE.toolchain is not None
+                and old.toolchain != CORE.toolchain.value
+            ):
+                # Platforms normalize toolchain-sensitive keys differently;
+                # never cache a config validated under a different toolchain
+                # than the compile's
+                _LOGGER.debug(
+                    "Not caching: config validated with toolchain %r but the "
+                    "last compile used %r",
+                    CORE.toolchain.value,
+                    old.toolchain,
+                )
+                return False
             # Compile-written; nothing to refresh.
             return True
         if CORE.build_path is not None and CORE.build_path.exists():

esphome/components/api/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import logging
+import re
 from typing import Any
 
 from esphome import automation
@@ -499,6 +500,40 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
 
 KEY_VALUE_SCHEMA = cv.Schema({cv.string: cv.templatable(cv.string_strict)})
 
+_ID_CALL_PROG = re.compile(r"\bid\s*\(")
+
+
+# Remove before 2027.3.0: untagged strings that look like lambda source keep
+# being compiled as lambdas during the deprecation window
+def _coerce_implicit_lambda(value: Any) -> Any:
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
+        return value
+    if cv.looks_like_returning_lambda(value):
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "[api] The 'variables' value '%s' looks like a lambda but is "
+            "missing the !lambda tag. It is compiled as a lambda for now but "
+            "will be sent as literal text from 2027.3.0. Add !lambda to keep "
+            "it evaluated; literal text belongs under 'data:'.",
+            value,
+        )
+        # cv.templatable runs returning_lambda on the coerced Lambda
+        return cv.lambda_(value)
+    if _ID_CALL_PROG.search(value):
+        # lambda source without a return: issue 5394's mistake class
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "[api] The 'variables' value '%s' is sent as literal text; wrap "
+            "it in !lambda 'return ...;' to evaluate it instead.",
+            value,
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+# Static strings or !lambda values. cv.templatable stays introspectable for
+# schema tooling; removing the shim leaves KEY_VALUE_SCHEMA.
+VARIABLES_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {cv.string: cv.All(_coerce_implicit_lambda, cv.templatable(cv.string_strict))}
+)
+
 
 def _validate_response_config(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     # Validate dependencies:
@@ -535,9 +570,7 @@ HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_ACTION_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_DATA, default={}): KEY_VALUE_SCHEMA,
             cv.Optional(CONF_DATA_TEMPLATE, default={}): KEY_VALUE_SCHEMA,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_VARIABLES, default={}): cv.Schema(
-                {cv.string: cv.returning_lambda}
-            ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_VARIABLES, default={}): VARIABLES_SCHEMA,
             cv.Optional(CONF_RESPONSE_TEMPLATE): cv.templatable(cv.string),
             cv.Optional(CONF_CAPTURE_RESPONSE, default=False): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_ON_SUCCESS): automation.validate_automation(single=True),
@@ -598,6 +631,8 @@ async def homeassistant_service_to_code(
     cg.add(var.init_variables(len(config[CONF_VARIABLES])))
     for key, value in config[CONF_VARIABLES].items():
         templ = await cg.templatable(value, args, None)
+        if isinstance(templ, str):
+            templ = cg.FlashStringLiteral(templ)
         cg.add(var.add_variable(cg.FlashStringLiteral(key), templ))
 
     if on_error := config.get(CONF_ON_ERROR):
@@ -652,7 +687,7 @@ HOMEASSISTANT_EVENT_ACTION_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
         cv.Required(CONF_EVENT): validate_homeassistant_event,
         cv.Optional(CONF_DATA, default={}): KEY_VALUE_SCHEMA,
         cv.Optional(CONF_DATA_TEMPLATE, default={}): KEY_VALUE_SCHEMA,
-        cv.Optional(CONF_VARIABLES, default={}): KEY_VALUE_SCHEMA,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_VARIABLES, default={}): VARIABLES_SCHEMA,
     }
 )
 
@@ -698,6 +733,8 @@ async def homeassistant_event_to_code(
     cg.add(var.init_variables(len(config[CONF_VARIABLES])))
     for key, value in config[CONF_VARIABLES].items():
         templ = await cg.templatable(value, args, None)
+        if isinstance(templ, str):
+            templ = cg.FlashStringLiteral(templ)
         cg.add(var.add_variable(cg.FlashStringLiteral(key), templ))
 
     return var

esphome/components/api/api.proto

@@ -1654,7 +1654,8 @@ message ListEntitiesMediaPlayerResponse {
   bool disabled_by_default = 6;
   EntityCategory entity_category = 7;
 
-  bool supports_pause = 8;
+  // Deprecated in ESPHome 2026.9.0; use feature_flags instead.
+  bool supports_pause = 8 [deprecated = true];
 
   repeated MediaPlayerSupportedFormat supported_formats = 9;
 

esphome/components/api/api_buffer.cpp

@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 #include "api_buffer.h"
+#include <new>
 
 namespace esphome::api {
 
-void APIBuffer::grow_(size_t n) {
-  auto new_data = make_buffer(n);
+bool APIBuffer::grow_(size_t n) {
+  // nothrow (no zero-fill) so OOM is reportable; plain new aborts instead
+  // (NEW_OOM_ABORT on ESP8266 Arduino, exception stub on ESP-IDF).
+  // RAMAllocator is no fit here: unique_ptr needs delete[]-compatible memory.
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> new_data(new (std::nothrow) uint8_t[n]);
+  if (new_data == nullptr)
+    return false;
   if (this->size_)
     std::memcpy(new_data.get(), this->data_.get(), this->size_);
   this->data_ = std::move(new_data);
   this->capacity_ = n;
+  return true;
 }
 
 }  // namespace esphome::api

esphome/components/api/api_buffer.h

@@ -9,16 +9,6 @@
 
 namespace esphome::api {
 
-/// Helper to use make_unique_for_overwrite where available (skips zero-fill),
-/// falling back to make_unique on older GCC (ESP8266, LibreTiny).
-inline std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> make_buffer(size_t n) {
-#if defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
-  return std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(n);
-#else
-  return std::make_unique_for_overwrite<uint8_t[]>(n);
-#endif
-}
-
 /// Byte buffer that skips zero-initialization on resize().
 ///
 /// std::vector<uint8_t>::resize() zero-fills new bytes via memset. For the
@@ -36,23 +26,23 @@ inline std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> make_buffer(size_t n) {
 class APIBuffer {
  public:
   void clear() { this->size_ = 0; }
-  inline void reserve(size_t n) ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    if (n > this->capacity_)
-      this->grow_(n);
-  }
-  inline void resize(size_t n) ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    this->reserve(n);
-    this->size_ = n;  // no zero-fill
-  }
+  /// Returns false if allocation fails; the buffer is left unchanged.
+  [[nodiscard]] inline bool reserve(size_t n) ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE { return n <= this->capacity_ || this->grow_(n); }
+  /// Returns false if allocation fails; the buffer is left unchanged. No zero-fill.
+  [[nodiscard]] inline bool resize(size_t n) ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE { return this->reserve_and_resize(n, n); }
   /// Reserve capacity for max(reserve_size, new_size) bytes, then set size to new_size.
   /// Single grow_ check regardless of argument order.
-  inline void reserve_and_resize(size_t reserve_size, size_t new_size) ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE {
-    this->reserve(std::max(reserve_size, new_size));
+  /// Returns false if allocation fails; the buffer is left unchanged.
+  [[nodiscard]] inline bool reserve_and_resize(size_t reserve_size, size_t new_size) ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE {
+    if (!this->reserve(std::max(reserve_size, new_size)))
+      return false;
     this->size_ = new_size;
+    return true;
   }
   uint8_t *data() { return this->data_.get(); }
   const uint8_t *data() const { return this->data_.get(); }
   size_t size() const { return this->size_; }
+  size_t capacity() const { return this->capacity_; }
   bool empty() const { return this->size_ == 0; }
   uint8_t &operator[](size_t i) { return this->data_[i]; }
   const uint8_t &operator[](size_t i) const { return this->data_[i]; }
@@ -64,7 +54,7 @@ class APIBuffer {
   }
 
  protected:
-  void grow_(size_t n);
+  bool grow_(size_t n);
   std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> data_;
   size_t size_{0};
   size_t capacity_{0};

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "api_connection.h"
 #ifdef USE_API
-#include "api_connection_buffer.h"  // for encode_to_buffer / get_batch_delay_ms_ inlines
+#include "api_connection_buffer.h"  // for the APIServer-dependent APIConnection inlines
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
 #include "api_frame_helper_noise.h"
 #endif
@@ -1099,7 +1099,6 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_media_player_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnec
   auto *media_player = static_cast<media_player::MediaPlayer *>(entity);
   ListEntitiesMediaPlayerResponse msg;
   auto traits = media_player->get_traits();
-  msg.supports_pause = traits.get_supports_pause();
   msg.feature_flags = traits.get_feature_flags();
   for (auto &supported_format : traits.get_supported_formats()) {
     msg.supported_formats.emplace_back();
@@ -2240,10 +2239,17 @@ bool APIConnection::send_message_(uint32_t payload_size, uint16_t message_type,
     this->log_send_message_(proto_msg->message_name(), proto_msg->dump_to(dump_buf));
   }
 #endif
+  if (!this->prepare_first_message_buffer(payload_size)) [[unlikely]] {
+    this->fatal_out_of_memory_();
+    return false;
+  }
   auto &shared_buf = this->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref();
-  this->prepare_first_message_buffer(shared_buf, payload_size);
   size_t write_start = shared_buf.size();
-  shared_buf.resize(write_start + payload_size);
+#ifdef ESPHOME_DEBUG_API
+  assert(shared_buf.capacity() >= write_start + payload_size);
+#endif
+  // Capacity reserved above, cannot fail
+  (void) shared_buf.resize(write_start + payload_size);
   ProtoWriteBuffer buffer{&shared_buf, write_start};
   encode_fn(msg, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_INIT(&shared_buf));
   return this->send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer{&shared_buf}, message_type);
@@ -2279,6 +2285,9 @@ void APIConnection::on_no_setup_connection() {
   this->on_fatal_error();
   this->log_client_(ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG, LOG_STR("no connection setup"));
 }
+void APIConnection::fatal_out_of_memory_() {
+  this->fatal_error_with_log_(LOG_STR("Out of memory"), APIError::OUT_OF_MEMORY);
+}
 void APIConnection::on_fatal_error() {
   // Don't close socket here - keep it open so getpeername() works for logging
   // Socket will be closed when client is removed from the list in APIServer::loop()
@@ -2293,16 +2302,25 @@ bool APIConnection::schedule_message_front_(EntityBase *entity, uint16_t message
 bool APIConnection::send_message_smart_(EntityBase *entity, uint16_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size,
                                         uint8_t aux_data_index) {
   if (this->should_send_immediately_(message_type) && this->helper_->can_write_without_blocking()) {
-    auto &shared_buf = this->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref();
-    this->prepare_first_message_buffer(shared_buf, estimated_size);
+    // No local for the shared buffer here: keeping it live across
+    // dispatch_message_ costs a register and spills message_type into the
+    // batching path's dedup loop (measured on x86 GCC -Os)
+    if (!this->prepare_first_message_buffer(estimated_size)) [[unlikely]] {
+      this->fatal_out_of_memory_();
+      return false;
+    }
     DeferredBatch::BatchItem item{entity, message_type, estimated_size, aux_data_index};
     if (this->dispatch_message_(item, MAX_BATCH_PACKET_SIZE, true) &&
-        this->send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer{&shared_buf}, message_type)) {
+        this->send_buffer(ProtoWriteBuffer{&this->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref()}, message_type)) {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
       this->log_batch_item_(item);
 #endif
       return true;
     }
+    // An OOM during the immediate attempt marks the connection for removal;
+    // don't queue more work (schedule_message_'s push_back may allocate again)
+    if (this->flags_.remove) [[unlikely]]
+      return false;
   }
   return this->schedule_message_(entity, message_type, estimated_size, aux_data_index);
 }
@@ -2352,7 +2370,11 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
     total_estimated_size = MAX_BATCH_PACKET_SIZE;
   }
 
-  this->prepare_first_message_buffer(shared_buf, header_padding, total_estimated_size);
+  if (!this->prepare_first_message_buffer(header_padding, total_estimated_size)) [[unlikely]] {
+    this->fatal_out_of_memory_();
+    this->clear_batch_();
+    return;
+  }
 
   // Fast path for single message - buffer already allocated above
   if (num_items == 1) {
@@ -2367,8 +2389,10 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
 #endif
       this->clear_batch_();
     } else if (payload_size == 0) {
-      // Message too large to fit in available space
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Message too large to send: type=%u", item.message_type);
+      // payload_size == 0 with remove set means encoding hit OOM and the
+      // connection is being dropped; warn only for a genuinely oversized message
+      if (!this->flags_.remove)
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Message too large to send: type=%u", item.message_type);
       this->clear_batch_();
     }
     return;
@@ -2431,8 +2455,10 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_multi_(APIBuffer &shared_buf, size_t num_items
 
   if (items_processed > 0) {
     // Add footer space for the last message (for Noise protocol MAC)
-    if (footer_size > 0) {
-      shared_buf.resize(shared_buf.size() + footer_size);
+    if (footer_size > 0 && !shared_buf.resize(shared_buf.size() + footer_size)) [[unlikely]] {
+      this->fatal_out_of_memory_();
+      this->clear_batch_();
+      return;
     }
 
     // Send all collected messages

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -352,22 +352,13 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnectionBase {
     }
   }
 
-  void prepare_first_message_buffer(APIBuffer &shared_buf, size_t header_padding, size_t total_size) {
-    shared_buf.clear();
-    // Reserve space for header padding + message + footer
-    // - Header padding: space for protocol headers (7 bytes for Noise, 6 for Plaintext)
-    // - Footer: space for MAC (16 bytes for Noise, 0 for Plaintext)
-    // Reserve full size but only set initial size to header padding
-    // so message encoding starts at the correct position
-    shared_buf.reserve_and_resize(total_size, header_padding);
-  }
+  /// Clear the shared write buffer and reserve space for the first message.
+  /// Returns false if the allocation fails (out of memory).
+  /// Defined in api_connection_buffer.h (needs APIServer complete).
+  [[nodiscard]] bool prepare_first_message_buffer(size_t header_padding, size_t total_size);
 
   // Convenience overload - computes frame overhead internally
-  void prepare_first_message_buffer(APIBuffer &shared_buf, size_t payload_size) {
-    const uint8_t header_padding = this->helper_->frame_header_padding();
-    const uint8_t footer_size = this->helper_->frame_footer_size();
-    this->prepare_first_message_buffer(shared_buf, header_padding, payload_size + header_padding + footer_size);
-  }
+  [[nodiscard]] bool prepare_first_message_buffer(size_t payload_size);
 
   bool try_to_clear_buffer(bool log_out_of_space) {
     if (this->flags_.remove)
@@ -853,6 +844,9 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnectionBase {
     this->on_fatal_error();
     this->log_warning_(message, err);
   }
+  // Shared cold path for buffer allocation failures — noinline keeps the
+  // OOM handling out of the hot send paths
+  void __attribute__((noinline)) fatal_out_of_memory_();
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::api

esphome/components/api/api_connection_buffer.h

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #ifdef USE_API
 
-// Inline APIConnection methods that need APIServer complete. Include this
-// instead of api_connection.h when calling encode_to_buffer or get_batch_delay_ms_.
+// Inline APIConnection members that need APIServer complete. Include this
+// instead of api_connection.h when calling them.
 
 #include "api_connection.h"
 #include "api_server.h"
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ inline uint16_t ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE APIConnection::encode_to_buffer(uint32_t c
     return 0;
 
   auto &shared_buf = conn->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref();
-  shared_buf.resize(shared_buf.size() + to_add);
+  if (!shared_buf.resize(shared_buf.size() + to_add)) [[unlikely]] {
+    conn->fatal_out_of_memory_();
+    return 0;
+  }
   ProtoWriteBuffer buffer{&shared_buf, shared_buf.size() - calculated_size};
   encode_fn(msg, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_INIT(&shared_buf));
 
@@ -50,5 +53,22 @@ inline uint16_t ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE APIConnection::encode_to_buffer(uint32_t c
 
 inline uint32_t APIConnection::get_batch_delay_ms_() const { return this->parent_->get_batch_delay(); }
 
+inline bool APIConnection::prepare_first_message_buffer(size_t header_padding, size_t total_size) {
+  auto &shared_buf = this->parent_->get_shared_buffer_ref();
+  shared_buf.clear();
+  // Reserve space for header padding + message + footer
+  // - Header padding: space for protocol headers (7 bytes for Noise, 6 for Plaintext)
+  // - Footer: space for MAC (16 bytes for Noise, 0 for Plaintext)
+  // Reserve full size but only set initial size to header padding
+  // so message encoding starts at the correct position
+  return shared_buf.reserve_and_resize(total_size, header_padding);
+}
+
+inline bool APIConnection::prepare_first_message_buffer(size_t payload_size) {
+  const uint8_t header_padding = this->helper_->frame_header_padding();
+  const uint8_t footer_size = this->helper_->frame_footer_size();
+  return this->prepare_first_message_buffer(header_padding, payload_size + header_padding + footer_size);
+}
+
 }  // namespace esphome::api
 #endif

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.cpp

@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ APIError APIFrameHelper::write_raw_iov_(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, uin
 
   // Queue unsent data into overflow buffer
   if (!this->overflow_buf_.enqueue_iov(iov, iovcnt, total_write_len, static_cast<uint16_t>(sent))) {
-    HELPER_LOG("Overflow buffer full, dropping connection");
+    HELPER_LOG("Overflow buffer full or out of memory, dropping connection");
     this->state_ = State::FAILED;
     return APIError::SOCKET_WRITE_FAILED;
   }

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper_noise.cpp

@@ -68,7 +68,10 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::init() {
 
   // init prologue
   size_t old_size = prologue_.size();
-  prologue_.resize(old_size + PROLOGUE_INIT_LEN);
+  if (!prologue_.resize(old_size + PROLOGUE_INIT_LEN)) [[unlikely]] {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    return APIError::OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+  }
 #ifdef USE_ESP8266
   memcpy_P(prologue_.data() + old_size, PROLOGUE_INIT, PROLOGUE_INIT_LEN);
 #else
@@ -202,7 +205,10 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_() {
   // During handshake, rx_buf_.size() is used in prologue construction, so
   // the buffer must be exactly msg_size to avoid prologue mismatch.)
   uint16_t alloc_size = msg_size + (is_data ? RX_BUF_NULL_TERMINATOR : 0);
-  this->rx_buf_.resize(alloc_size);
+  if (!this->rx_buf_.resize(alloc_size)) [[unlikely]] {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    return APIError::OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+  }
 
   if (rx_buf_len_ < msg_size) {
     // more data to read
@@ -269,7 +275,10 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::state_action_client_hello_() {
   // Resize for: existing prologue + 2 size bytes + frame data
   size_t old_size = this->prologue_.size();
   size_t rx_size = this->rx_buf_.size();
-  this->prologue_.resize(old_size + 2 + rx_size);
+  if (!this->prologue_.resize(old_size + 2 + rx_size)) [[unlikely]] {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    return APIError::OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+  }
   this->prologue_[old_size] = (uint8_t) (rx_size >> 8);
   this->prologue_[old_size + 1] = (uint8_t) rx_size;
   if (rx_size > 0) {
@@ -477,13 +486,15 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuf
   assert(this->state_ == State::DATA);
 #endif
 
+  APIBuffer *buf = buffer.get_buffer();
   // Resize buffer to include footer space for Noise MAC
-  if (this->frame_footer_size_)
-    buffer.get_buffer()->resize(buffer.get_buffer()->size() + this->frame_footer_size_);
+  if (this->frame_footer_size_ && !buf->resize(buf->size() + this->frame_footer_size_)) [[unlikely]] {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    return APIError::OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+  }
 
-  uint16_t payload_size =
-      static_cast<uint16_t>(buffer.get_buffer()->size() - HEADER_PADDING - this->frame_footer_size_);
-  uint8_t *buf_start = buffer.get_buffer()->data();
+  uint16_t payload_size = static_cast<uint16_t>(buf->size() - HEADER_PADDING - this->frame_footer_size_);
+  uint8_t *buf_start = buf->data();
   uint16_t encrypted_len;
   APIError aerr = this->encrypt_noise_message_(buf_start, payload_size, type, encrypted_len);
   if (aerr != APIError::OK)

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper_plaintext.cpp

@@ -172,7 +172,10 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_() {
 
   // Reserve space for body (+ null terminator so protobuf StringRef fields
   // can be safely null-terminated in-place after decode)
-  this->rx_buf_.resize(this->rx_header_parsed_len_ + RX_BUF_NULL_TERMINATOR);
+  if (!this->rx_buf_.resize(this->rx_header_parsed_len_ + RX_BUF_NULL_TERMINATOR)) [[unlikely]] {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    return APIError::OUT_OF_MEMORY;
+  }
 
   if (rx_buf_len_ < rx_header_parsed_len_) {
     // more data to read

esphome/components/api/api_overflow_buffer.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "api_overflow_buffer.h"
 #ifdef USE_API
 #include <cstring>
+#include <new>
 
 namespace esphome::api {
 
@@ -61,9 +62,18 @@ bool APIOverflowBuffer::enqueue_iov(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, uint16_
     return false;
 
   uint16_t buffer_size = total_len - skip;
+  // nothrow: a failed allocation returns nullptr so the connection is dropped
+  // cleanly instead of plain new's crash or abort on OOM
   // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
-  auto *entry = new Entry{new uint8_t[buffer_size], buffer_size, 0};
-  this->queue_[this->tail_] = entry;
+  auto *data = new (std::nothrow) uint8_t[buffer_size];
+  if (data == nullptr)
+    return false;
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
+  auto *entry = new (std::nothrow) Entry{data, buffer_size, 0};
+  if (entry == nullptr) {
+    delete[] data;
+    return false;
+  }
 
   uint16_t to_skip = skip;
   uint16_t write_pos = 0;
@@ -80,6 +90,8 @@ bool APIOverflowBuffer::enqueue_iov(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, uint16_
     }
   }
 
+  // Publish only after the copy completes so a half-built entry is never reachable
+  this->queue_[this->tail_] = entry;
   this->tail_ = (this->tail_ + 1) % API_MAX_SEND_QUEUE;
   this->count_++;
   return true;

esphome/components/api/api_overflow_buffer.h

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class APIOverflowBuffer {
 
   /// Enqueue unsent IOV data into the backlog.
   /// Copies iov data starting at byte offset `skip` into a new entry.
-  /// Returns false if the queue is full (caller should fail the connection).
+  /// Returns false if the queue is full or allocation fails (caller should fail the connection).
   bool enqueue_iov(const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, uint16_t total_len, uint16_t skip);
 
  protected:

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.cpp

@@ -2323,7 +2323,6 @@ uint8_t *ListEntitiesMediaPlayerResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_
 #endif
   ProtoEncode::encode_bool(pos PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG, 6, this->disabled_by_default);
   ProtoEncode::encode_uint32(pos PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG, 7, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
-  ProtoEncode::encode_bool(pos PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG, 8, this->supports_pause);
   for (auto &it : this->supported_formats) {
     ProtoEncode::encode_sub_message(pos PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG, buffer, 9, it);
   }
@@ -2343,7 +2342,6 @@ uint32_t ListEntitiesMediaPlayerResponse::calculate_size() const {
 #endif
   size += ProtoSize::calc_bool(1, this->disabled_by_default);
   size += this->entity_category ? 2 : 0;
-  size += ProtoSize::calc_bool(1, this->supports_pause);
   if (!this->supported_formats.empty()) {
     for (const auto &it : this->supported_formats) {
       size += ProtoSize::calc_message_force(1, it.calculate_size());

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.h

@@ -1911,11 +1911,10 @@ class MediaPlayerSupportedFormat final : public ProtoMessage {
 class ListEntitiesMediaPlayerResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
  public:
   static constexpr uint16_t MESSAGE_TYPE = 63;
-  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 80;
+  static constexpr uint8_t ESTIMATED_SIZE = 78;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_media_player_response"); }
 #endif
-  bool supports_pause{false};
   std::vector<MediaPlayerSupportedFormat> supported_formats{};
   uint32_t feature_flags{0};
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const;

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_dump.cpp

@@ -1962,7 +1962,6 @@ const char *ListEntitiesMediaPlayerResponse::dump_to(DumpBuffer &out) const {
 #endif
   dump_field(out, ESPHOME_PSTR("disabled_by_default"), this->disabled_by_default);
   dump_field(out, ESPHOME_PSTR("entity_category"), static_cast<enums::EntityCategory>(this->entity_category));
-  dump_field(out, ESPHOME_PSTR("supports_pause"), this->supports_pause);
   for (const auto &it : this->supported_formats) {
     out.append(4, ' ').append_p(ESPHOME_PSTR("supported_formats")).append(": ");
     it.dump_to(out);

esphome/components/captive_portal/captive_index.h

@@ -7,146 +7,146 @@ namespace esphome::captive_portal {
 
 #ifdef USE_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_GZIP
 constexpr uint8_t INDEX_GZ[] PROGMEM = {
-    0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x95, 0x16, 0x6b, 0x8f, 0xdb, 0x36, 0xf2, 0x7b, 0x7f,
-    0x05, 0x8f, 0x4d, 0x1b, 0xa9, 0xb1, 0xa8, 0x87, 0xd7, 0xde, 0x44, 0x96, 0x54, 0xa4, 0x7b, 0x2d, 0x5a, 0xa0, 0x69,
-    0x03, 0xec, 0x36, 0xf7, 0x21, 0x08, 0xb0, 0x34, 0x39, 0xb2, 0x98, 0xa5, 0x48, 0x1d, 0x49, 0xbf, 0x62, 0xf8, 0x7e,
-    0xfb, 0x81, 0x92, 0xec, 0xf5, 0x2e, 0x9a, 0x03, 0x0e, 0x86, 0x85, 0x19, 0xce, 0x7b, 0x38, 0x0f, 0x16, 0xff, 0xe0,
-    0x9a, 0xb9, 0x7d, 0x07, 0xa8, 0x71, 0xad, 0xac, 0x0a, 0xff, 0x45, 0x92, 0xaa, 0x55, 0x09, 0xaa, 0x2a, 0x1a, 0xa0,
-    0xbc, 0x2a, 0x5a, 0x70, 0x14, 0xb1, 0x86, 0x1a, 0x0b, 0xae, 0xfc, 0xeb, 0xee, 0x97, 0xe8, 0x75, 0x55, 0x48, 0xa1,
-    0x1e, 0x90, 0x01, 0x59, 0x0a, 0xa6, 0x15, 0x6a, 0x0c, 0xd4, 0x25, 0xa7, 0x8e, 0xe6, 0xa2, 0xa5, 0x2b, 0x18, 0x45,
-    0x14, 0x6d, 0xa1, 0xdc, 0x08, 0xd8, 0x76, 0xda, 0x38, 0xc4, 0xb4, 0x72, 0xa0, 0x5c, 0x89, 0xb7, 0x82, 0xbb, 0xa6,
-    0xe4, 0xb0, 0x11, 0x0c, 0xa2, 0x1e, 0x99, 0x08, 0x25, 0x9c, 0xa0, 0x32, 0xb2, 0x8c, 0x4a, 0x28, 0xd3, 0xc9, 0xda,
-    0x82, 0xe9, 0x11, 0xba, 0x94, 0x50, 0x2a, 0x8d, 0xab, 0xc2, 0x32, 0x23, 0x3a, 0x87, 0xbc, 0xab, 0x65, 0xab, 0xf9,
-    0x5a, 0x42, 0x15, 0xc7, 0xd4, 0x5a, 0x70, 0x36, 0x16, 0x8a, 0xc3, 0x8e, 0xd0, 0x6b, 0xb8, 0xa6, 0x2c, 0x4d, 0xc8,
-    0x67, 0xfb, 0x0d, 0xd7, 0x6c, 0xdd, 0x82, 0x72, 0x44, 0x6a, 0x46, 0x9d, 0xd0, 0x8a, 0x58, 0xa0, 0x86, 0x35, 0x65,
-    0x59, 0xe2, 0x1f, 0x2d, 0xdd, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xe0, 0xcc, 0xb4, 0x02, 0xf7, 0xb3, 0x04, 0x0f, 0xda, 0x9f,
-    0xf6, 0x77, 0x74, 0xf5, 0x07, 0x6d, 0x21, 0xc0, 0xd4, 0x0a, 0x0e, 0x38, 0xfc, 0x98, 0x7c, 0x22, 0xd6, 0xed, 0x25,
-    0x10, 0x2e, 0x6c, 0x27, 0xe9, 0xbe, 0xc4, 0x4b, 0xa9, 0xd9, 0x03, 0x0e, 0x17, 0xf5, 0x5a, 0x31, 0xaf, 0x1c, 0xe9,
-    0x00, 0xc2, 0x83, 0x04, 0x87, 0x5c, 0xf9, 0x8e, 0xba, 0x86, 0xb4, 0x74, 0x17, 0x0c, 0x80, 0x50, 0x41, 0xf6, 0x43,
-    0x00, 0xaf, 0xd2, 0x24, 0x09, 0x27, 0xfd, 0x27, 0x09, 0xe3, 0x34, 0x49, 0x16, 0x06, 0xdc, 0xda, 0x28, 0x44, 0x83,
-    0xfb, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xae, 0x41, 0xbc, 0xc4, 0xef, 0xd2, 0x0c, 0xa5, 0x6f, 0x48, 0x36, 0xfb, 0x9d, 0x5c, 0xa3, 0x2b,
-    0x92, 0xcd, 0xd8, 0x75, 0x34, 0x43, 0xe9, 0x55, 0x34, 0x43, 0x59, 0x46, 0x66, 0x28, 0xf9, 0x82, 0x51, 0x2d, 0xa4,
-    0x2c, 0xb1, 0xd2, 0x0a, 0x30, 0xb2, 0xce, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x28, 0x31, 0x5b, 0x1b, 0x03, 0xca, 0xdd, 0x68, 0xa9, 0x0d,
-    0x8e, 0xab, 0x6f, 0xfe, 0x2f, 0x85, 0xce, 0x50, 0x65, 0x6b, 0x6d, 0xda, 0x12, 0xf7, 0xd9, 0x0f, 0x5e, 0x1c, 0xdc,
-    0x11, 0xf9, 0x4f, 0x78, 0x41, 0x8c, 0xb4, 0x11, 0x2b, 0xa1, 0x4a, 0xec, 0x35, 0xbe, 0xc6, 0x71, 0x75, 0x1f, 0x1e,
-    0xcf, 0xd1, 0x53, 0x1f, 0xfd, 0x18, 0x0f, 0x0f, 0x3e, 0xde, 0x17, 0x76, 0xb3, 0x42, 0xbb, 0x56, 0x2a, 0x5b, 0xe2,
-    0xc6, 0xb9, 0x2e, 0x8f, 0xe3, 0xed, 0x76, 0x4b, 0xb6, 0x53, 0xa2, 0xcd, 0x2a, 0xce, 0x92, 0x24, 0x89, 0xed, 0x66,
-    0x85, 0xd1, 0x50, 0x08, 0x38, 0xbb, 0xc2, 0xa8, 0x01, 0xb1, 0x6a, 0x5c, 0x0f, 0x57, 0x2f, 0x0e, 0x70, 0x2c, 0x3c,
-    0x47, 0x75, 0xff, 0xe9, 0xc2, 0x8a, 0xb9, 0xb0, 0x02, 0x3f, 0xd2, 0x00, 0x9f, 0xc2, 0x7c, 0xd9, 0x87, 0x79, 0x4d,
-    0x33, 0x94, 0xa1, 0xa4, 0xff, 0x65, 0x91, 0x87, 0x47, 0x2c, 0x7a, 0x86, 0xa1, 0x0b, 0xcc, 0x43, 0xed, 0x3c, 0x7a,
-    0x73, 0x96, 0x4d, 0xfd, 0xc9, 0x26, 0x4d, 0x1e, 0x0f, 0xbc, 0xc0, 0xaf, 0xf3, 0x4b, 0x3c, 0xca, 0x3e, 0x5c, 0x32,
-    0x78, 0x6b, 0x4d, 0xfa, 0x61, 0x4e, 0x67, 0x68, 0x36, 0x9e, 0xcc, 0x22, 0x0f, 0x9f, 0x31, 0x34, 0xdb, 0x64, 0x4d,
-    0xda, 0x46, 0xf3, 0x68, 0x46, 0xa7, 0x68, 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x32, 0x45, 0xd3, 0x4d, 0xd6, 0xcc, 0x3f, 0xcc, 0x2f, 0xcf,
-    0xa2, 0xe9, 0x97, 0x97, 0x71, 0x85, 0xc3, 0x1c, 0xe3, 0xc7, 0xc8, 0xf9, 0x65, 0xe4, 0xe4, 0xb3, 0x16, 0x2a, 0xc0,
-    0x38, 0x3c, 0xd6, 0xe0, 0x58, 0x13, 0xe0, 0x98, 0x69, 0x55, 0x8b, 0x15, 0xf9, 0x6c, 0xb5, 0xc2, 0x21, 0x71, 0x0d,
-    0xa8, 0xe0, 0x24, 0xea, 0x05, 0xa1, 0xa7, 0x04, 0xcf, 0x29, 0x2e, 0x3c, 0x9c, 0xeb, 0xdf, 0x09, 0x27, 0xa1, 0x74,
-    0xc4, 0x37, 0xec, 0xe4, 0x6f, 0xba, 0xe2, 0xa7, 0xfd, 0x6f, 0x3c, 0xc0, 0x2d, 0x65, 0x38, 0x24, 0x42, 0x29, 0x30,
-    0x77, 0xb0, 0x73, 0x25, 0x7e, 0xf7, 0xf6, 0x06, 0xbd, 0xe5, 0xdc, 0x80, 0xb5, 0x39, 0xc2, 0xaf, 0x1c, 0x69, 0x29,
-    0xfb, 0xba, 0x78, 0x93, 0x3e, 0x95, 0xfe, 0x97, 0xf8, 0x45, 0xa0, 0x3f, 0xc0, 0x6d, 0xb5, 0x79, 0x18, 0xe5, 0xbd,
-    0xfd, 0x85, 0x6f, 0x23, 0x56, 0x7e, 0x55, 0x8d, 0x02, 0x87, 0xc3, 0x89, 0xf8, 0x3a, 0x83, 0xb5, 0x82, 0xe3, 0x70,
-    0x22, 0xbf, 0xce, 0xd1, 0x59, 0xdf, 0xbc, 0x8e, 0xd0, 0xce, 0x12, 0x2b, 0x05, 0x83, 0x20, 0x0d, 0x49, 0xad, 0xcd,
-    0xcf, 0x94, 0x35, 0x8f, 0x09, 0xb2, 0x43, 0x47, 0xab, 0x47, 0x3d, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x75, 0x30, 0xaa, 0x0a, 0x30, 0x17,
-    0x1b, 0x1c, 0x2e, 0x14, 0x61, 0x92, 0x5a, 0xeb, 0x47, 0x46, 0xe9, 0x9d, 0xf3, 0xe1, 0xe0, 0x89, 0x1a, 0x22, 0xfd,
-    0xf5, 0xee, 0xdd, 0xef, 0xe5, 0x7d, 0x41, 0x87, 0x01, 0x89, 0xbf, 0xc5, 0xa8, 0x67, 0x3e, 0x33, 0x46, 0x12, 0x6a,
-    0xe7, 0x2b, 0x5e, 0x07, 0x96, 0x18, 0x6b, 0x45, 0x78, 0x2c, 0x6c, 0x47, 0xd5, 0x73, 0xb6, 0x3e, 0xa6, 0xaa, 0x88,
-    0x3d, 0xad, 0x2a, 0x62, 0x5a, 0xbd, 0x38, 0x98, 0xc0, 0xfa, 0xe1, 0xf6, 0x10, 0x1e, 0xef, 0x27, 0x8a, 0xfc, 0x7b,
-    0x0d, 0x66, 0x7f, 0x0b, 0x12, 0x98, 0xd3, 0x26, 0xc0, 0xe4, 0x89, 0x60, 0x48, 0x1c, 0xec, 0xdc, 0xcd, 0x38, 0x7f,
-    0x2d, 0xf1, 0x87, 0x13, 0x45, 0xb4, 0x62, 0x52, 0xb0, 0x87, 0xf2, 0x1c, 0x71, 0x78, 0x10, 0x64, 0x43, 0xe5, 0x1a,
-    0x4e, 0x3c, 0x92, 0xd4, 0x9a, 0xad, 0x6d, 0x10, 0x1e, 0x27, 0x8c, 0xd0, 0xae, 0x03, 0xc5, 0x6f, 0x1a, 0x21, 0x79,
-    0xa0, 0xc2, 0x63, 0xf8, 0x78, 0xd3, 0xcf, 0x8c, 0xfb, 0xd5, 0xf0, 0xd1, 0x80, 0xfc, 0x4f, 0xf9, 0xd2, 0x2f, 0x87,
-    0x97, 0x9f, 0x70, 0x48, 0xfa, 0xf8, 0xef, 0x1f, 0x37, 0x84, 0x6f, 0xef, 0x57, 0xbb, 0x56, 0x4e, 0x7c, 0xe8, 0xd1,
-    0x7c, 0x16, 0x1e, 0xef, 0x8f, 0xe1, 0x31, 0x5c, 0x14, 0xf1, 0x30, 0xe7, 0xab, 0xa2, 0x1f, 0xb9, 0xd5, 0x0f, 0x87,
-    0xa5, 0xde, 0x45, 0x56, 0x7c, 0x11, 0x6a, 0x95, 0x0b, 0xd5, 0x80, 0x11, 0xee, 0xc8, 0xc5, 0x66, 0x22, 0x54, 0xb7,
-    0x76, 0x87, 0x8e, 0x72, 0xee, 0x29, 0xb3, 0x6e, 0xb7, 0xa8, 0xb5, 0x72, 0x9e, 0x13, 0xf2, 0x14, 0xda, 0xe3, 0x40,
-    0xef, 0x27, 0x4c, 0xfe, 0x66, 0xf6, 0xdd, 0x71, 0xa9, 0xf9, 0xfe, 0xe0, 0xd3, 0x10, 0x51, 0x29, 0x56, 0x2a, 0x67,
-    0xa0, 0x1c, 0x98, 0x41, 0xa8, 0xa6, 0xad, 0x90, 0xfb, 0xdc, 0x52, 0x65, 0x23, 0x0b, 0x46, 0xd4, 0xc7, 0xe5, 0xda,
-    0x39, 0xad, 0x0e, 0x4b, 0x6d, 0x38, 0x98, 0x3c, 0x59, 0x0c, 0x40, 0x64, 0x28, 0x17, 0x6b, 0x9b, 0x93, 0xa9, 0x81,
-    0x76, 0xb1, 0xa4, 0xec, 0x61, 0x65, 0xf4, 0x5a, 0xf1, 0x88, 0xf9, 0xc9, 0x9b, 0x7f, 0x9b, 0xd6, 0x74, 0x0a, 0x6c,
-    0x31, 0x62, 0x75, 0x5d, 0x2f, 0xa4, 0x50, 0x10, 0x0d, 0xb3, 0x2d, 0xcf, 0xc8, 0x95, 0x17, 0xbb, 0x70, 0x93, 0x64,
-    0xfe, 0x60, 0xf0, 0x31, 0x4d, 0x92, 0xef, 0x16, 0xa7, 0x70, 0x92, 0x05, 0x5b, 0x1b, 0xab, 0x4d, 0xde, 0x69, 0xe1,
-    0xdd, 0x3c, 0xb6, 0x54, 0xa8, 0x4b, 0xef, 0x7d, 0xd9, 0x2c, 0xc6, 0x75, 0x94, 0x0b, 0xd5, 0x9b, 0xe9, 0x97, 0xd2,
-    0xa2, 0x15, 0x6a, 0xd8, 0xa9, 0x79, 0x36, 0x4f, 0xba, 0xdd, 0xf1, 0x54, 0x09, 0x87, 0x13, 0x77, 0x2d, 0x61, 0xb7,
-    0xf8, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0x4e, 0xd4, 0xfb, 0x68, 0xdc, 0xc9, 0xb9, 0xed, 0x28, 0x83, 0x68, 0x09, 0x6e, 0x0b, 0xa0, 0x16,
-    0xbd, 0x8d, 0x48, 0x38, 0x68, 0xed, 0x98, 0xa7, 0xb3, 0x9a, 0xbe, 0x60, 0x9f, 0xea, 0xfa, 0x5f, 0xdc, 0xbe, 0x8a,
-    0x0e, 0x2d, 0x35, 0x2b, 0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa5, 0x76, 0x4e, 0xb7, 0x79, 0x74, 0xdd, 0xed, 0x16, 0xe3, 0x91, 0x57, 0x96,
-    0xa7, 0xde, 0xcd, 0x7e, 0xd7, 0x9e, 0xf2, 0x9d, 0x76, 0x3b, 0x64, 0xb5, 0x14, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0xeb, 0x59, 0x50, 0x72,
-    0x4e, 0x4f, 0x3a, 0xeb, 0x76, 0xc8, 0x9f, 0x9d, 0x52, 0x7d, 0x55, 0xbf, 0xa6, 0x69, 0xf2, 0x37, 0x37, 0xc2, 0xeb,
-    0x3a, 0x5b, 0xd6, 0xe7, 0x4c, 0xf9, 0xb5, 0xe9, 0x57, 0x4b, 0x5f, 0x5a, 0x45, 0x3c, 0xbc, 0x6e, 0x7c, 0x65, 0x54,
-    0x85, 0xcf, 0x70, 0x55, 0x34, 0x29, 0x12, 0xbc, 0x6c, 0x29, 0xab, 0x2e, 0x66, 0x5b, 0x11, 0x37, 0xe9, 0x89, 0xd4,
-    0xa4, 0xd5, 0x93, 0xb9, 0x35, 0xd0, 0x7a, 0xef, 0xab, 0x1b, 0xad, 0x14, 0x30, 0x27, 0xd4, 0x0a, 0x39, 0x8d, 0xc6,
-    0x14, 0x10, 0x42, 0x8a, 0xa5, 0xa9, 0xde, 0x4b, 0xa0, 0x16, 0xd0, 0x96, 0x0a, 0x47, 0x8a, 0x78, 0xe0, 0x1f, 0x3a,
-    0x5d, 0xf0, 0x52, 0x81, 0x3b, 0xf7, 0x76, 0x33, 0x1d, 0x0c, 0xdc, 0x82, 0xf3, 0x9a, 0xbc, 0x81, 0x69, 0x55, 0xf8,
-    0x15, 0x8c, 0x68, 0xdf, 0xa5, 0x65, 0xbc, 0x15, 0xb5, 0xf0, 0x4f, 0x98, 0xaa, 0xe8, 0x8b, 0xdc, 0x6b, 0xf0, 0x79,
-    0x1e, 0x9e, 0x5b, 0x3d, 0x24, 0x41, 0xad, 0x5c, 0x53, 0x4e, 0x33, 0xd4, 0x49, 0xca, 0xa0, 0xd1, 0x92, 0x83, 0x29,
-    0x6f, 0x6f, 0x7f, 0xfb, 0x67, 0xe5, 0x9d, 0x79, 0x94, 0xeb, 0xec, 0xc3, 0x20, 0xe6, 0x81, 0x51, 0x6a, 0x7e, 0x35,
-    0x3c, 0xb2, 0x3a, 0x6a, 0xed, 0x56, 0x1b, 0xfe, 0x44, 0xc7, 0xfb, 0xf1, 0x70, 0xd0, 0xd3, 0xff, 0xfb, 0x56, 0xa9,
-    0x6e, 0xe9, 0x06, 0x8a, 0x78, 0x44, 0x8a, 0xd8, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0xd0, 0x9b, 0x91, 0xaf, 0x49, 0xab, 0x3f, 0xef, 0xde,
-    0xa2, 0xbf, 0x3a, 0x4e, 0x1d, 0x0c, 0x69, 0xeb, 0xa3, 0x6a, 0xc1, 0x35, 0x9a, 0x97, 0xef, 0xff, 0xbc, 0xbd, 0x3b,
-    0x47, 0xb8, 0xee, 0x99, 0x10, 0x28, 0x36, 0x3c, 0xf7, 0xd6, 0xd2, 0x89, 0x8e, 0x1a, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x8d, 0xfc, 0x14,
-    0x39, 0xc5, 0xd0, 0xd3, 0x6b, 0x21, 0x61, 0x08, 0x63, 0x10, 0xac, 0xd0, 0xc9, 0xab, 0x93, 0xb5, 0x67, 0x7e, 0xc5,
-    0xc3, 0x6d, 0xc7, 0xc3, 0xd5, 0xc7, 0xfd, 0xcb, 0xf7, 0xbf, 0x81, 0xdb, 0x13, 0xb5, 0x09, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x00};
+    0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x95, 0x56, 0x6d, 0x8f, 0xdb, 0x36, 0x0c, 0xfe, 0xbe,
+    0x5f, 0xa1, 0x79, 0xdd, 0x6a, 0xaf, 0xb1, 0xfc, 0x92, 0x4b, 0xda, 0x3a, 0x96, 0x8b, 0xee, 0xd6, 0x62, 0x03, 0xd6,
+    0xad, 0xc0, 0xdd, 0xba, 0x0f, 0x45, 0x01, 0x2b, 0x32, 0x1d, 0xab, 0x27, 0x4b, 0x9e, 0xa4, 0xbc, 0x35, 0xc8, 0x7e,
+    0xfb, 0x20, 0xdb, 0xc9, 0xe5, 0x8a, 0x16, 0xd8, 0x10, 0xc4, 0xa0, 0x44, 0xf2, 0xe1, 0x8b, 0x28, 0x52, 0xf9, 0xb7,
+    0x95, 0x62, 0x76, 0xdf, 0x01, 0x6a, 0x6c, 0x2b, 0x8a, 0xdc, 0x7d, 0x91, 0xa0, 0x72, 0x45, 0x40, 0x16, 0x79, 0x03,
+    0xb4, 0x2a, 0xf2, 0x16, 0x2c, 0x45, 0xac, 0xa1, 0xda, 0x80, 0x25, 0x7f, 0xde, 0xbe, 0x0e, 0x9f, 0x15, 0xb9, 0xe0,
+    0xf2, 0x0e, 0x69, 0x10, 0x84, 0x33, 0x25, 0x51, 0xa3, 0xa1, 0x26, 0x15, 0xb5, 0x34, 0xe3, 0x2d, 0x5d, 0xc1, 0xa8,
+    0x22, 0x69, 0x0b, 0x64, 0xc3, 0x61, 0xdb, 0x29, 0x6d, 0x11, 0x53, 0xd2, 0x82, 0xb4, 0xc4, 0xdb, 0xf2, 0xca, 0x36,
+    0xa4, 0x82, 0x0d, 0x67, 0x10, 0xf6, 0x8b, 0x09, 0x97, 0xdc, 0x72, 0x2a, 0x42, 0xc3, 0xa8, 0x00, 0x92, 0x4c, 0xd6,
+    0x06, 0x74, 0xbf, 0xa0, 0x4b, 0x01, 0x44, 0x2a, 0xaf, 0xc8, 0x0d, 0xd3, 0xbc, 0xb3, 0xc8, 0xb9, 0x4a, 0x5a, 0x55,
+    0xad, 0x05, 0x20, 0xa6, 0x95, 0x31, 0x4a, 0xf3, 0x15, 0x97, 0x45, 0xa5, 0xd8, 0xba, 0x05, 0x69, 0xb1, 0x50, 0x8c,
+    0x5a, 0xae, 0x24, 0x36, 0x40, 0x35, 0x6b, 0x08, 0x21, 0xe5, 0x0b, 0x43, 0x37, 0x50, 0xfe, 0xf0, 0x83, 0x7f, 0x16,
+    0x5a, 0x81, 0x7d, 0x25, 0xc0, 0x91, 0xe6, 0xa7, 0xfd, 0x2d, 0x5d, 0xfd, 0x4e, 0x5b, 0xf0, 0x4b, 0x6a, 0x78, 0x05,
+    0x65, 0xf0, 0x3e, 0xfe, 0x80, 0x8d, 0xdd, 0x0b, 0xc0, 0x15, 0x37, 0x9d, 0xa0, 0x7b, 0x52, 0x2e, 0x85, 0x62, 0x77,
+    0x65, 0xb0, 0xa8, 0xd7, 0x92, 0x39, 0x70, 0x04, 0x3e, 0x04, 0x07, 0x01, 0x16, 0x49, 0xf2, 0x86, 0xda, 0x06, 0xb7,
+    0x74, 0xe7, 0x0f, 0x04, 0x97, 0x7e, 0xfa, 0xa3, 0x0f, 0x4f, 0x92, 0x38, 0x0e, 0x26, 0xfd, 0x27, 0x0e, 0xa2, 0x24,
+    0x8e, 0x17, 0x1a, 0xec, 0x5a, 0x4b, 0x64, 0xfd, 0x32, 0xef, 0xa8, 0x6d, 0x50, 0x45, 0xbc, 0x37, 0x49, 0x8a, 0x92,
+    0xe7, 0x38, 0x9d, 0xfd, 0x86, 0x9f, 0xa2, 0x2b, 0x9c, 0xce, 0xd8, 0xd3, 0x70, 0x86, 0x92, 0xab, 0x70, 0x86, 0xd2,
+    0x14, 0xcf, 0x50, 0xfc, 0xc9, 0x43, 0x35, 0x17, 0x82, 0x78, 0x52, 0x49, 0xf0, 0x90, 0xb1, 0x5a, 0xdd, 0x01, 0xf1,
+    0xd8, 0x5a, 0x6b, 0x90, 0xf6, 0x5a, 0x09, 0xa5, 0xbd, 0xa8, 0xf8, 0xe6, 0x7f, 0x01, 0x5a, 0x4d, 0xa5, 0xa9, 0x95,
+    0x6e, 0x89, 0xd7, 0xa7, 0xdb, 0x7f, 0x74, 0x90, 0x47, 0xe4, 0x3e, 0xc1, 0x05, 0x33, 0x1c, 0xf2, 0x4a, 0x3c, 0x87,
+    0xf8, 0xcc, 0x8b, 0x8a, 0x32, 0x38, 0x9e, 0xa3, 0xb7, 0x2e, 0xfa, 0x31, 0x1e, 0xed, 0xbf, 0x2f, 0x73, 0xb3, 0x59,
+    0xa1, 0x5d, 0x2b, 0xa4, 0x21, 0x5e, 0x63, 0x6d, 0x97, 0x45, 0xd1, 0x76, 0xbb, 0xc5, 0xdb, 0x29, 0x56, 0x7a, 0x15,
+    0xa5, 0x71, 0x1c, 0x47, 0x66, 0xb3, 0xf2, 0xd0, 0x70, 0xf2, 0x5e, 0x7a, 0xe5, 0xa1, 0x06, 0xf8, 0xaa, 0xb1, 0x3d,
+    0x5d, 0x3c, 0x3a, 0xc0, 0x31, 0x77, 0x12, 0x45, 0xf9, 0xe1, 0xc2, 0x8a, 0xbc, 0xb0, 0x02, 0x2f, 0x2e, 0xf2, 0xf6,
+    0xb8, 0x0f, 0xf3, 0x29, 0x4d, 0x51, 0x8a, 0xe2, 0xfe, 0x97, 0x86, 0x8e, 0x1e, 0x57, 0xe1, 0x67, 0x2b, 0x74, 0xb1,
+    0x72, 0x54, 0x3b, 0x0f, 0x9f, 0x9f, 0x75, 0x13, 0xb7, 0xb3, 0x49, 0xe2, 0xfb, 0x0d, 0xa7, 0xf0, 0xcb, 0xfc, 0x72,
+    0x1d, 0xa6, 0xef, 0x2e, 0x05, 0x9c, 0xb5, 0x26, 0x79, 0x37, 0xa7, 0x33, 0x34, 0x1b, 0x77, 0x66, 0xa1, 0xa3, 0xcf,
+    0x2b, 0x34, 0xdb, 0xa4, 0x4d, 0xd2, 0x86, 0xf3, 0x70, 0x46, 0xa7, 0x68, 0x3a, 0x3a, 0x32, 0x45, 0xd3, 0x4d, 0xda,
+    0xcc, 0xdf, 0xcd, 0x2f, 0xf7, 0xc2, 0xe9, 0xa7, 0xc7, 0x2e, 0xb9, 0x59, 0x59, 0xde, 0x47, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x23, 0xc7,
+    0x1f, 0x15, 0x97, 0x7e, 0xe9, 0xf2, 0x0f, 0x96, 0x35, 0x7e, 0x19, 0x31, 0x25, 0x6b, 0xbe, 0xc2, 0x1f, 0x8d, 0x92,
+    0x65, 0x80, 0x6d, 0x03, 0xd2, 0x3f, 0xa9, 0xfa, 0x36, 0x38, 0xd8, 0x9e, 0xe3, 0x7f, 0x81, 0x73, 0xae, 0x7f, 0xcb,
+    0xad, 0x00, 0x62, 0xb1, 0xbb, 0xa1, 0x93, 0x2f, 0xdc, 0x8a, 0x9f, 0xf6, 0xbf, 0x56, 0x7e, 0xd9, 0x52, 0x56, 0x06,
+    0x98, 0x4b, 0x09, 0xfa, 0x16, 0x76, 0x96, 0x94, 0x6f, 0x5e, 0x5e, 0xa3, 0x97, 0x55, 0xa5, 0xc1, 0x98, 0x0c, 0x95,
+    0x4f, 0x2c, 0x6e, 0x29, 0xfb, 0xba, 0x7a, 0x93, 0x3c, 0xd4, 0xfe, 0x8b, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0xe8, 0x77, 0xb0, 0x5b, 0xa5,
+    0xef, 0x46, 0x7d, 0x67, 0x7f, 0xe1, 0xae, 0x91, 0x26, 0x5f, 0x85, 0x91, 0x60, 0xcb, 0x60, 0xc2, 0xbf, 0x2e, 0x60,
+    0x0c, 0xaf, 0xca, 0x60, 0x42, 0xbf, 0x2e, 0xd1, 0x19, 0x77, 0x79, 0x2d, 0xa6, 0x9d, 0xc1, 0x46, 0x70, 0x06, 0x7e,
+    0x12, 0xe0, 0x5a, 0xe9, 0x57, 0x94, 0x35, 0x0f, 0x12, 0xe4, 0x5c, 0x51, 0xf7, 0x38, 0x4c, 0x03, 0xb5, 0x30, 0x42,
+    0xf9, 0x65, 0xc5, 0x37, 0x65, 0xb0, 0x50, 0x98, 0x09, 0x6a, 0x8c, 0x6b, 0x19, 0xc4, 0x39, 0xe7, 0xc2, 0x29, 0x27,
+    0x6a, 0x88, 0xf4, 0x97, 0xdb, 0x37, 0xbf, 0x91, 0x32, 0xa7, 0x43, 0x47, 0xf4, 0xbe, 0xf3, 0x50, 0x2f, 0x4c, 0xbc,
+    0x51, 0x30, 0x14, 0x50, 0xdb, 0xbe, 0xe2, 0x7d, 0x8b, 0xb5, 0x31, 0x3c, 0x38, 0xe6, 0xa6, 0xa3, 0xf2, 0x73, 0x31,
+    0x17, 0x93, 0x57, 0xe4, 0x91, 0xe3, 0x15, 0x79, 0x44, 0x8b, 0x47, 0x07, 0xe9, 0xf7, 0xcd, 0xed, 0x2e, 0x38, 0x3a,
+    0x6b, 0x7f, 0xaf, 0x41, 0xef, 0x6f, 0x40, 0x00, 0xb3, 0x4a, 0xfb, 0x25, 0xbe, 0x54, 0x74, 0x45, 0x01, 0x3b, 0x7b,
+    0x3d, 0x36, 0x5c, 0x8b, 0xdd, 0xe6, 0x44, 0x61, 0x25, 0x99, 0xe0, 0xec, 0x8e, 0x9c, 0x23, 0x0e, 0x0e, 0x1c, 0x6f,
+    0xa8, 0x58, 0xc3, 0x49, 0x86, 0xe2, 0x5a, 0xb1, 0xb5, 0xf1, 0x83, 0xe3, 0x44, 0x63, 0xda, 0x75, 0x20, 0xab, 0xeb,
+    0x86, 0x8b, 0xca, 0x57, 0xc1, 0x31, 0xb8, 0x3f, 0xe9, 0xcf, 0x8c, 0xbb, 0x59, 0xf0, 0x5e, 0x83, 0xf8, 0x87, 0x3c,
+    0x76, 0xd3, 0xe0, 0xf1, 0x87, 0x32, 0xc0, 0x7d, 0xfc, 0xe5, 0xfd, 0x48, 0x70, 0xd7, 0xfb, 0xc9, 0xae, 0x15, 0x13,
+    0x17, 0x7a, 0x38, 0x9f, 0x05, 0xc7, 0xf2, 0x18, 0x1c, 0x83, 0x45, 0x1e, 0x0d, 0x8d, 0xbd, 0xc8, 0xfb, 0x96, 0xdb,
+    0x8f, 0x94, 0x9e, 0x32, 0x0d, 0x80, 0x7d, 0xd0, 0xe2, 0x7f, 0x3c, 0x2c, 0xd5, 0x2e, 0x34, 0xfc, 0x13, 0x97, 0xab,
+    0x8c, 0xcb, 0x06, 0x34, 0xb7, 0xc7, 0x8a, 0x6f, 0x26, 0x5c, 0x76, 0x6b, 0x7b, 0xe8, 0x68, 0x55, 0x39, 0xce, 0xac,
+    0xdb, 0x2d, 0x6a, 0x25, 0xad, 0x93, 0x84, 0x2c, 0x81, 0xf6, 0x38, 0xf0, 0xfb, 0xe6, 0x93, 0x3d, 0x9f, 0x7d, 0x7f,
+    0x5c, 0xaa, 0x6a, 0x7f, 0x70, 0x19, 0x0a, 0xa9, 0xe0, 0x2b, 0x99, 0x31, 0x90, 0x16, 0xf4, 0xa0, 0x54, 0xd3, 0x96,
+    0x8b, 0x7d, 0x66, 0xa8, 0x34, 0xa1, 0x01, 0xcd, 0xeb, 0xe3, 0x72, 0x6d, 0xad, 0x92, 0x07, 0xe6, 0x9a, 0x6d, 0xf6,
+    0x5d, 0x5d, 0xd7, 0x0b, 0xb6, 0xd6, 0x46, 0xe9, 0xac, 0x53, 0xbc, 0xd7, 0x5b, 0x52, 0x76, 0xb7, 0xd2, 0x6a, 0x2d,
+    0xab, 0x70, 0x14, 0x4a, 0x6a, 0x3a, 0x05, 0xb6, 0x58, 0x2a, 0x5d, 0x81, 0xce, 0xe2, 0x91, 0x08, 0x35, 0xad, 0xf8,
+    0xda, 0x64, 0x78, 0xaa, 0xa1, 0x5d, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x24, 0x71, 0xfc, 0xfd, 0xe2, 0xe4, 0x79, 0x7c, 0xe9, 0x37, 0x4e,
+    0x9d, 0x94, 0xe0, 0x12, 0xc2, 0xa1, 0x57, 0x66, 0x29, 0xbe, 0xd2, 0xd0, 0x1e, 0x5b, 0xca, 0xe5, 0xa5, 0xf7, 0xae,
+    0xa2, 0x16, 0x2d, 0x97, 0xc3, 0x28, 0xcd, 0xd2, 0x79, 0xdc, 0xed, 0x16, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xca, 0xb8, 0xec, 0x11, 0xfa,
+    0xf9, 0x75, 0x3c, 0x15, 0xc9, 0xe1, 0xe3, 0xda, 0x58, 0x5e, 0xef, 0xc3, 0x71, 0x24, 0x67, 0xa6, 0xa3, 0x0c, 0xc2,
+    0x25, 0xd8, 0x2d, 0x80, 0x5c, 0xf4, 0xb0, 0x21, 0xb7, 0xd0, 0x9a, 0x53, 0x6a, 0x4e, 0x70, 0xb5, 0x80, 0xdd, 0x19,
+    0xa6, 0xaf, 0xe5, 0xc3, 0x7f, 0x96, 0x76, 0x05, 0x76, 0x68, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0x71, 0x19, 0x2e, 0x95, 0xb5, 0xaa, 0xcd,
+    0xc2, 0xa7, 0xdd, 0x6e, 0x31, 0x6e, 0x39, 0xb0, 0x2c, 0x89, 0xbb, 0xdd, 0xb1, 0x1f, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x7c, 0x5f, 0xd5,
+    0xcf, 0x68, 0x12, 0x7f, 0x21, 0xc7, 0x55, 0x5d, 0xa7, 0xcb, 0xfa, 0x94, 0xe3, 0xa4, 0xdb, 0x21, 0xa3, 0x04, 0xaf,
+    0x46, 0xb8, 0x1e, 0x09, 0xc5, 0xe7, 0xd4, 0x26, 0xb3, 0x6e, 0x87, 0x92, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xb8, 0x89, 0xea, 0xa6, 0x8e,
+    0xab, 0xb5, 0x22, 0x8f, 0x86, 0x97, 0x8e, 0xab, 0x8c, 0x22, 0x77, 0x19, 0x2e, 0xf2, 0x26, 0x41, 0xbc, 0x22, 0x2d,
+    0x65, 0xc5, 0x45, 0xdb, 0xcb, 0xa3, 0x26, 0x39, 0xb1, 0x9a, 0xa4, 0x78, 0xd0, 0xd2, 0x06, 0x5e, 0xef, 0x7d, 0x71,
+    0xad, 0xa4, 0x04, 0x66, 0xb9, 0x5c, 0x21, 0xab, 0xd0, 0x98, 0x02, 0x8c, 0x71, 0xbe, 0xd4, 0xc5, 0x5b, 0x01, 0xd4,
+    0x00, 0xda, 0x52, 0x6e, 0x71, 0x1e, 0x0d, 0xf2, 0x43, 0x13, 0xe0, 0x15, 0x91, 0x60, 0xcf, 0xd7, 0xbe, 0x99, 0x0e,
+    0x06, 0x6e, 0xc0, 0x3a, 0x24, 0x67, 0x60, 0x5a, 0xe4, 0x6e, 0x3a, 0x23, 0xda, 0x5f, 0x60, 0x12, 0x6d, 0x79, 0xcd,
+    0xdd, 0xeb, 0xa6, 0xc8, 0xfb, 0x22, 0x77, 0x08, 0x2e, 0xcf, 0xc3, 0xd3, 0xab, 0xa7, 0x04, 0xc8, 0x95, 0x6d, 0xc8,
+    0x34, 0x45, 0x9d, 0xa0, 0x0c, 0x1a, 0x25, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0xe4, 0xe6, 0xe6, 0xd7, 0x9f, 0x0b, 0xe7, 0xcc, 0xbd, 0x5e,
+    0x67, 0xee, 0x06, 0x35, 0x47, 0x8c, 0x5a, 0xf3, 0xab, 0xe1, 0xc1, 0xd5, 0x51, 0x63, 0xb6, 0x4a, 0x57, 0x0f, 0x30,
+    0xde, 0x8e, 0x9b, 0x03, 0x4e, 0xff, 0xef, 0xaf, 0x4a, 0x71, 0x43, 0x37, 0x90, 0x47, 0xe3, 0x22, 0x8f, 0x9c, 0xc3,
+    0x03, 0xbf, 0x19, 0xe5, 0x9a, 0xa4, 0xf8, 0xe3, 0xf6, 0x25, 0xfa, 0xb3, 0xab, 0xa8, 0x85, 0x21, 0x6d, 0x7d, 0x54,
+    0x2d, 0xd8, 0x46, 0x55, 0xe4, 0xed, 0x1f, 0x37, 0xb7, 0xe7, 0x08, 0xd7, 0xbd, 0x10, 0x02, 0xc9, 0x86, 0xa7, 0xdf,
+    0x5a, 0x58, 0xde, 0x51, 0x6d, 0x7b, 0xd8, 0xd0, 0x35, 0x98, 0x53, 0x0c, 0x3d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x02, 0x86, 0x30, 0x06,
+    0xc5, 0x02, 0x9d, 0xbc, 0x3a, 0x59, 0xfb, 0xcc, 0xaf, 0x68, 0x38, 0xed, 0x68, 0x38, 0xfa, 0xa8, 0x7f, 0x05, 0xff,
+    0x0b, 0x54, 0xcf, 0x54, 0x8b, 0x15, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x00};
 
 #else  // Brotli (default, smaller)
 constexpr uint8_t INDEX_BR[] PROGMEM = {
-    0x1b, 0x08, 0x0b, 0x00, 0xe4, 0x7f, 0x9b, 0xad, 0xbb, 0x97, 0x53, 0xde, 0xb7, 0x25, 0x0e, 0x69, 0xd4, 0x69, 0x89,
-    0xba, 0xa5, 0x55, 0x22, 0x04, 0x27, 0xeb, 0x00, 0x52, 0xac, 0xbc, 0xec, 0x5f, 0xfb, 0xb5, 0x7a, 0x12, 0x0a, 0xd6,
-    0x48, 0x84, 0x4a, 0x48, 0x5a, 0xcb, 0xbd, 0xb7, 0x72, 0x66, 0x4e, 0x62, 0xd8, 0xbd, 0x7f, 0x88, 0x68, 0x86, 0x28,
-    0xd6, 0xf1, 0xda, 0x2c, 0xa2, 0x32, 0x5c, 0xdd, 0xab, 0xb2, 0x15, 0xbc, 0x24, 0x13, 0xe6, 0xbd, 0x0c, 0x52, 0x63,
-    0x82, 0x88, 0x6d, 0x74, 0x71, 0x51, 0x9c, 0xe2, 0x40, 0x56, 0xea, 0xb0, 0x5c, 0xb7, 0x1d, 0x81, 0x3a, 0x0c, 0xf2,
-    0xd7, 0xa8, 0x5c, 0x35, 0x2d, 0x43, 0xb3, 0x42, 0x37, 0x7c, 0x60, 0xd8, 0xc1, 0x95, 0x91, 0x94, 0x3c, 0x29, 0x20,
-    0x96, 0x20, 0xf6, 0x24, 0xb7, 0x83, 0x4a, 0x06, 0xf1, 0xc3, 0x2f, 0x88, 0x50, 0x55, 0x35, 0x2d, 0xe8, 0xb6, 0x21,
-    0x38, 0x61, 0x8e, 0x44, 0x2a, 0xac, 0x39, 0xcf, 0x74, 0xaa, 0x31, 0x7f, 0x62, 0x32, 0x9b, 0x99, 0x42, 0x0a, 0xf6,
-    0x6f, 0xd8, 0x89, 0x3f, 0x49, 0xb1, 0xa2, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x8e, 0xb3, 0x27, 0x0b, 0x07, 0x07, 0x58, 0xb0, 0x8f, 0xaa,
-    0xdc, 0x68, 0x12, 0x0f, 0x95, 0xbf, 0xc7, 0x36, 0xd5, 0x60, 0x5a, 0xc7, 0x80, 0xac, 0x52, 0xf7, 0xa7, 0x2d, 0xb6,
-    0x64, 0xda, 0xda, 0x11, 0x8d, 0x6a, 0xe5, 0xba, 0xe9, 0xda, 0xdc, 0x62, 0xc3, 0xcb, 0xae, 0xc1, 0xe1, 0x11, 0xb6,
-    0x33, 0x29, 0x04, 0x09, 0xfe, 0x09, 0x08, 0xc2, 0x1f, 0x98, 0x16, 0x26, 0x0d, 0xce, 0xd7, 0x75, 0xfb, 0xd7, 0xa5,
-    0x82, 0xd7, 0x32, 0x44, 0x72, 0xc1, 0xc2, 0xe4, 0x15, 0xcb, 0x50, 0xfc, 0xd3, 0x58, 0x64, 0x34, 0x41, 0x32, 0xbe,
-    0x1f, 0x08, 0x43, 0x16, 0x14, 0xf7, 0x70, 0x2c, 0x1c, 0x61, 0x09, 0x78, 0x73, 0xd1, 0x30, 0xf6, 0xed, 0x85, 0x55,
-    0x50, 0x02, 0xf0, 0x68, 0x50, 0x5c, 0x1a, 0xd7, 0x3b, 0x8e, 0xf2, 0x23, 0xc8, 0x88, 0x39, 0xd0, 0x84, 0xf7, 0xa6,
-    0xd1, 0xa3, 0xfb, 0xe5, 0x44, 0xc0, 0x4c, 0x2f, 0x6f, 0x19, 0x70, 0x75, 0xf6, 0x1c, 0xb8, 0xce, 0x89, 0x4f, 0x01,
-    0x8d, 0xa1, 0x71, 0xf2, 0x97, 0xf8, 0xe7, 0xd3, 0xf1, 0xe1, 0xfa, 0xfc, 0xc8, 0x03, 0x78, 0x14, 0xa0, 0x3d, 0x28,
-    0xb7, 0xeb, 0x26, 0x52, 0x59, 0xa8, 0xb5, 0x0d, 0x5c, 0x8a, 0x6b, 0xe5, 0xf6, 0x30, 0xd6, 0xf7, 0x71, 0x31, 0xe8,
-    0xbd, 0xc9, 0xfa, 0xf5, 0x71, 0x9d, 0xff, 0xf6, 0x69, 0x62, 0x5f, 0xb5, 0xc7, 0x06, 0x43, 0x54, 0xb5, 0x87, 0xf1,
-    0xcc, 0x84, 0xe8, 0xb7, 0x56, 0x38, 0x43, 0x6a, 0xa6, 0x2f, 0x53, 0xd1, 0x89, 0x48, 0x8d, 0x72, 0x75, 0x4a, 0x17,
-    0xf6, 0x8d, 0xb2, 0xeb, 0xb1, 0x6b, 0x29, 0x1e, 0xd5, 0x74, 0xc7, 0xb3, 0xf4, 0xf1, 0x04, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0x08, 0x81,
-    0x8f, 0xfe, 0x8d, 0xfc, 0xf2, 0x35, 0x92, 0xa0, 0x24, 0x88, 0x12, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0x2f, 0x01, 0x94, 0x5c, 0x4b, 0xf9,
-    0x6b, 0x9a, 0xf6, 0x1a, 0x35, 0x11, 0x8a, 0xc6, 0x04, 0x8d, 0x50, 0x64, 0x48, 0x2d, 0x8b, 0xdf, 0xdf, 0xa1, 0xd1,
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-    0x64, 0x1e, 0xb4, 0x7a, 0x5d, 0x0d, 0x12, 0xcf, 0x2b, 0xdd, 0x35, 0x90, 0x55, 0xc3, 0x0e, 0xcd, 0x0e, 0xad, 0x6b,
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-    0xdb, 0xd0, 0xec, 0xa4, 0x0f, 0x0a, 0xe0, 0xc8, 0x35, 0xc4, 0x93, 0xdc, 0xee, 0x19, 0x00, 0x80, 0x07, 0xf5, 0xcf,
-    0xe0, 0x7f, 0x75, 0xf8, 0x52, 0x3a, 0xfc, 0x0d, 0x84, 0xa5, 0xc1, 0xb2, 0x1c, 0x25, 0x40, 0xc5, 0x8b, 0xb3, 0xdb,
-    0x7a, 0x1b, 0x44, 0xff, 0x79, 0x9a, 0x26, 0xc4, 0xe7, 0x9e, 0x78, 0x4c, 0xa5, 0x94, 0xab, 0x78, 0x34, 0x9d, 0xb5,
-    0xb7, 0x24, 0x26, 0xe7, 0x9a, 0xf3, 0xe5, 0x2a, 0x35, 0x4b, 0xbe, 0x74, 0xd7, 0x01, 0xbc, 0x71, 0x72, 0x03, 0x5c,
-    0x40, 0x24, 0x17, 0x61, 0x5b, 0x7b, 0x19, 0xc2, 0x7f, 0x4e, 0x5b, 0x24, 0xfb, 0x8b, 0xc3, 0x51, 0x00, 0x3d, 0x09,
-    0x04, 0x05, 0x72, 0x64, 0xf6, 0xf0, 0x6b, 0x99, 0x38, 0x93, 0x5b, 0xac, 0x0c, 0xff, 0x40, 0x7b, 0x53, 0xba, 0xab,
-    0x61, 0xc9, 0xa2, 0xde, 0xd6, 0x2b, 0x0c, 0xbd, 0x85, 0xac, 0x4c, 0x64, 0x8b, 0xe6, 0x69, 0x2b, 0x56, 0x10, 0x1b,
-    0x08, 0x59, 0x6c, 0x55, 0x0a, 0xaa, 0x93, 0x85, 0x1d, 0x45, 0xda, 0xc6, 0x39, 0xe6, 0x6a, 0xab, 0x71, 0x73, 0x46,
-    0x0f, 0xf7, 0xab, 0x4e, 0x88, 0xae, 0x8c, 0xe0, 0x91, 0xda, 0x35, 0x8c, 0xd3, 0x18, 0x92, 0x3d, 0xab, 0x2f, 0x0d,
-    0xd6, 0xc9, 0x06, 0xdb, 0xc2, 0x62, 0xcb, 0x8a, 0x23, 0x5b, 0x28, 0x2e, 0x9b, 0x96, 0xc4, 0xc1, 0x42, 0xa9, 0x8d,
-    0x69, 0xe5, 0x8f, 0x89, 0x12, 0x11, 0x9a, 0x56, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x2b, 0xb4, 0xb2, 0x7b, 0xfd, 0xdb, 0x80, 0x92, 0xb4,
-    0xca, 0x44, 0x37, 0x8c, 0x94, 0x2f, 0x4a, 0xb4, 0xc4, 0x28, 0x83, 0x8a, 0x78, 0xcb, 0xd2, 0x5c, 0x5c, 0x35, 0x29,
-    0x95, 0x35, 0x2f, 0x99, 0x28, 0x4f, 0x22, 0x18, 0x70, 0x85, 0xee, 0x2c, 0xb9, 0xef, 0x14, 0x57, 0x73, 0x23, 0x45,
-    0xae, 0xdc, 0x54, 0x56, 0x55, 0x78, 0x56, 0xad, 0x48, 0x26, 0x27, 0xbf, 0xcb, 0xd7, 0x54, 0xa9, 0xa8, 0xd7, 0xb5,
-    0x71, 0x9c, 0xe7, 0x79, 0x89, 0x5c, 0xa9, 0x6a, 0x53, 0xe8, 0xfa, 0x0d, 0x69, 0x36, 0xed, 0xad, 0x33, 0xc9, 0x75,
-    0x17, 0xe9, 0x8f, 0x31, 0x58, 0xa6, 0x27, 0xfc, 0x79, 0xc6, 0xb6, 0xd5, 0x65, 0x90, 0x31, 0xc6, 0x9d, 0x29, 0x95,
-    0x83, 0xe5, 0x4e, 0xbb, 0xd7, 0xdc, 0x8e, 0xd0, 0x3a, 0x54, 0x27, 0xce, 0xf5, 0xdb, 0xbd, 0x89, 0x3c, 0x61, 0xb3,
-    0x71, 0x23, 0xc7, 0x55, 0x9e, 0xea, 0x50, 0xe4, 0x37, 0xae, 0x72, 0x34, 0x66, 0xb9, 0x6e, 0x2c, 0x0a, 0x69, 0x8d,
-    0x94, 0x8b, 0x98, 0x08, 0x05, 0x3c, 0x45, 0x45, 0xe1, 0x6c, 0x22, 0xc5, 0x8f, 0x1f, 0x9f, 0x3f, 0xd2, 0x01, 0x12,
-    0xec, 0x86, 0x2f, 0x87, 0x8b, 0x47, 0x30, 0xd0, 0x77, 0x77, 0x1a, 0x13, 0x2d, 0xc6, 0x31, 0x65, 0x77, 0xd8, 0x8c,
-    0xe7, 0xe0, 0x16, 0xf9, 0x4b, 0xd4, 0xc5, 0xa8, 0x67, 0x79, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0x07, 0x94, 0x46, 0xa3, 0x8c, 0x67, 0xd3,
-    0xff, 0x5f, 0x96, 0xfa, 0xed, 0xa7, 0xd3, 0xdd, 0x4f, 0x27, 0x49, 0x27, 0xcf, 0xa4, 0x02, 0xc3, 0x27, 0x3c, 0x96,
-    0x64, 0x24, 0x55, 0xc8, 0x36, 0x45, 0x68, 0x90, 0xea, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x46, 0xa7, 0x8d, 0xb4, 0x26, 0x91, 0x07, 0x4c,
-    0x80, 0x7b, 0x93, 0xa8, 0x10, 0xcb, 0x5e, 0x8d, 0x42, 0x86, 0x3e, 0x2a, 0x7c, 0x99, 0x79, 0x8e, 0xcb, 0x43, 0x28};
+    0x1b, 0x14, 0x0b, 0x00, 0xe4, 0x6f, 0xcd, 0xfc, 0x7b, 0x2e, 0x27, 0xd2, 0x21, 0x2b, 0x58, 0xea, 0x16, 0xf8, 0xa5,
+    0xb6, 0x47, 0x14, 0xb3, 0x4c, 0x56, 0xcc, 0x20, 0x5b, 0x1d, 0xfe, 0x7d, 0xfb, 0xb5, 0x7a, 0x12, 0x0a, 0xd6, 0x48,
+    0x84, 0xa2, 0x21, 0x69, 0x0d, 0x77, 0x33, 0xf3, 0x77, 0xcf, 0x4c, 0x21, 0xf1, 0xde, 0xee, 0x7d, 0x44, 0xbc, 0xd3,
+    0xc4, 0x33, 0x89, 0x1a, 0x69, 0x68, 0x48, 0x57, 0xa7, 0x17, 0x0b, 0x4d, 0x91, 0xac, 0x30, 0x48, 0x21, 0x4d, 0x4c,
+    0x10, 0x57, 0x46, 0x14, 0x17, 0xd5, 0x21, 0x0e, 0xb4, 0x50, 0x87, 0xad, 0x62, 0xda, 0x11, 0x68, 0xc3, 0x20, 0x7f,
+    0x2d, 0xdc, 0x57, 0xeb, 0x2c, 0x36, 0xdb, 0xc4, 0x84, 0x0f, 0xac, 0xec, 0x08, 0x91, 0xa3, 0x92, 0x27, 0x45, 0xc4,
+    0x1e, 0xa4, 0x9e, 0x72, 0x3b, 0xc2, 0xe3, 0x20, 0x7d, 0xf8, 0x05, 0x09, 0xea, 0xe3, 0xa6, 0x3f, 0x11, 0x8b, 0x16,
+    0x11, 0x6b, 0x26, 0x91, 0x1a, 0x2c, 0x19, 0x24, 0xf7, 0x5d, 0x44, 0x82, 0x49, 0x44, 0x15, 0xce, 0x39, 0xdc, 0xcb,
+    0x8f, 0x5b, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0x42, 0x96, 0xa2, 0x10, 0x3c, 0x20, 0xa5, 0x65, 0x85, 0x49, 0x6a, 0x06, 0x08, 0xd1, 0xcb,
+    0x41, 0xb8, 0x49, 0x20, 0x73, 0x71, 0xfe, 0x55, 0x61, 0x45, 0xc6, 0x95, 0x72, 0xc8, 0xf0, 0xa5, 0xe9, 0xe6, 0x3a,
+    0xb9, 0xc3, 0x8a, 0x9f, 0xb5, 0xc1, 0xc9, 0x15, 0x56, 0x93, 0x38, 0x8a, 0x48, 0xf0, 0x4f, 0x38, 0x22, 0xe1, 0x8d,
+    0x55, 0xbb, 0x8c, 0xc3, 0xb0, 0x68, 0xcc, 0x7f, 0x6f, 0xf8, 0xc9, 0x9b, 0x38, 0x41, 0xf1, 0x94, 0x25, 0xf9, 0x6b,
+    0x56, 0xa2, 0xec, 0xa7, 0xbd, 0x2e, 0x69, 0x8e, 0xe2, 0xec, 0x36, 0x94, 0x24, 0x2c, 0x12, 0x1d, 0x4e, 0x76, 0x7e,
+    0x23, 0xcc, 0xf2, 0x6e, 0x35, 0x1a, 0x9c, 0xed, 0x6f, 0x15, 0x3f, 0xc9, 0x72, 0xdc, 0xfd, 0x13, 0x0f, 0x16, 0x8a,
+    0x23, 0x4f, 0xf9, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x44, 0x91, 0x77, 0xe0, 0xb3, 0xd1, 0x78, 0x74, 0xdb, 0x4a, 0x2c, 0xd8, 0xe8, 0xf9,
+    0x2c, 0x03, 0xbe, 0xae, 0xac, 0x4e, 0x42, 0x01, 0xc4, 0x4b, 0x40, 0xe7, 0x94, 0x34, 0x85, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0xf5, 0x74,
+    0x75, 0xd8, 0xdc, 0xec, 0x6a, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x3f, 0x81, 0x77, 0xa8, 0xcd, 0xde, 0x6d, 0x5a, 0x47, 0xa1, 0x99, 0x36,
+    0x87, 0xb6, 0x78, 0x35, 0x3c, 0x9a, 0x64, 0x15, 0x7c, 0x56, 0x76, 0x22, 0xce, 0x46, 0xe5, 0x17, 0x57, 0x05, 0xfc,
+    0x09, 0x69, 0xae, 0x39, 0xaa, 0xee, 0xc9, 0x4e, 0x7f, 0x99, 0x2a, 0x65, 0x82, 0x7e, 0xeb, 0x23, 0x4f, 0x42, 0xd5,
+    0xca, 0xcb, 0x42, 0x74, 0x2e, 0xd2, 0xa2, 0x62, 0x57, 0xd0, 0xa9, 0x7b, 0x4b, 0xac, 0x7b, 0x65, 0x13, 0x47, 0x0f,
+    0x2d, 0x3d, 0xf6, 0xbc, 0x78, 0x5c, 0xa3, 0xc9, 0x57, 0x4b, 0x10, 0x62, 0x68, 0x19, 0x7f, 0xfd, 0x1a, 0xcb, 0x51,
+    0x1e, 0x41, 0x39, 0x55, 0xf3, 0x97, 0x30, 0xca, 0x37, 0xb6, 0x42, 0x1d, 0x2d, 0x8c, 0xc6, 0x65, 0x8a, 0xd2, 0x89,
+    0x88, 0xa6, 0x28, 0xbd, 0x56, 0x7c, 0x2d, 0x5e, 0x0d, 0x2f, 0x9e, 0xc3, 0xa5, 0x80, 0xaf, 0xcc, 0x00, 0xde, 0xe6,
+    0x5a, 0x8b, 0xda, 0xff, 0x1f, 0x16, 0xc8, 0x83, 0x5e, 0xe5, 0xea, 0x25, 0x86, 0x70, 0x55, 0x25, 0x01, 0x14, 0x0c,
+    0x77, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x21, 0xcc, 0x79, 0x15, 0x3b, 0x32, 0x3a, 0xd3, 0xc5, 0x30, 0xaf, 0x03, 0xd8, 0x3e, 0x44, 0xb8,
+    0x63, 0xb5, 0x74, 0x4f, 0x41, 0x4b, 0xf0, 0x24, 0x74, 0xb2, 0x06, 0xb2, 0x7b, 0x06, 0x60, 0xdc, 0xc1, 0x3e, 0x0e,
+    0x6f, 0x1e, 0x3c, 0x42, 0xa0, 0xdb, 0x36, 0x43, 0x30, 0x71, 0xcc, 0xd6, 0x1a, 0xbd, 0x38, 0x61, 0x19, 0x3f, 0xf2,
+    0xdf, 0xf4, 0x53, 0x3d, 0xc1, 0x14, 0xbe, 0x50, 0x1c, 0x2c, 0xf3, 0xaa, 0x74, 0x36, 0xcb, 0xbd, 0x7a, 0x4b, 0xa3,
+    0x1c, 0x90, 0x40, 0x5b, 0x4a, 0x0f, 0x83, 0x6e, 0x9e, 0x96, 0x28, 0x3d, 0x77, 0x43, 0x05, 0x0e, 0x39, 0x26, 0x15,
+    0xb8, 0x6b, 0x4e, 0x3a, 0x62, 0xc2, 0xda, 0xde, 0x8e, 0x29, 0x29, 0x0b, 0x09, 0xa2, 0xb3, 0xa7, 0x1e, 0x9a, 0x0c,
+    0x8f, 0xa1, 0x46, 0x6f, 0x92, 0xf3, 0x9e, 0xb5, 0xc5, 0x7e, 0x0e, 0x8d, 0xeb, 0x55, 0x08, 0xfa, 0xc9, 0xd8, 0x4e,
+    0xe3, 0xd0, 0xca, 0x2a, 0x96, 0x11, 0x7e, 0xb1, 0xd4, 0x7f, 0x8f, 0x1d, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xa0, 0x89, 0x6f, 0x93, 0x99,
+    0x55, 0x48, 0x97, 0x08, 0x79, 0x66, 0xe9, 0x4a, 0x6b, 0xa0, 0x29, 0xf2, 0x10, 0x1f, 0x22, 0xa2, 0x1b, 0x41, 0xdf,
+    0xa3, 0xde, 0x62, 0x60, 0x8e, 0xa1, 0x60, 0xc4, 0xd5, 0xce, 0x81, 0x47, 0x84, 0x3b, 0x66, 0x60, 0x74, 0xa7, 0x74,
+    0xcc, 0x48, 0xe0, 0xe1, 0xd5, 0x0c, 0x15, 0x98, 0x3d, 0xa7, 0x9c, 0xb2, 0xec, 0xba, 0x0f, 0x2c, 0x52, 0x14, 0x7b,
+    0xe2, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x0f, 0x8c, 0x00, 0xe0, 0x81, 0xf6, 0x57, 0xe4, 0x3f, 0xbf, 0x7c, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0xfe, 0x01, 0xc2,
+    0x64, 0xb0, 0x05, 0x60, 0x01, 0xaa, 0x78, 0x65, 0xb2, 0xeb, 0x56, 0x41, 0xf2, 0xbf, 0xa3, 0x45, 0x4e, 0x3c, 0x78,
+    0xe2, 0xa1, 0x0d, 0xa9, 0x2a, 0xc0, 0x8a, 0xc0, 0x6f, 0xe4, 0x66, 0xbe, 0x72, 0x35, 0x5e, 0xf7, 0x3b, 0x42, 0x53,
+    0xd4, 0xe6, 0x66, 0xb6, 0x78, 0xcd, 0xaa, 0x6f, 0xf4, 0x26, 0x80, 0x3a, 0x4e, 0x74, 0x80, 0x17, 0x88, 0x44, 0x23,
+    0xa6, 0x3a, 0x6f, 0x87, 0xb8, 0xd0, 0x4d, 0xd3, 0xfc, 0x7c, 0xd6, 0x38, 0x2a, 0x00, 0x28, 0x01, 0xa2, 0x40, 0x94,
+    0x6c, 0x1e, 0x8a, 0xed, 0xe3, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x90, 0xe3, 0x0d, 0x02, 0x4e, 0x15, 0x30, 0xed, 0x8f, 0x5b, 0x99, 0xaa,
+    0x7a, 0x4e, 0xb9, 0xec, 0x91, 0xe2, 0x9f, 0xd4, 0xca, 0x46, 0xaf, 0x87, 0x19, 0x4b, 0xad, 0xea, 0xe6, 0x6c, 0x8d,
+    0x53, 0x4b, 0x29, 0xee, 0x1e, 0x96, 0xd8, 0x94, 0x30, 0x3a, 0x9c, 0xb0, 0x4c, 0xdb, 0xe2, 0xa1, 0x7f, 0xc7, 0x11,
+    0xdd, 0xe3, 0x9d, 0x36, 0x44, 0xd3, 0x93, 0x14, 0x9c, 0x4c, 0x9d, 0xdd, 0x3a, 0x7c, 0x41, 0xb1, 0x8f, 0x14, 0xd9,
+    0x4e, 0x61, 0xd9, 0x3a, 0xe3, 0x0d, 0x76, 0xca, 0x6c, 0xac, 0x73, 0xaf, 0xad, 0x94, 0x87, 0x30, 0xf1, 0x30, 0x2f,
+    0x8b, 0xed, 0x4a, 0xed, 0xbc, 0xc2, 0xf2, 0x7c, 0x30, 0xa3, 0x0b, 0x28, 0x64, 0x3b, 0x8c, 0xd4, 0xc3, 0x42, 0xb9,
+    0xa3, 0x44, 0x51, 0x80, 0x07, 0x5a, 0x3d, 0x14, 0x33, 0x99, 0xbf, 0x2a, 0x6b, 0x2b, 0x19, 0x47, 0x72, 0x9e, 0xd4,
+    0xb4, 0x6d, 0x72, 0xdd, 0x8a, 0x4b, 0x33, 0x55, 0xbc, 0xb4, 0xcd, 0xc8, 0x2b, 0x17, 0x2f, 0x74, 0xeb, 0x22, 0x17,
+    0x94, 0x08, 0x27, 0x27, 0xc2, 0x5b, 0x17, 0xb4, 0xa9, 0x22, 0x16, 0x9d, 0xd4, 0xfc, 0xc7, 0x15, 0xa3, 0x9b, 0x86,
+    0x1f, 0xad, 0x45, 0xd3, 0x87, 0x94, 0x5b, 0x31, 0x36, 0xaa, 0xe4, 0x66, 0x8d, 0xcc, 0x31, 0x05, 0x5b, 0xc4, 0x40,
+    0xc0, 0xb8, 0xeb, 0x91, 0x18, 0x22, 0x8c, 0x31, 0x1e, 0xad, 0xd0, 0x3a, 0x98, 0x07, 0xb5, 0x6f, 0x11, 0xba, 0x11,
+    0xa6, 0x14, 0x35, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0x55, 0xdf, 0xb7, 0x4c, 0x03, 0x61, 0xa3, 0x74, 0x23, 0xdf, 0x55, 0x1f, 0x02, 0x51,
+    0x09, 0xb7, 0xba, 0xd5, 0x0c, 0x67, 0xab, 0x98, 0x70, 0x14, 0x64, 0x8d, 0xf4, 0x8b, 0x54, 0x44, 0x07, 0x6f, 0xe0,
+    0x69, 0x32, 0xca, 0x48, 0xe5, 0xd3, 0xa7, 0x17, 0x8f, 0x45, 0x84, 0x04, 0xb7, 0xd1, 0xbb, 0xe1, 0xf6, 0x01, 0x0a,
+    0xf6, 0xee, 0x2b, 0x32, 0xd2, 0xc5, 0xf8, 0xa6, 0xec, 0x0f, 0x1b, 0x09, 0x1d, 0xfc, 0xa2, 0xbf, 0x54, 0x5d, 0x2c,
+    0x62, 0xf4, 0x77, 0xde, 0xad, 0xa0, 0x50, 0x6a, 0xb4, 0xe3, 0x5f, 0xda, 0xff, 0x6b, 0xb1, 0x78, 0xf7, 0xf9, 0xc1,
+    0xa6, 0xa8, 0x93, 0xe8, 0xe4, 0x11, 0x56, 0xa0, 0x5b, 0x85, 0xa7, 0x92, 0x7a, 0x58, 0x45, 0x95, 0xa9, 0x63, 0x83,
+    0xb4, 0x1f, 0x18, 0x31, 0x7a, 0x6d, 0xa1, 0x8d, 0x8c, 0xdc, 0x91, 0x02, 0x3c, 0x9c, 0x92, 0x42, 0x8e, 0x03, 0x02,
+    0xc5, 0x0c, 0x43, 0x54, 0xf9, 0xb2, 0x85, 0x39, 0x2e, 0x77, 0xad, 0x00};
 
 // Backwards compatibility alias
 #define INDEX_GZ INDEX_BR

esphome/components/captive_portal/captive_portal.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
 #include "esphome/core/string_ref.h"
 #include "esphome/components/wifi/scan_list.h"
 #include "esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h"
+#ifdef USE_PROVISIONING
+#include "esphome/components/provisioning/provisioning.h"
+#endif
 #include "captive_index.h"
 
 namespace esphome::captive_portal {
@@ -78,6 +81,20 @@ void CaptivePortal::handle_wifisave(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
 void CaptivePortal::setup() {
   // Disable loop by default - will be enabled when captive portal starts
   this->disable_loop();
+#ifdef USE_PROVISIONING
+  // The captive portal is a provisioning surface: once the provisioning window
+  // has closed, stop serving it. WiFi's own closed-callback shuts down the
+  // access point the portal runs on, and the gated fallback in WiFiComponent's
+  // loop() ensures neither is started again afterwards.
+  if (provisioning::global_provisioning_manager != nullptr) {
+    provisioning::global_provisioning_manager->add_on_closed_callback([this]() {
+      if (this->active_) {
+        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Provisioning window closed; stopping captive portal");
+        this->end();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+#endif
 }
 void CaptivePortal::start() {
   this->base_->init();

esphome/components/climate/climate.cpp

@@ -551,7 +551,14 @@ ClimateCall ClimateDeviceRestoreState::to_call(Climate *climate) {
 
 void ClimateDeviceRestoreState::apply(Climate *climate) {
   auto traits = climate->get_traits();
-  climate->mode = this->mode;
+  // A saved mode the device no longer offers cannot be selected again, so skip it and leave the
+  // entity on the mode it already has. The other saved fields are still restored.
+  if (traits.supports_mode(this->mode)) {
+    climate->mode = this->mode;
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' - Saved mode %s is no longer supported, keeping %s", climate->get_name().c_str(),
+             LOG_STR_ARG(climate_mode_to_string(this->mode)), LOG_STR_ARG(climate_mode_to_string(climate->mode)));
+  }
   if (traits.has_feature_flags(CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE |
                                CLIMATE_REQUIRES_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE)) {
     climate->target_temperature_low = this->target_temperature_low;

esphome/components/climate_ir_lg/climate.py

@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@ CONF_HEADER_LOW = "header_low"
 CONF_BIT_HIGH = "bit_high"
 CONF_BIT_ONE_LOW = "bit_one_low"
 CONF_BIT_ZERO_LOW = "bit_zero_low"
+CONF_ADVANCED_COMMANDS_SUPPORT = "advanced_commands_support"
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(LgIrClimate).extend(
     {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_ADVANCED_COMMANDS_SUPPORT, default=False): cv.boolean,
         cv.Optional(
             CONF_HEADER_HIGH, default="8000us"
         ): cv.positive_time_period_microseconds,
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(LgIrClimate).extend(
 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     var = await climate_ir.new_climate_ir(config)
 
+    cg.add(var.set_advanced_commands_support(config[CONF_ADVANCED_COMMANDS_SUPPORT]))
     cg.add(var.set_header_high(config[CONF_HEADER_HIGH]))
     cg.add(var.set_header_low(config[CONF_HEADER_LOW]))
     cg.add(var.set_bit_high(config[CONF_BIT_HIGH]))

esphome/components/climate_ir_lg/climate_ir_lg.cpp

@@ -5,11 +5,85 @@ namespace esphome::climate_ir_lg {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "climate.climate_ir_lg";
 
-// Commands
-const uint32_t COMMAND_MASK = 0xFF000;
-const uint32_t COMMAND_OFF = 0xC0000;
-const uint32_t COMMAND_SWING = 0x10000;
+// All codes provided here are missing the checksum (last 4 bits)
+// this checksum needs to be calculated before sending (look at `calc_checksum_()`)
 
+const uint32_t LG_HEADER = 0x8800000;
+
+// Commands
+const uint32_t COMMAND_HEADER_MASK = 0xFF000;
+const uint32_t COMMAND_DATA_MASK = 0x00FF0;
+const uint32_t CHECKSUM_MASK = 0xF;
+
+enum CommandBasic : uint32_t {
+  HEADER_BASIC = 0x10000,
+  BASIC_SWING_TOGGLE = 0x000,
+
+  // JET MODE (only for cooling/drying/heating modes)
+  // For 30 minutes: max airflow (stronger than F5 aka FAN_MAX) + PO (min/min/max temperature respectively)
+  // After 30 minutes: F5 aka FAN_MAX + min/min/max temperature respectively
+  BASIC_JET = 0x080,
+};
+
+enum CommandSys : uint32_t {
+  HEADER_SYS = 0xC0000,
+
+  COMMAND_OFF = 0x050,
+
+  // Also known as 'auto-dry'
+  AUTO_CLEAN_ON = 0x0B0,
+  AUTO_CLEAN_OFF = 0x0C0,
+
+  PURIFY_ON = 0x000,   // From either OFF or Mode -> Purify
+  PURIFY_OFF = 0x080,  // From Mode + Purify -> Mode
+
+  QUIET_OUTDOOR_ON = 0xA60,
+  QUIET_OUTDOOR_OFF = 0xA70,
+
+  // ENERGY CTRL (only in Cooling mode)
+  COOL_ENERG_CTRL_80 = 0x7D0,   // 80%
+  COOL_ENERG_CTRL_60 = 0x7E0,   // 60%
+  COOL_ENERG_CTRL_40 = 0x800,   // 40%
+  COOL_ENERG_CTRL_OFF = 0x7F0,  // OFF
+
+  DISPLAY_KW = 0x460,
+  LIGHT_ON_OFF = 0x0A0,
+
+  TEMP_UNIT_F = 0x170,
+  TEMP_UNIT_C = 0x160,
+};
+
+enum CommandAdvSwing : uint32_t {
+  HEADER_ADV_SWING = 0x13000,
+
+  // Only 5 bits are relevant, I got 0x13952 once - not sure what is the 8th bit so ignoring that.
+  ADV_SWING_DATA_MASK = 0x1F0,
+
+  // Commands for Advanced Vertical Control: Swing + 6 fixed positions
+  VERT_FIX_1 = 0x040,  // Down
+  VERT_FIX_2 = 0x050,
+  VERT_FIX_3 = 0x060,
+  VERT_FIX_4 = 0x070,
+  VERT_FIX_5 = 0x080,
+  VERT_FIX_6 = 0x090,      // Up
+  VERT_SWING_ON = 0x140,   // Swing between 1 and 6
+  VERT_SWING_OFF = 0x150,  // Stops immediately
+
+  // Commands for Advanced Horizontal Control: Swing (3 modes) + 5 fixed positions
+  HORI_FIX_1 = 0x0B0,  // Left
+  HORI_FIX_2 = 0x0C0,
+  HORI_FIX_3 = 0x0D0,
+  HORI_FIX_4 = 0x0E0,
+  HORI_FIX_5 = 0x0F0,           // Right
+  HORI_SWING_ON_LEFT = 0x100,   // Swing between 1 and 3
+  HORI_SWING_ON_RIGHT = 0x110,  // Swing between 3 and 5
+  HORI_SWING_ON_FULL = 0x160,   // Swing between 1 and 5
+  HORI_SWING_OFF = 0x170,       // Stops immediately
+};
+
+// Following commands contain mode, fan speed and temperature
+
+// Modes
 const uint32_t COMMAND_ON_COOL = 0x00000;
 const uint32_t COMMAND_ON_DRY = 0x01000;
 const uint32_t COMMAND_ON_FAN_ONLY = 0x02000;
@@ -23,11 +97,13 @@ const uint32_t COMMAND_AI = 0x0B000;
 const uint32_t COMMAND_HEAT = 0x0C000;
 
 // Fan speed
-const uint32_t FAN_MASK = 0xF0;
+const uint32_t FAN_SPEED_MASK = 0xF0;
 const uint32_t FAN_AUTO = 0x50;
-const uint32_t FAN_MIN = 0x00;
-const uint32_t FAN_MED = 0x20;
-const uint32_t FAN_MAX = 0x40;
+const uint32_t FAN_MIN = 0x00;  // AKA F1
+const uint32_t FAN_F2 = 0x90;
+const uint32_t FAN_MED = 0x20;  // AKA F3
+const uint32_t FAN_F4 = 0xA0;
+const uint32_t FAN_MAX = 0x40;  // AKA F5
 
 // Temperature
 const uint8_t TEMP_RANGE = TEMP_MAX - TEMP_MIN + 1;
@@ -37,16 +113,37 @@ const uint32_t TEMP_SHIFT = 8;
 const uint16_t BITS = 28;
 
 void LgIrClimate::transmit_state() {
-  uint32_t remote_state = 0x8800000;
+  uint32_t remote_state = LG_HEADER;
 
-  // ESP_LOGD(TAG, "climate_lg_ir mode_before_ code: 0x%02X", modeBefore_);
+  // ESP_LOGD(TAG, "climate_lg_ir mode_before_ code: 0x%02X", this->modeBefore_);
 
   // Set command
   if (this->send_swing_cmd_) {
     this->send_swing_cmd_ = false;
-    remote_state |= COMMAND_SWING;
-  } else {
-    bool climate_is_off = (this->mode_before_ == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF);
+    if (this->advanced_commands_support_) {
+      switch (this->swing_mode) {
+        case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL:
+          ESP_LOGD(TAG, "setting swing vertical");
+          remote_state |= CommandAdvSwing::HEADER_ADV_SWING;
+          remote_state |= CommandAdvSwing::VERT_SWING_ON;
+          break;
+        case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF:
+          ESP_LOGD(TAG, "setting swing off");
+          remote_state |= CommandAdvSwing::HEADER_ADV_SWING;
+          remote_state |= CommandAdvSwing::VERT_SWING_OFF;
+          break;
+        default:
+          return;
+      }
+      this->transmit_(remote_state);
+      this->publish_state();
+      return;
+    } else {  // just toggle swing when advanced_commands_support is not set
+      remote_state |= HEADER_BASIC;
+      remote_state |= BASIC_SWING_TOGGLE;
+    }
+  } else {  // Mode commands
+    const bool climate_is_off = (this->mode_before_ == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF);
     switch (this->mode) {
       case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL:
         remote_state |= climate_is_off ? COMMAND_ON_COOL : COMMAND_COOL;
@@ -65,8 +162,8 @@ void LgIrClimate::transmit_state() {
         break;
       case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF:
       default:
-        remote_state |= COMMAND_OFF;
-        break;
+        remote_state |= CommandSys::HEADER_SYS;
+        remote_state |= CommandSys::COMMAND_OFF;
     }
   }
 
@@ -75,9 +172,8 @@ void LgIrClimate::transmit_state() {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "climate_lg_ir mode code: 0x%02X", this->mode);
 
   // Set fan speed
-  if (this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF) {
-    remote_state |= FAN_AUTO;
-  } else {
+  if (this->mode !=
+      climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF) {  // https://github.com/esphome/esphome/pull/10875#issuecomment-5042765948
     switch (this->fan_mode.value_or(climate::CLIMATE_FAN_ON)) {
       case climate::CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH:
         remote_state |= FAN_MAX;
@@ -95,10 +191,20 @@ void LgIrClimate::transmit_state() {
     }
   }
 
-  // Set temperature
-  if (this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL || this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT) {
-    auto temp = (uint8_t) roundf(clamp<float>(this->target_temperature, TEMP_MIN, TEMP_MAX));
-    remote_state |= ((temp - 15) << TEMP_SHIFT);
+  uint8_t temp;
+  switch (this->mode) {
+    case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL:
+      if (!this->advanced_commands_support_) {  // Keep previous behavior
+        break;
+      }
+      [[fallthrough]];
+    case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL:
+    case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT:
+      temp = static_cast<uint8_t>(roundf(clamp<float>(this->target_temperature, TEMP_MIN, TEMP_MAX)));
+      remote_state |= (temp - 15) << TEMP_SHIFT;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
   }
 
   this->transmit_(remote_state);
@@ -124,62 +230,134 @@ bool LgIrClimate::on_receive(remote_base::RemoteReceiveData data) {
     }
   }
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Decoded 0x%02" PRIX32, remote_state);
-  if ((remote_state & 0xFF00000) != 0x8800000)
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Received 0x%02" PRIX32, remote_state);
+  if ((remote_state & 0xFF00000) != LG_HEADER)
     return false;
 
-  // Get command
-  if ((remote_state & COMMAND_MASK) == COMMAND_OFF) {
-    this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF;
-  } else if ((remote_state & COMMAND_MASK) == COMMAND_SWING) {
-    this->swing_mode =
-        this->swing_mode == climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF ? climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL : climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF;
-  } else {
-    switch (remote_state & COMMAND_MASK) {
-      case COMMAND_DRY:
-      case COMMAND_ON_DRY:
-        this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_DRY;
-        break;
-      case COMMAND_FAN_ONLY:
-      case COMMAND_ON_FAN_ONLY:
-        this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_FAN_ONLY;
-        break;
-      case COMMAND_AI:
-      case COMMAND_ON_AI:
-        this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL;
-        break;
-      case COMMAND_HEAT:
-      case COMMAND_ON_HEAT:
-        this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT;
-        break;
-      case COMMAND_COOL:
-      case COMMAND_ON_COOL:
-      default:
-        this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL;
-        break;
-    }
-
-    // Get fan speed
-    if (this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL) {
-      this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_AUTO;
-    } else if (this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL || this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_DRY ||
-               this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_FAN_ONLY || this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT) {
-      if ((remote_state & FAN_MASK) == FAN_AUTO) {
-        this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_AUTO;
-      } else if ((remote_state & FAN_MASK) == FAN_MIN) {
-        this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_LOW;
-      } else if ((remote_state & FAN_MASK) == FAN_MED) {
-        this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_MEDIUM;
-      } else if ((remote_state & FAN_MASK) == FAN_MAX) {
-        this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH;
+  // Decode commands
+  switch (remote_state & COMMAND_HEADER_MASK) {
+    case CommandSys::HEADER_SYS:
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Got system command! With data: 0x%02" PRIX32, remote_state & COMMAND_DATA_MASK);
+      if ((remote_state & COMMAND_DATA_MASK) == CommandSys::COMMAND_OFF) {
+        this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF;
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case CommandAdvSwing::HEADER_ADV_SWING:
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Got advanced swing command! With data: 0x%02" PRIX32,
+               remote_state & CommandAdvSwing::ADV_SWING_DATA_MASK);
+      switch (remote_state & CommandAdvSwing::ADV_SWING_DATA_MASK) {
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_SWING_ON:
+          this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL;
+          break;
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_SWING_OFF:
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_FIX_1:
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_FIX_2:
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_FIX_3:
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_FIX_4:
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_FIX_5:
+        case CommandAdvSwing::VERT_FIX_6:
+          this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF;
+          break;
+        default:
+          return false;  // Ignore all other (horizontal) swing commands
       }
-    }
 
-    // Get temperature
-    if (this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL || this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT) {
-      this->target_temperature = ((remote_state & TEMP_MASK) >> TEMP_SHIFT) + 15;
-    }
+      this->publish_state();
+      return true;
+
+    case HEADER_BASIC:
+      if ((remote_state & COMMAND_DATA_MASK) == BASIC_JET) {
+        switch (this->mode) {
+          case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL:
+          case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT:
+          case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_DRY:
+            this->target_temperature =
+                this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT ? this->maximum_temperature_ : this->minimum_temperature_;
+            this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH;
+            // When enabling PO(WER) also known as JET mode, swing is set to VERT_3, but after 30 mins it will switch
+            // back to what it was before, so let's just not change it here it at all
+            this->publish_state();
+            return true;
+          default:
+            ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Got jet command, but current mode does not support it! Ignoring.");
+            return false;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Keep previous behavior in case of other BASIC command
+      if (this->swing_mode == climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF) {  // Just flip between vertical and off
+        this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL;
+      } else {
+        this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF;
+      }
+      this->publish_state();
+      return true;
+    // Following commands also contain fan speed and temperature, so no 'return' in these cases
+    case COMMAND_DRY:
+    case COMMAND_ON_DRY:
+      this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_DRY;
+      break;
+    case COMMAND_FAN_ONLY:
+    case COMMAND_ON_FAN_ONLY:
+      this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_FAN_ONLY;
+      break;
+    case COMMAND_AI:
+    case COMMAND_ON_AI:
+      this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL;
+      break;
+    case COMMAND_HEAT:
+    case COMMAND_ON_HEAT:
+      this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT;
+      break;
+    case COMMAND_COOL:
+    case COMMAND_ON_COOL:
+      this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL;
+      break;
+    default:
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Got unknown command! Ignoring!");
+      return false;
   }
+
+  // Decode fan speed
+  switch (remote_state & FAN_SPEED_MASK) {
+    case FAN_AUTO:
+      this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_AUTO;
+      break;
+    case FAN_MIN:
+    case FAN_F2:
+      this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_LOW;
+      break;
+    case FAN_MED:
+    case FAN_F4:
+      this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_MEDIUM;
+      break;
+    case FAN_MAX:
+      this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH;
+      break;
+    default:
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Got unknown fan speed! Ignoring!");
+      return false;
+  }
+
+  // Keep previous behavior
+  if (this->mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL && !(this->advanced_commands_support_)) {
+    this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_AUTO;
+  }
+
+  // Decode temperature for modes that support it
+  switch (this->mode) {
+    case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL:
+    case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_COOL:
+    case climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT:
+      this->target_temperature = ((remote_state & TEMP_MASK) >> TEMP_SHIFT) + 15;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  this->mode_before_ = this->mode;
   this->publish_state();
 
   return true;
@@ -207,14 +385,14 @@ void LgIrClimate::transmit_(uint32_t value) {
   data->mark(this->bit_high_);
   transmit.perform();
 }
+
 void LgIrClimate::calc_checksum_(uint32_t &value) {
-  uint32_t mask = 0xF;
   uint32_t sum = 0;
   for (uint8_t i = 1; i < 8; i++) {
-    sum += (value & (mask << (i * 4))) >> (i * 4);
+    sum += (value & (CHECKSUM_MASK << (i * 4))) >> (i * 4);
   }
 
-  value |= (sum & mask);
+  value |= (sum & CHECKSUM_MASK);
 }
 
 }  // namespace esphome::climate_ir_lg

esphome/components/climate_ir_lg/climate_ir_lg.h

@@ -21,12 +21,13 @@ class LgIrClimate final : public climate_ir::ClimateIR {
   /// Override control to change settings of the climate device.
   void control(const climate::ClimateCall &call) override {
     this->send_swing_cmd_ = call.get_swing_mode().has_value();
-    // swing resets after unit powered off
+    // swing resets after unit powered off, except when advanced_commands_support_ is set
     auto mode = call.get_mode();
-    if (mode.has_value() && *mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF)
+    if (mode.has_value() && *mode == climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF && !(this->advanced_commands_support_))
       this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF;
     climate_ir::ClimateIR::control(call);
   }
+  void set_advanced_commands_support(bool value) { this->advanced_commands_support_ = value; }
   void set_header_high(uint32_t header_high) { this->header_high_ = header_high; }
   void set_header_low(uint32_t header_low) { this->header_low_ = header_low; }
   void set_bit_high(uint32_t bit_high) { this->bit_high_ = bit_high; }
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ class LgIrClimate final : public climate_ir::ClimateIR {
   void calc_checksum_(uint32_t &value);
   void transmit_(uint32_t value);
 
+  bool advanced_commands_support_{false};
   uint32_t header_high_;
   uint32_t header_low_;
   uint32_t bit_high_;

esphome/components/emontx/__init__.py

@@ -116,14 +116,16 @@ _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS = (
 
 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
-    await cg.register_component(var, config)
-    await uart.register_uart_device(var, config)
 
-    # Initialize sensor storage with count from final_validate
+    # Initialize sensor storage with count from final_validate before any
+    # await, so platform to_code() calls always see it initialized
+    # regardless of YAML key order.
     sensor_count = _get_data().sensor_counts.get(str(config[CONF_ID]), 0)
     if sensor_count > 0:
         cg.add(var.init_sensors(sensor_count))
 
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)
+    await uart.register_uart_device(var, config)
     await automation.build_callback_automations(var, config, _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS)
 
 

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -1105,19 +1105,11 @@ def _check_esp_idf_versions(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     return config
 
 
-def _validate_toolchain(value) -> Toolchain:
-    return Toolchain(
-        cv.one_of(Toolchain.PLATFORMIO, Toolchain.ESP_IDF, lower=True)(value)
-    )
-
-
-def _resolve_toolchain(value: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
-    # Resolve toolchain: CLI (already on CORE.toolchain) > YAML > default.
-    # Runs before _detect_variant so downstream validators can rely on
-    # CORE.toolchain instead of re-resolving it from the config dict.
-    if CORE.toolchain is None:
-        CORE.toolchain = value.get(CONF_TOOLCHAIN, Toolchain.ESP_IDF)
-    return value
+_TOOLCHAINS = (Toolchain.PLATFORMIO, Toolchain.ESP_IDF)
+_validate_toolchain = cv.toolchain_enum(_TOOLCHAINS)
+# Runs before _detect_variant so downstream validators can rely on
+# CORE.toolchain instead of re-resolving it from the config dict.
+_resolve_toolchain = cv.resolve_toolchain("ESP32", _TOOLCHAINS, Toolchain.ESP_IDF)
 
 
 def _check_versions(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:

esphome/components/esp32/core.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "preferences.h"
 #include <freertos/FreeRTOS.h>
 #include <freertos/task.h>
@@ -29,6 +30,13 @@ void loop_task(void *pv_params) {
 }
 
 extern "C" void app_main() {
+  // Apply the custom eFuse MAC (if burned and valid) as the base MAC before any
+  // interface (Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth, 802.15.4) derives its address from it.
+  // The logger does not exist yet, so only log-free helpers may be used here.
+  uint8_t mac[MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE];
+  if (get_custom_mac_address(mac)) {
+    set_mac_address(mac);
+  }
   initArduino();
   esp32::setup_preferences();
 #if CONFIG_FREERTOS_UNICORE

esphome/components/esp32/helpers.cpp

@@ -71,23 +71,32 @@ static bool read_valid_mac(uint8_t *mac, esp_err_t err) { return err == ESP_OK &
 
 static constexpr size_t MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE_BITS = MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE * 8;  // 48 bits
 
+// Must not use the ESPHome logger (may run before it exists, e.g. from app_main()).
+bool get_custom_mac_address(uint8_t *mac) {
+  // has_custom_mac_address() checks the raw eFuse field, while the reads below select their
+  // method differently and may still fail (CRC), so the result must be validated again.
+  if (!has_custom_mac_address())
+    return false;
+#if defined(CONFIG_SOC_IEEE802154_SUPPORTED)
+  return read_valid_mac(mac, esp_efuse_read_field_blob(ESP_EFUSE_MAC_CUSTOM, mac, MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE_BITS));
+#else
+  return read_valid_mac(mac, esp_efuse_mac_get_custom(mac));
+#endif
+}
+
 void get_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac) {  // NOLINT(readability-non-const-parameter)
+  if (get_custom_mac_address(mac)) {
+    return;
+  }
 #if defined(CONFIG_SOC_IEEE802154_SUPPORTED)
   // When CONFIG_SOC_IEEE802154_SUPPORTED is defined, esp_efuse_mac_get_default
   // returns the 802.15.4 EUI-64 address, so we read directly from eFuse instead.
-  // Both paths already read raw eFuse bytes, so there is no CRC-bypass fallback
+  // This already reads raw eFuse bytes, so there is no CRC-bypass fallback
   // (unlike the non-IEEE802154 path where esp_efuse_mac_get_default does CRC checks).
-  if (has_custom_mac_address() &&
-      read_valid_mac(mac, esp_efuse_read_field_blob(ESP_EFUSE_MAC_CUSTOM, mac, MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE_BITS))) {
-    return;
-  }
   if (read_valid_mac(mac, esp_efuse_read_field_blob(ESP_EFUSE_MAC_FACTORY, mac, MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE_BITS))) {
     return;
   }
 #else
-  if (has_custom_mac_address() && read_valid_mac(mac, esp_efuse_mac_get_custom(mac))) {
-    return;
-  }
   if (read_valid_mac(mac, esp_efuse_mac_get_default(mac))) {
     return;
   }

esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "esp32_improv_component.h"
 
+#include <array>
+
 #include "esphome/components/bytebuffer/bytebuffer.h"
 #include "esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h"
 #include "esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/ble_2902.h"
@@ -19,7 +21,13 @@ using namespace bytebuffer;
 
 static const char *const TAG = "esp32_improv.component";
 static constexpr size_t IMPROV_MAX_LOG_BYTES = 128;
-static const char *const ESPHOME_MY_LINK = "https://my.home-assistant.io/redirect/config_flow_start?domain=esphome";
+static constexpr char ESPHOME_MY_LINK[] = "https://my.home-assistant.io/redirect/config_flow_start?domain=esphome";
+// command + data length + trailing byte
+static constexpr size_t RPC_RESPONSE_OVERHEAD = 3;
+// Reserves the ESPHOME_MY_LINK entry; a maximal next URL displaces only the
+// lower value web server URL
+static constexpr size_t MAX_NEXT_URL_LEN =
+    improv::RPC_RESPONSE_MAX_SIZE - RPC_RESPONSE_OVERHEAD - 1 - sizeof(ESPHOME_MY_LINK);
 static constexpr uint16_t STOP_ADVERTISING_DELAY =
     10000;  // Delay (ms) before stopping service to allow BLE clients to read the final state
 static constexpr uint16_t NAME_ADVERTISING_INTERVAL = 60000;  // Advertise name every 60 seconds
@@ -285,8 +293,9 @@ void ESP32ImprovComponent::set_error_(improv::Error error) {
   }
 }
 
-void ESP32ImprovComponent::send_response_(std::vector<uint8_t> &&response) {
-  this->rpc_response_->set_value(std::move(response));
+void ESP32ImprovComponent::send_response_(std::span<const uint8_t> response) {
+  // The BLE characteristic owns its value, so one exact-size copy is required here
+  this->rpc_response_->set_value(std::vector<uint8_t>(response.begin(), response.end()));
   if (this->state_ != improv::STATE_STOPPED)
     this->rpc_response_->notify();
 }
@@ -430,40 +439,35 @@ void ESP32ImprovComponent::check_wifi_connection_() {
     this->connecting_sta_ = {};
     this->cancel_timeout("wifi-connect-timeout");
 
-    // Build URL list with minimal allocations
-    // Maximum 3 URLs: custom next_url + ESPHOME_MY_LINK + webserver URL
-    std::string url_strings[3];
-    size_t url_count = 0;
+    // Build the URL list directly into a stack buffer with no heap allocation
+    std::array<uint8_t, improv::RPC_RESPONSE_MAX_SIZE> buf;
+    improv::RpcResponseBuilder builder(buf, improv::WIFI_SETTINGS);
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_IMPROV_NEXT_URL
     // Add next_url if configured (should be first per Improv BLE spec)
-    {
-      char url_buffer[384];
-      size_t len = this->get_formatted_next_url_(url_buffer, sizeof(url_buffer));
-      if (len > 0) {
-        url_strings[url_count++] = std::string(url_buffer, len);
-      }
-    }
+    this->add_next_url_(builder, MAX_NEXT_URL_LEN);
 #endif
 
-    // Add default URLs for backward compatibility
-    url_strings[url_count++] = ESPHOME_MY_LINK;
+    // Add default URLs for backward compatibility; MAX_NEXT_URL_LEN reserves this
+    // entry's space, so it always fits
+    builder.add_string(ESPHOME_MY_LINK, sizeof(ESPHOME_MY_LINK) - 1);
 #ifdef USE_WEBSERVER
     for (auto &ip : wifi::global_wifi_component->wifi_sta_ip_addresses()) {
       if (ip.is_ip4()) {
-        // "http://" (7) + IPv4 max (15) + ":" (1) + port max (5) + null = 29
-        char url_buffer[32];
-        memcpy(url_buffer, "http://", 7);  // NOLINT(bugprone-not-null-terminated-result) - str_to null-terminates
-        ip.str_to(url_buffer + 7);
-        size_t len = strlen(url_buffer);
-        snprintf(url_buffer + len, sizeof(url_buffer) - len, ":%d", USE_WEBSERVER_PORT);
-        url_strings[url_count++] = url_buffer;
+        char ip_buf[network::IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
+        ip.str_to(ip_buf);
+        // "http://" (7) + IP (40) + ":" (1) + port (5) + null (1) = 54
+        char webserver_url[7 + network::IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE + 1 + 5 + 1];
+        size_t len =
+            buf_append_printf(webserver_url, sizeof(webserver_url), 0, "http://%s:%u", ip_buf, USE_WEBSERVER_PORT);
+        if (!builder.add_string(webserver_url, len)) {
+          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Response full; URL dropped");
+        }
         break;
       }
     }
 #endif
-    this->send_response_(improv::build_rpc_response(improv::WIFI_SETTINGS,
-                                                    std::vector<std::string>(url_strings, url_strings + url_count)));
+    this->send_response_(builder.finish());
   } else if (this->is_active() && this->state_ != improv::STATE_PROVISIONED) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "WiFi provisioned externally");
   }

esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.h

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/output/binary_output.h"
 #endif
 
+#include <span>
 #include <vector>
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ class ESP32ImprovComponent final : public Component, public improv_base::ImprovB
   void set_state_(improv::State state, bool update_advertising = true);
   void set_error_(improv::Error error);
   improv::State get_initial_state_() const;
-  void send_response_(std::vector<uint8_t> &&response);
+  void send_response_(std::span<const uint8_t> response);
   void process_incoming_data_();
   void on_wifi_connect_timeout_();
   void check_wifi_connection_();

esphome/components/esp8266/__init__.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ from esphome.platformio.toolchain import copy_ccache_script
 from esphome.storage_json import StorageJSON
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
-from .boards import BOARDS, ESP8266_LD_SCRIPTS
+from .boards import BOARDS, ESP8266_LD_SCRIPTS, board_ld_script
 from .const import (
     CONF_EARLY_PIN_INIT,
     CONF_ENABLE_SERIAL,
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ from .const import (
     KEY_BOARD,
     KEY_ESP8266,
     KEY_FLASH_SIZE,
+    KEY_LDSCRIPT,
     KEY_PIN_INITIAL_STATES,
     KEY_SERIAL1_REQUIRED,
     KEY_SERIAL_REQUIRED,
@@ -136,7 +137,16 @@ def _format_framework_arduino_version(ver: cv.Version) -> str:
         return f"~1.{ver.major}{ver.minor:02d}{ver.patch:02d}.0"
     if ver <= cv.Version(2, 6, 2):
         return f"~2.{ver.major}{ver.minor:02d}{ver.patch:02d}.0"
-    return f"~3.{ver.major}{ver.minor:02d}{ver.patch:02d}.0"
+    # Same encoding the native toolchain uses for its package download, so a
+    # version bump cannot drift between the two paths.
+    from esphome.arduino8266.framework import framework_package_version
+
+    try:
+        return f"~{framework_package_version(ver)}"
+    except EsphomeError as err:
+        # Anchor the 4.x rejection to the framework version line instead of
+        # aborting with a bare traceback-level error
+        raise cv.Invalid(str(err), path=[CONF_VERSION]) from err
 
 
 # NOTE: Keep this in mind when updating the recommended version:
@@ -246,6 +256,9 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             cv.Optional(CONF_ENABLE_SCANF_FLOAT): cv.boolean,
         }
     ),
+    # Until the native toolchain lands, PlatformIO is the only backend;
+    # reject a --toolchain this platform cannot serve yet.
+    cv.require_platformio_toolchain("ESP8266"),
     set_core_data,
 )
 
@@ -276,6 +289,31 @@ def check_rosetta() -> None:
         )
 
 
+def _choose_ld_script(board: str, ver: cv.Version) -> str | None:
+    """The flash ld to pin for this board and core, or None for cores
+    without ld-script support."""
+    board_data = BOARDS[board]
+    ld_scripts = ESP8266_LD_SCRIPTS[board_data[KEY_FLASH_SIZE]]
+    if ver <= cv.Version(2, 3, 0):
+        # No ld script support
+        return None
+    if ver <= cv.Version(2, 4, 2):
+        # Old ld script path; the modern per-board override names do not
+        # exist in this core's SDK, so the override cannot be honored.
+        # Substituting the size default would move _FS_end and the
+        # preferences sector, wiping flash-backed state on flash.
+        if KEY_LDSCRIPT in board_data:
+            raise EsphomeError(
+                f"Board {board} requires its {board_data[KEY_LDSCRIPT]} "
+                f"flash layout, which Arduino core {ver} cannot honor; "
+                "use a core newer than 2.4.2"
+            )
+        return ld_scripts[0]
+    # A per-board override preserves a layout the board shipped with
+    # (see d1_wroom_02 in boards.py)
+    return board_ld_script(board_data)
+
+
 @coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.PLATFORM)
 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     cg.add(esp8266_ns.setup_preferences())
@@ -397,17 +435,7 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     )
 
     if config[CONF_BOARD] in BOARDS:
-        flash_size = BOARDS[config[CONF_BOARD]][KEY_FLASH_SIZE]
-        ld_scripts = ESP8266_LD_SCRIPTS[flash_size]
-
-        if ver <= cv.Version(2, 3, 0):
-            # No ld script support
-            ld_script = None
-        elif ver <= cv.Version(2, 4, 2):
-            # Old ld script path
-            ld_script = ld_scripts[0]
-        else:
-            ld_script = ld_scripts[1]
+        ld_script = _choose_ld_script(config[CONF_BOARD], ver)
 
         if ld_script is not None:
             cg.add_platformio_option("board_build.ldscript", ld_script)

esphome/components/esp8266/boards.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from .const import KEY_FLASH_SIZE, KEY_LDSCRIPT
+
 FLASH_SIZE_1_MB = 2**20
 FLASH_SIZE_512_KB = FLASH_SIZE_1_MB // 2
 FLASH_SIZE_2_MB = 2 * FLASH_SIZE_1_MB
@@ -164,7 +166,8 @@ ESP8266_BOARD_PINS = {
 }
 
 """
-BOARDS generate with:
+BOARDS generate with (preserve per-board KEY_LDSCRIPT overrides such as
+d1_wroom_02; the recipe emits only name/flash_size):
 
 git clone https://github.com/platformio/platform-espressif8266
 for x in platform-espressif8266/boards/*.json; do
@@ -182,6 +185,19 @@ for x in platform-espressif8266/boards/*.json; do
 done | sort
 """
 
+
+def board_ld_script(board_data: dict) -> str:
+    """The modern (core > 2.4.2) flash linker script for a board: its
+    shipped-layout override, else the size default (the no-FS layout).
+
+    Single source of truth for the PlatformIO pinning in __init__ and the
+    native generator's fallback, so the per-board rule cannot drift.
+    """
+    return board_data.get(
+        KEY_LDSCRIPT, ESP8266_LD_SCRIPTS[board_data[KEY_FLASH_SIZE]][1]
+    )
+
+
 BOARDS = {
     "agruminolemon": {
         "name": "Lifely Agrumino Lemon v4",
@@ -199,6 +215,15 @@ BOARDS = {
         "name": "WeMos D1 mini Pro",
         "flash_size": FLASH_SIZE_16_MB,
     },
+    "d1_wroom_02": {
+        "name": "WeMos D1 ESP-WROOM-02",
+        "flash_size": FLASH_SIZE_2_MB,
+        # This board joined BOARDS after shipping with the manifest default
+        # (64 KB filesystem region); the flash-size default (2m.ld) would
+        # move _FS_end and with it the preferences sector, wiping existing
+        # devices' flash-backed state on update.
+        KEY_LDSCRIPT: "eagle.flash.2m64.ld",
+    },
     "d1": {
         "name": "WEMOS D1 R1",
         "flash_size": FLASH_SIZE_4_MB,
@@ -360,3 +385,112 @@ BOARDS = {
         "flash_size": FLASH_SIZE_4_MB,
     },
 }
+
+
+# Per-board variant dir + identity defines from platform-espressif8266 4.x
+# build.extra_flags; the shared -DESP8266/-DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266 are added
+# by the generator.
+#
+# Regenerate ESP8266_BOARD_BUILD with (v4.2.1 is the platform version the
+# native toolchain mirrors; regenerate against the tag when bumping it):
+#
+# git clone -b v4.2.1 https://github.com/platformio/platform-espressif8266
+# python3 - <<'EOF'
+# import json, glob, os
+# for f in sorted(glob.glob("platform-espressif8266/boards/*.json")):
+#     b = json.load(open(f))["build"]
+#     extra = b["extra_flags"]
+#     extra = extra.split() if isinstance(extra, str) else extra
+#     defines = [
+#         e[2:] for e in extra if e not in ("-DESP8266", "-DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266")
+#     ]
+#     entries = ", ".join(f'"{d}"' for d in defines) + ("," if len(defines) == 1 else "")
+#     board = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(f))[0]
+#     print(f'    "{board}": {{"variant": "{b["variant"]}", "defines": ({entries})}},')
+# EOF
+ESP8266_BOARD_BUILD = {
+    "agruminolemon": {
+        "variant": "agruminolemonv4",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_AGRUMINO_LEMON_V4",),
+    },
+    "d1": {"variant": "d1", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1R1",)},
+    "d1_mini": {"variant": "d1_mini", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI",)},
+    "d1_mini_lite": {
+        "variant": "d1_mini",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINILITE",),
+    },
+    "d1_mini_pro": {
+        "variant": "d1_mini",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINIPRO",),
+    },
+    "d1_wroom_02": {
+        "variant": "d1_mini",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1WROOM02",),
+    },
+    "eduinowifi": {
+        "variant": "eduinowifi",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_SCHIRMILABS_EDUINO_WIFI",),
+    },
+    "esp01": {"variant": "generic", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP01",)},
+    "esp01_1m": {"variant": "generic", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP01",)},
+    "esp07": {"variant": "generic", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP07",)},
+    "esp07s": {"variant": "nodemcu", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP07",)},
+    "esp12e": {"variant": "nodemcu", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP12",)},
+    "esp210": {"variant": "generic", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP210",)},
+    "esp8285": {"variant": "esp8285", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP01",)},
+    "esp_wroom_02": {
+        "variant": "nodemcu",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP_WROOM_02",),
+    },
+    "espduino": {"variant": "ESPDuino", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP13",)},
+    "espectro": {"variant": "espectro", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESPECTRO_CORE",)},
+    "espino": {"variant": "espino", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP12",)},
+    "espinotee": {"variant": "espinotee", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP13",)},
+    "espmxdevkit": {
+        "variant": "esp8285",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP01", "LED_BUILTIN=16"),
+    },
+    "espresso_lite_v1": {
+        "variant": "espresso_lite_v1",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESPRESSO_LITE_V1",),
+    },
+    "espresso_lite_v2": {
+        "variant": "espresso_lite_v2",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESPRESSO_LITE_V2",),
+    },
+    "gen4iod": {"variant": "generic", "defines": ("ARDUINO_GEN4_IOD",)},
+    "heltec_wifi_kit_8": {
+        "variant": "wifi_kit_8",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_wifi_kit_8",),
+    },
+    "huzzah": {"variant": "adafruit", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ADAFRUIT_HUZZAH",)},
+    "inventone": {"variant": "inventone", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_INVENT_ONE",)},
+    "modwifi": {"variant": "generic", "defines": ("ARDUINO_MOD_WIFI_ESP8266",)},
+    "nodemcu": {"variant": "nodemcu", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_NODEMCU",)},
+    "nodemcuv2": {"variant": "nodemcu", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_NODEMCU_ESP12E",)},
+    "oak": {"variant": "oak", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_OAK",)},
+    "phoenix_v1": {
+        "variant": "phoenix_v1",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_PHOENIX_V1",),
+    },
+    "phoenix_v2": {
+        "variant": "phoenix_v2",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_PHOENIX_V2",),
+    },
+    "sonoff_basic": {"variant": "itead", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_SONOFF_BASIC",)},
+    "sonoff_s20": {"variant": "itead", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_SONOFF_S20",)},
+    "sonoff_sv": {"variant": "itead", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_SONOFF_SV",)},
+    "sonoff_th": {"variant": "itead", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_SONOFF_TH",)},
+    "sparkfunBlynk": {"variant": "thing", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_THING",)},
+    "thing": {"variant": "thing", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_THING",)},
+    "thingdev": {"variant": "thing", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_THING_DEV",)},
+    "wifi_slot": {"variant": "wifi_slot", "defines": ("ARDUINO_AMPERKA_WIFI_SLOT",)},
+    "wifiduino": {"variant": "wifiduino", "defines": ("ARDUINO_WIFIDUINO_ESP8266",)},
+    "wifinfo": {"variant": "wifinfo", "defines": ("ARDUINO_WIFINFO",)},
+    "wio_link": {"variant": "wiolink", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_WIO_LINK",)},
+    "wio_node": {"variant": "nodemcu", "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_ESP_WROOM_02",)},
+    "xinabox_cw01": {
+        "variant": "xinabox",
+        "defines": ("ARDUINO_ESP8266_XINABOX_CW01",),
+    },
+}

esphome/components/esp8266/build_surgery.py

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+"""Linker-script surgery shared with the native (PlatformIO-free) toolchain.
+
+These mirror the PlatformIO extra scripts in this directory
+(``relocate_ratetable.py.script`` and ``testing_mode.py.script``), which run
+inside SCons and must stay self-contained. The native build generator applies
+the same patches to the linker scripts it generates, so the logic lives here
+as plain functions. Keep both in sync when changing either.
+``segment_length`` is native-toolchain-only and has no script twin.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Collection
+import hashlib
+import re
+
+# Move the NONOS SDK wifi rate tables from flash to DRAM; see
+# relocate_ratetable.py.script for the full background (NONOS SDK issue 320).
+RATETABLE_RULE = "*libnet80211.a:ieee80211_phy.o(.irom.text .irom.text.*)"
+_RATETABLE_COMMENT = (
+    "/* ESPHome: wifi rate tables must live in DRAM, see NONOS SDK issue 320 */"
+)
+# Match the whole line: "_data_start" is also a substring of the
+# "_dport0_data_start" line in the earlier .dport0.data section
+_RATETABLE_ANCHOR = re.compile(r"^\s*_data_start = ABSOLUTE\(\.\);", re.MULTILINE)
+
+# Memory sizes for testing mode (allow larger builds for CI component grouping)
+TESTING_IRAM_SIZE = "0x200000"  # 2MB
+TESTING_DRAM_SIZE = "0x200000"  # 2MB
+TESTING_FLASH_SIZE = "0x2000000"  # 32MB
+
+
+def relocate_ratetable(content: str) -> str:
+    """Insert the rate-table DRAM rule into a generated common linker script."""
+    if RATETABLE_RULE in content:
+        return content
+    match = _RATETABLE_ANCHOR.search(content)
+    if match is None:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "'_data_start' anchor not found in the generated linker script; "
+            "cannot apply wifi rate table DRAM relocation "
+            "(has the Arduino core linker script changed?)"
+        )
+    insert_pos = match.end()
+    return (
+        content[:insert_pos]
+        + f"\n    {_RATETABLE_COMMENT}"
+        + f"\n    {RATETABLE_RULE}"
+        + content[insert_pos:]
+    )
+
+
+_TESTING_SEGMENT_SIZES = {
+    "iram1_0_seg": TESTING_IRAM_SIZE,
+    "dram0_0_seg": TESTING_DRAM_SIZE,
+    "irom0_0_seg": TESTING_FLASH_SIZE,
+}
+
+
+def _segment_line_re(segment_name: str) -> re.Pattern[str]:
+    """The MEMORY line for one segment: ``<seg> : org = 0x..., len = 0x...``.
+
+    Anchored to the start of the line so a name never matches inside a
+    longer one (``ram0_0_seg`` must not read ``dram0_0_seg``). The size
+    group stops at the hex digits, leaving any ``ul`` suffix (from the
+    preprocessed ``MMU_IRAM_SIZE``) in place.
+    """
+    return re.compile(
+        rf"(^[ \t]*{re.escape(segment_name)}"
+        r"\s*:\s*org\s*=\s*0x[0-9a-fA-F]+\s*,\s*len\s*=\s*)"
+        r"(0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)",
+        re.MULTILINE,
+    )
+
+
+def apply_testing_memory_patches(content: str, segments: Collection[str]) -> str:
+    """Enlarge the named memory segments so grouped CI test builds can link.
+
+    Each caller passes the segments its linker script defines: the
+    generated common ld carries ``iram1_0_seg``; the flash ld carries
+    ``dram0_0_seg`` and ``irom0_0_seg``. A segment that fails to match
+    raises, since a silently kept real memory limit would fail grouped
+    builds far from the cause.
+    """
+    for segment in _TESTING_SEGMENT_SIZES:
+        if segment not in segments and _segment_line_re(segment).search(content):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Testing-mode segment {segment} is present in the linker "
+                "script but was not selected for patching"
+            )
+    for segment in segments:
+        if segment not in _TESTING_SEGMENT_SIZES:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown testing-mode segment {segment!r}")
+        content, count = _segment_line_re(segment).subn(
+            rf"\g<1>{_TESTING_SEGMENT_SIZES[segment]}", content
+        )
+        if count == 0:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Testing-mode memory patch failed: segment {segment} "
+                "not found (has the Arduino core linker script changed?)"
+            )
+    return content
+
+
+def segment_length(content: str, segment_name: str) -> int | None:
+    """Read a memory segment's length from linker script content.
+
+    Returns None for an absent segment OR an unparsable line; callers must
+    treat None as "no usable budget" and warn (as the Flash summary does),
+    never as "no limit".
+    """
+    match = _segment_line_re(segment_name).search(content)
+    return int(match.group(2), 16) if match else None
+
+
+def surgery_fingerprint() -> str:
+    """Hash of this module's source; linker-script caches include it so an
+    edit here invalidates them."""
+    import inspect
+    import sys
+
+    source = inspect.getsource(sys.modules[__name__])
+    return hashlib.sha256(source.encode()).hexdigest()

esphome/components/esp8266/const.py

@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ CONF_ENABLE_SERIAL1 = "enable_serial1"
 KEY_WAVEFORM_REQUIRED = "waveform_required"
 KEY_SERIAL_REQUIRED = "serial_required"
 KEY_SERIAL1_REQUIRED = "serial1_required"
+# Set for the native (non-PlatformIO) toolchain's build generator
+KEY_FLASH_MODE = "flash_mode"
+KEY_SCANF_FLOAT = "scanf_float"
+# Per-board flash-layout override consumed by board_ld_script()
+KEY_LDSCRIPT = "ldscript"
 
 # esp8266 namespace is already defined by arduino, manually prefix esphome
 esp8266_ns = cg.global_ns.namespace("esphome").namespace("esp8266")

esphome/components/external_components/__init__.py

@@ -71,6 +71,33 @@ def _process_git_config(config: dict[str, Any], refresh: TimePeriodSeconds) -> P
     return components_dir
 
 
+def _log_overridden_components(
+    conf: dict[str, Any], component_names: list[str]
+) -> None:
+    overridden = [
+        name
+        for name in component_names
+        if (loader.CORE_COMPONENTS_PATH / name / "__init__.py").is_file()
+    ]
+    if not overridden:
+        return
+    if conf[CONF_TYPE] == TYPE_GIT:
+        source = conf[CONF_URL]
+        if ref := conf.get(CONF_REF):
+            source = f"{source}@{ref}"
+        if path := conf.get(CONF_PATH):
+            source = f"{source} ({path})"
+    else:
+        source = conf[CONF_PATH]
+    _LOGGER.info(
+        "External components are overriding built-in components:\n"
+        "  source: %s\n"
+        "  components: %s",
+        source,
+        ", ".join(sorted(overridden)),
+    )
+
+
 def _process_single_config(config: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
     conf = config[CONF_SOURCE]
     if conf[CONF_TYPE] == TYPE_GIT:
@@ -84,8 +111,8 @@ def _process_single_config(config: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     if config[CONF_COMPONENTS] == "all":
-        num_components = len(list(components_dir.glob("*/__init__.py")))
-        if num_components > 100:
+        component_names = [p.parent.name for p in components_dir.glob("*/__init__.py")]
+        if len(component_names) > 100:
             # Prevent accidentally including all components from an esphome fork/branch
             # In this case force the user to manually specify which components they want to include
             raise cv.Invalid(
@@ -102,6 +129,9 @@ def _process_single_config(config: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
                     [CONF_COMPONENTS, i],
                 )
         allowed_components = config[CONF_COMPONENTS]
+        component_names = allowed_components
+
+    _log_overridden_components(conf, component_names)
 
     loader.install_meta_finder(components_dir, allowed_components=allowed_components)
 

esphome/components/hoermann_hcp/button/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.components import button
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import ICON_AIR_FILTER
+from esphome.types import ConfigType
+
+from .. import CONF_HOERMANN_HCP_ID, HoermannHcp, hoermann_hcp_ns
+
+DEPENDENCIES = ["hoermann_hcp"]
+
+CONF_HALF_OPEN = "half_open"
+CONF_VENT = "vent"
+
+ICON_GARAGE_OPEN_VARIANT = "mdi:garage-open-variant"
+
+HoermannHcpVentButton = hoermann_hcp_ns.class_("HoermannHcpVentButton", button.Button)
+HoermannHcpHalfOpenButton = hoermann_hcp_ns.class_(
+    "HoermannHcpHalfOpenButton", button.Button
+)
+
+BUTTON_KEYS = (CONF_VENT, CONF_HALF_OPEN)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.GenerateID(CONF_HOERMANN_HCP_ID): cv.use_id(HoermannHcp),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_VENT): button.button_schema(
+                HoermannHcpVentButton, icon=ICON_AIR_FILTER
+            ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_HALF_OPEN): button.button_schema(
+                HoermannHcpHalfOpenButton, icon=ICON_GARAGE_OPEN_VARIANT
+            ),
+        }
+    ),
+    cv.has_at_least_one_key(*BUTTON_KEYS),
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    parent = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_HOERMANN_HCP_ID])
+    for key in BUTTON_KEYS:
+        if (conf := config.get(key)) is not None:
+            await button.new_button(conf, parent)

esphome/components/hoermann_hcp/button/hoermann_hcp_button.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
+#include "../hoermann_hcp.h"
+
+namespace esphome::hoermann_hcp {
+
+// The door commands the cover has no equivalent for. A refused command is already reported by the hub and
+// leaves nothing to correct here, because a button carries no state of its own.
+class HoermannHcpButton : public button::Button {
+ public:
+  explicit HoermannHcpButton(HoermannHcp *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
+
+ protected:
+  HoermannHcp *const parent_;
+};
+
+class HoermannHcpVentButton final : public HoermannHcpButton {
+ public:
+  using HoermannHcpButton::HoermannHcpButton;
+
+ protected:
+  void press_action() override { this->parent_->vent_door(); }
+};
+
+class HoermannHcpHalfOpenButton final : public HoermannHcpButton {
+ public:
+  using HoermannHcpButton::HoermannHcpButton;
+
+ protected:
+  void press_action() override { this->parent_->half_open_door(); }
+};
+
+}  // namespace esphome::hoermann_hcp

esphome/components/hoermann_hcp/hoermann_hcp.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ static constexpr uint8_t MAX_LIGHT_TOGGLES_IN_FLIGHT = 4;
 static constexpr HoermannHcpCommand COMMAND_OPEN{"open", 0x0210, 0x0110};
 static constexpr HoermannHcpCommand COMMAND_CLOSE{"close", 0x0220, 0x0120};
 static constexpr HoermannHcpCommand COMMAND_IMPULSE{"impulse", 0x0240, 0x0140};
+// The intermediate positions are named in the second register, so the first only carries the phase.
+static constexpr HoermannHcpCommand COMMAND_VENT{"vent", 0x0200, 0x0100, 0x4000, 0x4000};
+static constexpr HoermannHcpCommand COMMAND_HALF_OPEN{"half open", 0x0200, 0x0100, 0x0400, 0x0400};
 // The lamp is named in the second register, but its phase bytes follow no scheme the door commands share.
 static constexpr HoermannHcpCommand COMMAND_TOGGLE_LAMP{"toggle light", 0x0100, 0x0800, 0x0200, 0x0200, false};
 
@@ -286,6 +289,8 @@ bool HoermannHcp::queue_command_(const HoermannHcpCommand &command) {
 bool HoermannHcp::open_door() { return this->queue_command_(COMMAND_OPEN); }
 bool HoermannHcp::close_door() { return this->queue_command_(COMMAND_CLOSE); }
 bool HoermannHcp::impulse_door() { return this->queue_command_(COMMAND_IMPULSE); }
+bool HoermannHcp::vent_door() { return this->queue_command_(COMMAND_VENT); }
+bool HoermannHcp::half_open_door() { return this->queue_command_(COMMAND_HALF_OPEN); }
 bool HoermannHcp::toggle_light() {
   if (this->light_toggles_in_flight_ >= MAX_LIGHT_TOGGLES_IN_FLIGHT) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Too many lamp toggles are still waiting to be confirmed, dropping this one");

esphome/components/hoermann_hcp/hoermann_hcp.h

@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ enum class DoorState : uint8_t {
 };
 
 // A HCP command is a simulated key press: the pressed value is presented to the bus controller, then after a
-// short delay the released value. Each half also carries a second register, which only the lamp command uses.
+// short delay the released value. Each half also carries a second register, which names the buttons that do
+// not fit into the first.
 struct HoermannHcpCommand {
   const char *name;
   uint16_t pressed_value;
@@ -54,6 +55,9 @@ class HoermannHcp : public PollingComponent, public modbus::ModbusServerDevice {
   bool open_door();
   bool close_door();
   bool impulse_door();
+  // The door drives to these intermediate positions on its own, so neither takes a target to be stopped at.
+  bool vent_door();
+  bool half_open_door();
   bool stop_door();
   bool set_position(float position);
   bool toggle_light();

esphome/components/host/__init__.py

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             cv.Optional(CONF_MAC_ADDRESS, default="98:35:69:ab:f6:79"): cv.mac_address,
         }
     ),
+    cv.require_platformio_toolchain("host"),
     set_core_data,
 )
 
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     cg.add_define("USE_ESPHOME_HOST_MAC_ADDRESS", config[CONF_MAC_ADDRESS].parts)
     cg.add_build_flag("-std=gnu++20")
     cg.add_define("ESPHOME_BOARD", "host")
+    cg.add_define("ESPHOME_VARIANT", "HOST")
     cg.add_define(ThreadModel.MULTI_ATOMICS)
     cg.add_platformio_option("platform", "platformio/native")
     cg.add_platformio_option("lib_ldf_mode", "off")

esphome/components/http_request/__init__.py

@@ -17,12 +17,14 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TIMEOUT,
     CONF_URL,
     CONF_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT,
+    PLATFORM_ESP32,
     PLATFORM_HOST,
     PlatformFramework,
     __version__,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, ID, Lambda
+from esphome.core import CORE, ID, Lambda, TimePeriodMilliseconds
 from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj, TemplateArgsType
+import esphome.final_validate as fv
 from esphome.helpers import IS_MACOS
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
@@ -94,6 +96,34 @@ def validate_ssl_verification(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     return config
 
 
+# esp_http_client_open() runs DNS, TCP connect and the TLS handshake with no
+# watchdog feed in between; each can take up to `timeout` on ESP-IDF.
+WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MULTIPLIER = 3
+# Headroom over the exact worst case so a fully stalled open does not land on
+# the watchdog deadline.
+WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MARGIN_MS = 1000
+
+
+def default_watchdog_timeout(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    """Arm the request watchdog on ESP32 when the user did not set it.
+
+    The default never goes below the platform task watchdog, so a user who
+    widened `esp32.watchdog_timeout` keeps that window during requests.
+    """
+    if not CORE.is_esp32 or CONF_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT in config:
+        return
+    derived_ms = (
+        config[CONF_TIMEOUT].total_milliseconds * WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MULTIPLIER
+        + WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT_MARGIN_MS
+    )
+    platform_ms = fv.full_config.get()[PLATFORM_ESP32][
+        CONF_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT
+    ].total_milliseconds
+    config[CONF_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT] = TimePeriodMilliseconds(
+        milliseconds=max(derived_ms, platform_ms)
+    )
+
+
 def _declare_request_class(value: Any) -> ID:
     if CORE.is_host:
         return cv.declare_id(HttpRequestHost)(value)
@@ -153,6 +183,8 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     validate_ssl_verification,
 )
 
+FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = default_watchdog_timeout
+
 
 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])

esphome/components/http_request/http_request_idf.cpp

@@ -142,12 +142,13 @@ std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> HttpRequestIDF::perform(const std::string &url, c
     const char *buf = body.c_str();
     while (write_left > 0) {
       int written = esp_http_client_write(client, buf + write_index, write_left);
-      if (written < 0) {
+      if (written <= 0) {
         err = ESP_FAIL;
         break;
       }
       write_left -= written;
       write_index += written;
+      container->feed_wdt();
     }
   }
 

esphome/components/improv_base/__init__.py

@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ async def setup_improv_core(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType, component: str) ->
         cg.add(var.set_next_url(_process_next_url(next_url)))
         cg.add_define(f"USE_{component.upper()}_NEXT_URL")
 
-    cg.add_library("improv/Improv", "1.2.6")
+    cg.add_library("improv/Improv", "1.2.7")

esphome/components/improv_base/improv_base.cpp

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@
 #include "esphome/components/network/util.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 namespace esphome::improv_base {
 
 #if defined(USE_ESP32_IMPROV_NEXT_URL) || defined(USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_NEXT_URL)
+static const char *const TAG = "improv_base";
+
 static constexpr const char DEVICE_NAME_PLACEHOLDER[] = "{{device_name}}";
 static constexpr size_t DEVICE_NAME_PLACEHOLDER_LEN = sizeof(DEVICE_NAME_PLACEHOLDER) - 1;
 static constexpr const char IP_ADDRESS_PLACEHOLDER[] = "{{ip_address}}";
@@ -62,6 +65,21 @@ size_t ImprovBase::get_formatted_next_url_(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size) {
   *out = '\0';
   return out - buffer;
 }
+
+void ImprovBase::add_next_url_(improv::RpcResponseBuilder &builder, size_t max_len) {
+  // The builder rejects strings above 254 bytes, so anything longer than this
+  // buffer could never be sent anyway
+  char url_buffer[256];
+  size_t len = this->get_formatted_next_url_(url_buffer, sizeof(url_buffer));
+  if (len == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  // max_len is the transport's budget for this entry; skipping an over-long URL
+  // here keeps the rest of the response sendable instead of oversizing the frame
+  if (len > max_len || !builder.add_string(url_buffer, len)) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Next URL too long; skipping");
+  }
+}
 #endif
 
 }  // namespace esphome::improv_base

esphome/components/improv_base/improv_base.h

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 
+#if defined(USE_ESP32_IMPROV_NEXT_URL) || defined(USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_NEXT_URL)
+#include <improv.h>
+#endif
+
 namespace esphome::improv_base {
 
 class ImprovBase {
@@ -15,6 +19,8 @@ class ImprovBase {
 #if defined(USE_ESP32_IMPROV_NEXT_URL) || defined(USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_NEXT_URL)
   /// Format next_url_ into buffer, replacing placeholders. Returns length written.
   size_t get_formatted_next_url_(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size);
+  /// Append the formatted next_url to the RPC response, warning if it does not fit.
+  void add_next_url_(improv::RpcResponseBuilder &builder, size_t max_len);
   const char *next_url_{nullptr};
 #endif
 };

esphome/components/improv_serial/__init__.py

@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import improv_base
+from esphome.components import improv_base, uart
 from esphome.components.esp32 import VARIANT_ESP32S3, get_esp32_variant
 from esphome.components.logger import USB_CDC
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_BAUD_RATE, CONF_HARDWARE_UART, CONF_ID, CONF_LOGGER
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_BAUD_RATE,
+    CONF_HARDWARE_UART,
+    CONF_ID,
+    CONF_LOGGER,
+    CONF_UART_ID,
+)
 from esphome.core import CORE
 import esphome.final_validate as fv
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
@@ -17,13 +23,35 @@ improv_serial_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("improv_serial")
 ImprovSerialComponent = improv_serial_ns.class_("ImprovSerialComponent", cg.Component)
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
-    cv.Schema({cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(ImprovSerialComponent)})
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(ImprovSerialComponent),
+            # YAML only: rewiring Improv onto another UART is not a knob for a
+            # visual editor and the device builder must not expose it
+            cv.Optional(CONF_UART_ID, visibility=cv.Visibility.YAML_ONLY): cv.use_id(
+                uart.UARTComponent
+            ),
+        }
+    )
     .extend(improv_base.IMPROV_SCHEMA)
     .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
 )
 
 
-def validate_logger(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+_UART_FINAL_VALIDATE = uart.final_validate_device_schema(
+    "improv_serial", require_tx=True, require_rx=True
+)
+
+
+def validate_transport(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    if CONF_UART_ID in config:
+        # A dedicated UART bus is used; the logger's serial settings are irrelevant,
+        # but the bus itself must be bidirectional and not claimed by another device
+        _UART_FINAL_VALIDATE(config)
+        return
+    # The host logger has no serial port for Improv to share
+    if CORE.is_host:
+        raise cv.Invalid("improv_serial on the host platform requires uart_id")
     logger_conf = fv.full_config.get()[CONF_LOGGER]
     if logger_conf[CONF_BAUD_RATE] == 0:
         raise cv.Invalid("improv_serial requires the logger baud_rate to be not 0")
@@ -36,7 +64,7 @@ def validate_logger(config: ConfigType) -> None:
         )
 
 
-FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = validate_logger
+FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = validate_transport
 
 
 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
@@ -44,3 +72,6 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
     await improv_base.setup_improv_core(var, config, "improv_serial")
     cg.add_define("USE_IMPROV_SERIAL")
+    if (uart_id := config.get(CONF_UART_ID)) is not None:
+        cg.add(var.set_uart(await cg.get_variable(uart_id)))
+        cg.add_define("USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_UART")

esphome/components/improv_serial/improv_serial_component.cpp

@@ -9,13 +9,17 @@
 #include "esphome/components/logger/logger.h"
 #include "esphome/components/wifi/scan_list.h"
 
+#include <array>
+
 namespace esphome::improv_serial {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "improv_serial";
 
 void ImprovSerialComponent::setup() {
   global_improv_serial_component = this;
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
+#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_UART
+  // Transport is a dedicated UART bus set via set_uart() in generated code
+#elif defined(USE_ESP32)
   this->uart_num_ = logger::global_logger->get_uart_num();
   this->uart_selection_ = logger::global_logger->get_uart();
 #elif defined(USE_ARDUINO)
@@ -59,8 +63,7 @@ void ImprovSerialComponent::loop() {
       this->cancel_timeout("wifi-connect-timeout");
       this->set_state_(improv::STATE_PROVISIONED);
 
-      std::vector<uint8_t> url = this->build_rpc_settings_response_(improv::WIFI_SETTINGS);
-      this->send_response_(url);
+      this->send_settings_response_(improv::WIFI_SETTINGS);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -89,7 +92,13 @@ void ImprovSerialComponent::write_data_(const uint8_t *data, const size_t size)
   }
   this->tx_header_[TX_CHECKSUM_IDX] = checksum;
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
+#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_UART
+  this->uart_->write_array(this->tx_header_, header_tx_len);
+  if (there_is_data) {
+    this->uart_->write_array(data, size);
+    this->uart_->write_array(&this->tx_header_[TX_CHECKSUM_IDX], 2);  // Footer: checksum and newline
+  }
+#elif defined(USE_ESP32)
   switch (this->uart_selection_) {
     case logger::UART_SELECTION_UART0:
     case logger::UART_SELECTION_UART1:
@@ -134,16 +143,11 @@ void ImprovSerialComponent::write_data_(const uint8_t *data, const size_t size)
 #endif
 }
 
-std::vector<uint8_t> ImprovSerialComponent::build_rpc_settings_response_(improv::Command command) {
-  std::vector<std::string> urls;
+void ImprovSerialComponent::send_settings_response_(improv::Command command) {
+  std::array<uint8_t, improv::RPC_RESPONSE_MAX_SIZE> buf;
+  improv::RpcResponseBuilder builder(buf, command);
 #ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_NEXT_URL
-  {
-    char url_buffer[384];
-    size_t len = this->get_formatted_next_url_(url_buffer, sizeof(url_buffer));
-    if (len > 0) {
-      urls.emplace_back(url_buffer, len);
-    }
-  }
+  this->add_next_url_(builder, MAX_NEXT_URL_LEN);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_WEBSERVER
   for (auto &ip : wifi::global_wifi_component->wifi_sta_ip_addresses()) {
@@ -152,25 +156,63 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> ImprovSerialComponent::build_rpc_settings_response_(improv:
       ip.str_to(ip_buf);
       // "http://" (7) + IP (40) + ":" (1) + port (5) + null (1) = 54
       char webserver_url[7 + network::IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE + 1 + 5 + 1];
-      snprintf(webserver_url, sizeof(webserver_url), "http://%s:%u", ip_buf, USE_WEBSERVER_PORT);
-      urls.emplace_back(webserver_url);
+      // buf_append_printf keeps the format string in flash on ESP8266
+      size_t len =
+          buf_append_printf(webserver_url, sizeof(webserver_url), 0, "http://%s:%u", ip_buf, USE_WEBSERVER_PORT);
+      if (!builder.add_string(webserver_url, len)) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Response full; URL dropped");
+      }
       break;
     }
   }
 #endif
-  std::vector<uint8_t> data = improv::build_rpc_response(command, urls, false);
-  return data;
+  this->send_response_(builder.finish(false));
 }
 
-std::vector<uint8_t> ImprovSerialComponent::build_version_info_() {
+void ImprovSerialComponent::send_version_info_() {
+// Entry cost per field is sizeof(lit): a length byte plus the string
 #ifdef ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME
-  std::vector<std::string> infos = {ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME, ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION, ESPHOME_VARIANT, App.get_name()};
+  static constexpr size_t INFO_ENTRIES_LEN =
+      sizeof(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME) + sizeof(ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION) + sizeof(ESPHOME_VARIANT);
 #else
-  std::vector<std::string> infos = {"ESPHome", ESPHOME_VERSION, ESPHOME_VARIANT, App.get_name()};
+  static constexpr size_t INFO_ENTRIES_LEN = sizeof("ESPHome") + sizeof(ESPHOME_VERSION) + sizeof(ESPHOME_VARIANT);
 #endif
-  std::vector<uint8_t> data = improv::build_rpc_response(improv::GET_DEVICE_INFO, infos, false);
-  return data;
-};
+  static_assert(INFO_ENTRIES_LEN < MAX_SERIAL_PAYLOAD,
+                "esphome project name and version too long for the improv_serial device info frame");
+  std::array<uint8_t, improv::RPC_RESPONSE_MAX_SIZE> buf;
+  improv::RpcResponseBuilder builder(buf, improv::GET_DEVICE_INFO);
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+  // Keep each literal in flash and copy it through an exact size stack buffer,
+  // so a long project name or version can never be truncated
+#define IMPROV_ADD_INFO(lit) \
+  do { \
+    static const char progmem_str[] PROGMEM = lit; \
+    char tmp[sizeof(lit)]; \
+    progmem_memcpy(tmp, progmem_str, sizeof(lit)); \
+    builder.add_string(tmp, sizeof(lit) - 1); \
+  } while (0)
+#else
+  // Literals are directly flash mapped on all other platforms
+#define IMPROV_ADD_INFO(lit) builder.add_string(lit, sizeof(lit) - 1)
+#endif
+#ifdef ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME
+  IMPROV_ADD_INFO(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME);
+  IMPROV_ADD_INFO(ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION);
+#else
+  IMPROV_ADD_INFO("ESPHome");
+  IMPROV_ADD_INFO(ESPHOME_VERSION);
+#endif
+  IMPROV_ADD_INFO(ESPHOME_VARIANT);
+#undef IMPROV_ADD_INFO
+  // Only the device name length is unknown at compile time
+  const auto &name = App.get_name();
+  if (INFO_ENTRIES_LEN + 1 + name.size() <= MAX_SERIAL_PAYLOAD) {
+    builder.add_string(name.c_str(), name.size());
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Response full; device name dropped");
+  }
+  this->send_response_(builder.finish(false));
+}
 
 bool ImprovSerialComponent::parse_improv_serial_byte_(uint8_t byte) {
   size_t at = this->rx_buffer_.size();
@@ -221,32 +263,35 @@ bool ImprovSerialComponent::parse_improv_payload_(improv::ImprovCommand &command
       }
       this->set_state_(this->state_);
       if (this->state_ == improv::STATE_PROVISIONED) {
-        std::vector<uint8_t> url = this->build_rpc_settings_response_(improv::GET_CURRENT_STATE);
-        this->send_response_(url);
+        this->send_settings_response_(improv::GET_CURRENT_STATE);
       }
       return true;
     case improv::GET_DEVICE_INFO: {
-      std::vector<uint8_t> info = this->build_version_info_();
-      this->send_response_(info);
+      this->send_version_info_();
       return true;
     }
     case improv::GET_WIFI_NETWORKS: {
       const auto &results = wifi::global_wifi_component->get_scan_result();
+      std::array<uint8_t, improv::RPC_RESPONSE_MAX_SIZE> buf;
       for (const auto &scan : results) {
         bool with_auth = false;
         if (!wifi::should_show_scan_entry(results, scan, with_auth))
           continue;
         // Send each ssid separately to avoid overflowing the buffer
         char rssi_buf[5];  // int8_t: -128 to 127, max 4 chars + null
-        *int8_to_str(rssi_buf, scan.get_rssi()) = '\0';
-        std::vector<uint8_t> data = improv::build_rpc_response(
-            improv::GET_WIFI_NETWORKS, {scan.get_ssid().str(), rssi_buf, YESNO(with_auth)}, false);
-        this->send_response_(data);
+        char *rssi_end = int8_to_str(rssi_buf, scan.get_rssi());
+        *rssi_end = '\0';
+        improv::RpcResponseBuilder builder(buf, improv::GET_WIFI_NETWORKS);
+        // SSID(32) + RSSI(4) + YESNO(3) entries always fit the payload
+        const auto &ssid = scan.get_ssid();
+        builder.add_string(ssid.c_str(), ssid.size());
+        builder.add_string(rssi_buf, rssi_end - rssi_buf);
+        builder.add_string(YESNO(with_auth));
+        this->send_response_(builder.finish(false));
       }
       // Send empty response to signify the end of the list.
-      std::vector<uint8_t> data =
-          improv::build_rpc_response(improv::GET_WIFI_NETWORKS, std::vector<std::string>{}, false);
-      this->send_response_(data);
+      improv::RpcResponseBuilder builder(buf, improv::GET_WIFI_NETWORKS);
+      this->send_response_(builder.finish(false));
       return true;
     }
     default: {
@@ -274,7 +319,14 @@ void ImprovSerialComponent::set_error_(improv::Error error) {
   this->write_data_();
 }
 
-void ImprovSerialComponent::send_response_(std::vector<uint8_t> &response) {
+void ImprovSerialComponent::send_response_(std::span<const uint8_t> response) {
+  // The serial frame length field is a single byte
+  if (response.size() > MAX_SERIAL_RESPONSE) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Response too long");
+    // Fail fast instead of leaving the client to wait out its timeout
+    this->set_error_(improv::ERROR_UNKNOWN);
+    return;
+  }
   this->tx_header_[TX_TYPE_IDX] = TYPE_RPC_RESPONSE;
   this->write_data_(response.data(), response.size());
 }

esphome/components/improv_serial/improv_serial_component.h

@@ -8,9 +8,12 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #ifdef USE_WIFI
 #include <improv.h>
+#include <span>
 #include <vector>
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
+#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_UART
+#include "esphome/components/uart/uart_component.h"
+#elif defined(USE_ESP32)
 #include <driver/uart.h>
 #ifdef USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG
 #include <driver/usb_serial_jtag.h>
@@ -45,6 +48,22 @@ enum ImprovSerialType : uint8_t {
 static const uint16_t IMPROV_SERIAL_TIMEOUT = 100;
 static const uint8_t IMPROV_SERIAL_VERSION = 1;
 
+// The serial frame length field is one byte
+static constexpr size_t MAX_SERIAL_RESPONSE = 255;
+// command + data length + trailing byte
+static constexpr size_t RPC_RESPONSE_OVERHEAD = 3;
+static constexpr size_t MAX_SERIAL_PAYLOAD = MAX_SERIAL_RESPONSE - RPC_RESPONSE_OVERHEAD;
+#ifdef USE_WEBSERVER
+// length byte + "http://" + IPv4 + ":" + port
+static constexpr size_t WEBSERVER_URL_RESERVE = 1 + 7 + 15 + 1 + 5;
+#else
+static constexpr size_t WEBSERVER_URL_RESERVE = 0;
+#endif
+// Entry budget minus its own length byte
+static constexpr size_t MAX_NEXT_URL_LEN = MAX_SERIAL_PAYLOAD - WEBSERVER_URL_RESERVE - 1;
+
+static_assert(MAX_SERIAL_RESPONSE <= improv::RPC_RESPONSE_MAX_SIZE, "builder buffer too small for the frame");
+
 class ImprovSerialComponent final : public Component, public improv_base::ImprovBase {
  public:
   void setup() override;
@@ -53,6 +72,10 @@ class ImprovSerialComponent final : public Component, public improv_base::Improv
 
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::AFTER_WIFI; }
 
+#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_UART
+  void set_uart(uart::UARTComponent *uart) { this->uart_ = uart; }
+#endif
+
  protected:
   bool parse_improv_serial_byte_(uint8_t byte);
   bool parse_improv_payload_(improv::ImprovCommand &command);
@@ -60,16 +83,20 @@ class ImprovSerialComponent final : public Component, public improv_base::Improv
   void set_state_(improv::State state);
   void send_current_state_(improv::State state);
   void set_error_(improv::Error error);
-  void send_response_(std::vector<uint8_t> &response);
+  void send_response_(std::span<const uint8_t> response);
   void on_wifi_connect_timeout_();
 
-  std::vector<uint8_t> build_rpc_settings_response_(improv::Command command);
-  std::vector<uint8_t> build_version_info_();
+  void send_settings_response_(improv::Command command);
+  void send_version_info_();
 
   ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE optional<uint8_t> read_byte_() {
     optional<uint8_t> byte;
     uint8_t data = 0;
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
+#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_UART
+    if (this->uart_->available() && this->uart_->read_byte(&data)) {
+      byte = data;
+    }
+#elif defined(USE_ESP32)
     switch (this->uart_selection_) {
       case logger::UART_SELECTION_UART0:
       case logger::UART_SELECTION_UART1:
@@ -129,7 +156,9 @@ class ImprovSerialComponent final : public Component, public improv_base::Improv
       '\n',
   };
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
+#ifdef USE_IMPROV_SERIAL_UART
+  uart::UARTComponent *uart_{nullptr};
+#elif defined(USE_ESP32)
   uart_port_t uart_num_;
   logger::UARTSelection uart_selection_{logger::UART_SELECTION_UART0};
 #elif defined(USE_ARDUINO)

esphome/components/libretiny/__init__.py

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ FRAMEWORK_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     _check_debug_order,
 )
 
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(_notify_old_style)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(_notify_old_style, cv.require_platformio_toolchain("LibreTiny"))
 
 BASE_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
     {
@@ -314,6 +314,7 @@ BASE_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
 )
 
 BASE_SCHEMA.add_extra(_detect_variant)
+BASE_SCHEMA.add_extra(cv.require_platformio_toolchain("LibreTiny"))
 BASE_SCHEMA.add_extra(_update_core_data)
 
 

esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.cpp

@@ -525,6 +525,52 @@ void IndicatorLine::update_length_() {
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_TABLE
+uint32_t lv_table_get_selected_row(lv_obj_t *obj) {
+  uint32_t row;
+  uint32_t column;
+  lv_table_get_selected_cell(obj, &row, &column);
+  return row;
+}
+
+uint32_t lv_table_get_selected_column(lv_obj_t *obj) {
+  uint32_t row;
+  uint32_t column;
+  lv_table_get_selected_cell(obj, &row, &column);
+  return column;
+}
+
+void LvTableType::set_obj(lv_obj_t *lv_obj) {
+  LvCompound::set_obj(lv_obj);
+  lv_obj_add_event_cb(
+      lv_obj,
+      [](lv_event_t *e) {
+        auto *table = static_cast<LvTableType *>(lv_event_get_user_data(e));
+        table->update_column_widths_();
+      },
+      LV_EVENT_SIZE_CHANGED, this);
+}
+
+void LvTableType::add_column_width_pct(uint32_t col, uint8_t pct) {
+  for (auto &i : this->column_pct_) {
+    if (i.col == col) {
+      i.pct = pct;
+      this->update_column_widths_();
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  this->column_pct_.push_back({col, pct});
+  this->update_column_widths_();
+}
+
+void LvTableType::update_column_widths_() {
+  auto content_width = lv_obj_get_content_width(this->obj);
+  for (const auto &col : this->column_pct_) {
+    lv_table_set_column_width(this->obj, col.col, content_width * col.pct / 100);
+  }
+}
+#endif  // USE_LVGL_TABLE
+
 #ifdef USE_LVGL_KEY_LISTENER
 LVEncoderListener::LVEncoderListener(lv_indev_type_t type, uint16_t long_press_time, uint16_t long_press_repeat_time) {
   this->drv_ = lv_indev_create();
@@ -551,21 +597,21 @@ std::string LvSelectable::get_selected_text() {
   return this->options_[selected];
 }
 
-static std::string join_string(std::vector<std::string> options) {
+static std::string join_string(const FixedVector<const char *> &options) {
   return std::accumulate(
       options.begin(), options.end(), std::string(),
-      [](const std::string &a, const std::string &b) -> std::string { return a + (!a.empty() ? "\n" : "") + b; });
+      [](const std::string &a, const char *b) -> std::string { return a + (!a.empty() ? "\n" : "") + b; });
 }
 
 void LvSelectable::set_selected_text(const std::string &text, lv_anim_enable_t anim) {
-  auto index = std::find(this->options_.begin(), this->options_.end(), text);
+  auto *index = std::find(this->options_.begin(), this->options_.end(), text);
   if (index != this->options_.end()) {
     this->set_selected_index(index - this->options_.begin(), anim);
     lv_obj_send_event(this->obj, lv_update_event, nullptr);
   }
 }
 
-void LvSelectable::set_options(std::vector<std::string> options) {
+void LvSelectable::set_options(FixedVector<const char *> options) {
   auto index = this->get_selected_index();
   if (index >= options.size())
     index = options.size() - 1;

esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.h

@@ -58,6 +58,10 @@ lv_obj_t *lv_container_create(lv_obj_t *parent);
 void lv_scale_draw_event_cb(lv_event_t *e, int16_t range_start, int16_t range_end, lv_color_t color_start,
                             lv_color_t color_end, int width, bool local);
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_TABLE
+uint32_t lv_table_get_selected_row(lv_obj_t *obj);
+uint32_t lv_table_get_selected_column(lv_obj_t *obj);
+#endif
 #if LV_COLOR_DEPTH == 16
 static const display::ColorBitness LV_BITNESS = display::ColorBitness::COLOR_BITNESS_565;
 #elif LV_COLOR_DEPTH == 32
@@ -511,6 +515,27 @@ class LvLineType : public LvCompound {
   FixedVector<lv_point_precise_t> points_{};
 };
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_TABLE
+// Unlike most size properties, lv_table_set_column_width() only accepts a literal pixel
+// count, so percentage column widths must be recomputed by hand whenever the table's own
+// content width changes.
+class LvTableType : public LvCompound {
+ public:
+  void set_obj(lv_obj_t *lv_obj) override;
+  // count is the number of percentage-width columns, known at code-generation time.
+  void init_column_pct(size_t count) { this->column_pct_.init(count); }
+  void add_column_width_pct(uint32_t col, uint8_t pct);
+
+ protected:
+  void update_column_widths_();
+
+  struct ColumnPct {
+    uint32_t col;
+    uint8_t pct;
+  };
+  FixedVector<ColumnPct> column_pct_{};
+};
+#endif  // USE_LVGL_TABLE
 #if defined(USE_LVGL_DROPDOWN) || defined(LV_USE_ROLLER)
 class LvSelectable : public LvCompound {
  public:
@@ -518,12 +543,12 @@ class LvSelectable : public LvCompound {
   virtual void set_selected_index(size_t index, lv_anim_enable_t anim) = 0;
   void set_selected_text(const std::string &text, lv_anim_enable_t anim);
   std::string get_selected_text();
-  const std::vector<std::string> &get_options() { return this->options_; }
-  void set_options(std::vector<std::string> options);
+  const FixedVector<const char *> &get_options() { return this->options_; }
+  void set_options(FixedVector<const char *> options);
 
  protected:
   virtual void set_option_string(const char *options) = 0;
-  std::vector<std::string> options_{};
+  FixedVector<const char *> options_{};
 };
 
 #ifdef USE_LVGL_DROPDOWN

esphome/components/lvgl/select/lvgl_select.h

@@ -50,19 +50,10 @@ class LVGLSelect final : public select::Select, public Component {
  protected:
   void control(size_t index) override {
     this->widget_->set_selected_index(index, this->anim_);
-    this->publish();
-  }
-  void set_options_() {
-    // Widget uses std::vector<std::string>, SelectTraits uses FixedVector<const char*>
-    // Convert by extracting c_str() pointers
-    const auto &opts = this->widget_->get_options();
-    FixedVector<const char *> opt_ptrs;
-    opt_ptrs.init(opts.size());
-    for (const auto &opt : opts) {
-      opt_ptrs.push_back(opt.c_str());
-    }
-    this->traits.set_options(opt_ptrs);
+    // The update event fires the widget's on_value/on_update triggers
+    lv_obj_send_event(this->widget_->obj, lv_update_event, nullptr);
   }
+  void set_options_() { this->traits.set_options(this->widget_->get_options()); }
 
   LvSelectable *widget_;
   lv_anim_enable_t anim_;

esphome/components/lvgl/types.py

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ from esphome.const import CONF_TEXT, CONF_VALUE
 from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj
 from esphome.cpp_types import Component, esphome_ns
 
+from .defines import CONF_SELECTED_INDEX
+
 
 class LvType(cg.MockObjClass):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -112,3 +114,4 @@ class LvSelect(LvType):
             parents=parens,
             **kwargs,
         )
+        self.value_property = CONF_SELECTED_INDEX

esphome/components/lvgl/widgets/table.py

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+from contextlib import ExitStack
+
+from esphome import automation
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.components.const import CONF_ROWS
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_ITEMS, CONF_ROW, CONF_TEXT, CONF_WIDTH
+from esphome.core import ID
+from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj, TemplateArgsType
+from esphome.schema_extractors import SCHEMA_EXTRACT
+from esphome.types import ConfigFragmentType, ConfigType, SafeExpType
+
+from ..automation import action_to_code
+from ..defines import CONF_COLUMN, CONF_MAIN, LValidator, literal
+from ..lv_validation import lv_int, lv_text, pixels_or_percent, pixels_validator
+from ..lvcode import LocalVariable, lv, lv_add, lv_expr
+from ..types import LvCompound, LvType, ObjUpdateAction, lv_coord_t
+from . import Widget, WidgetType, get_widgets
+from .label import CONF_LABEL
+
+CONF_TABLE = "table"
+CONF_CELLS = "cells"
+CONF_COLUMNS = "columns"
+CONF_ROW_COUNT = "row_count"
+CONF_COLUMN_COUNT = "column_count"
+CONF_MERGE_RIGHT = "merge_right"
+CONF_TEXT_CROP = "text_crop"
+CONF_SELECTED_ROW = "selected_row"
+CONF_SELECTED_COLUMN = "selected_column"
+
+CELL_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_TEXT, default=""): lv_text,
+        # Not templatable: the value selects between two different LVGL calls
+        # (set/clear cell ctrl), so a runtime lambda can't be mapped to a single call.
+        cv.Optional(CONF_MERGE_RIGHT): cv.boolean,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_TEXT_CROP): cv.boolean,
+    }
+)
+
+# A cell can be given as a bare piece of text, or a dict for more control
+TABLE_CELL_SCHEMA = cv.maybe_simple_value(CELL_SCHEMA, key=CONF_TEXT)
+
+# A row can be given as a bare list of cells, or a dict for future extension
+ROW_SCHEMA = cv.maybe_simple_value(
+    cv.Schema({cv.Required(CONF_CELLS): cv.ensure_list(TABLE_CELL_SCHEMA)}),
+    key=CONF_CELLS,
+)
+
+
+def _column_width_validator(value: ConfigFragmentType) -> int | float | list[str]:
+    """Like pixels_or_percent, but rejects negative widths, which would
+    defeat the 100%-total check and wrap around in the generated uint8_t pct."""
+    if value == SCHEMA_EXTRACT:
+        return ["pixels", "..%"]
+    return cv.Any(pixels_validator, cv.percentage)(value)
+
+
+column_width = LValidator(
+    _column_width_validator,
+    lv_coord_t,
+    retmapper=pixels_or_percent.retmapper,
+    animatable=True,
+)
+
+COLUMN_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_WIDTH): column_width,
+    }
+)
+
+
+def _validate_table(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
+    rows = config.get(CONF_ROWS)
+    min_row_count = len(rows) if rows else 0
+    min_column_count = max(len(row[CONF_CELLS]) for row in rows) if rows else 0
+    row_count = config.get(CONF_ROW_COUNT)
+    if row_count is not None and row_count < min_row_count:
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"{CONF_ROW_COUNT} must be at least {min_row_count} to hold all the given rows",
+            path=[CONF_ROW_COUNT],
+        )
+    column_count = config.get(CONF_COLUMN_COUNT)
+    if column_count is not None and column_count < min_column_count:
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"{CONF_COLUMN_COUNT} must be at least {min_column_count} to hold all the cells in a row",
+            path=[CONF_COLUMN_COUNT],
+        )
+    column_count = column_count if column_count is not None else min_column_count
+    columns = config.get(CONF_COLUMNS)
+    if columns and column_count and len(columns) > column_count:
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"{CONF_COLUMNS} defines {len(columns)} columns, but the table has only {column_count}",
+            path=[CONF_COLUMNS],
+        )
+    total_pct = sum(
+        width
+        for column in columns or ()
+        if isinstance((width := column.get(CONF_WIDTH)), float)
+    )
+    if total_pct > 1.0:
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"{CONF_COLUMNS} percentage widths add up to {total_pct * 100:.0f}%, which exceeds 100%",
+            path=[CONF_COLUMNS],
+        )
+    return config
+
+
+TABLE_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_ROWS): cv.ensure_list(ROW_SCHEMA),
+        cv.Optional(CONF_ROW_COUNT): cv.positive_int,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_COLUMN_COUNT): cv.positive_int,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_COLUMNS): cv.ensure_list(COLUMN_SCHEMA),
+        cv.Optional(CONF_SELECTED_ROW): lv_int,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_SELECTED_COLUMN): lv_int,
+    }
+).add_extra(_validate_table)
+
+lv_table_t = LvType(
+    "LvTableType",
+    parents=(LvCompound,),
+    largs=[(cg.uint32, "row"), (cg.uint32, "column")],
+    lvalue=lambda w: [
+        lv_expr.table_get_selected_row(w.obj),
+        lv_expr.table_get_selected_column(w.obj),
+    ],
+    has_on_value=True,
+)
+
+
+async def set_cell_ctrl(
+    w: Widget, row: SafeExpType, column: SafeExpType, cell: ConfigType
+) -> None:
+    for key, ctrl in (
+        (CONF_MERGE_RIGHT, "LV_TABLE_CELL_CTRL_MERGE_RIGHT"),
+        (CONF_TEXT_CROP, "LV_TABLE_CELL_CTRL_TEXT_CROP"),
+    ):
+        if key not in cell:
+            continue
+        if cell[key]:
+            lv.table_set_cell_ctrl(w.obj, row, column, literal(ctrl))
+        else:
+            lv.table_clear_cell_ctrl(w.obj, row, column, literal(ctrl))
+
+
+async def set_selected_cell(w: Widget, config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    selected_row = config.get(CONF_SELECTED_ROW)
+    selected_column = config.get(CONF_SELECTED_COLUMN)
+    if selected_row is None and selected_column is None:
+        return
+    # LV_TABLE_CELL_NONE selects the whole column/row when only one index is given
+    row_value = (
+        await lv_int.process(selected_row)
+        if selected_row is not None
+        else literal("LV_TABLE_CELL_NONE")
+    )
+    column_value = (
+        await lv_int.process(selected_column)
+        if selected_column is not None
+        else literal("LV_TABLE_CELL_NONE")
+    )
+    lv.table_set_selected_cell(w.obj, row_value, column_value)
+
+
+TABLE_MODIFY_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.Optional(CONF_SELECTED_ROW): lv_int,
+        cv.Optional(CONF_SELECTED_COLUMN): lv_int,
+    }
+)
+
+
+class TableType(WidgetType):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(
+            CONF_TABLE,
+            lv_table_t,
+            (CONF_MAIN, CONF_ITEMS),
+            TABLE_SCHEMA,
+            modify_schema=TABLE_MODIFY_SCHEMA,
+        )
+
+    def get_uses(self) -> tuple[str]:
+        return (CONF_LABEL,)
+
+    async def to_code(self, w: Widget, config: dict) -> None:
+        rows = config.get(CONF_ROWS)
+        row_count = config.get(CONF_ROW_COUNT)
+        column_count = config.get(CONF_COLUMN_COUNT)
+        if rows is not None:
+            if row_count is None:
+                row_count = len(rows)
+            if column_count is None:
+                column_count = max((len(row[CONF_CELLS]) for row in rows), default=0)
+        if row_count is not None:
+            lv.table_set_row_count(w.obj, row_count)
+        if column_count is not None:
+            lv.table_set_column_count(w.obj, column_count)
+        columns = config.get(CONF_COLUMNS, ())
+        pct_column_count = sum(
+            1 for column in columns if isinstance(column.get(CONF_WIDTH), float)
+        )
+        if pct_column_count:
+            lv_add(w.var.init_column_pct(pct_column_count))
+        for index, column in enumerate(columns):
+            if (width := column.get(CONF_WIDTH)) is None:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(width, float):
+                # A percentage: column_width validation leaves it as a 0.0-1.0
+                # fraction. LVGL's table widget only accepts a literal pixel width, so
+                # the actual width is recomputed at runtime from the table's own size.
+                lv_add(w.var.add_column_width_pct(index, round(width * 100)))
+            else:
+                lv.table_set_column_width(
+                    w.obj, index, await column_width.process(width)
+                )
+        for row_index, row in enumerate(rows or ()):
+            for column_index, cell in enumerate(row[CONF_CELLS]):
+                lv.table_set_cell_value(
+                    w.obj,
+                    row_index,
+                    column_index,
+                    await lv_text.process(cell[CONF_TEXT]),
+                )
+                await set_cell_ctrl(w, row_index, column_index, cell)
+        await set_selected_cell(w, config)
+
+
+table_spec = TableType()
+
+
+@automation.register_action(
+    "lvgl.table.cell.update",
+    ObjUpdateAction,
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.use_id(lv_table_t),
+            cv.Required(CONF_ROW): lv_int,
+            cv.Required(CONF_COLUMN): lv_int,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TEXT): lv_text,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_MERGE_RIGHT): cv.boolean,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TEXT_CROP): cv.boolean,
+        }
+    ).add_extra(cv.has_at_least_one_key(CONF_TEXT, CONF_MERGE_RIGHT, CONF_TEXT_CROP)),
+    synchronous=True,
+)
+async def table_cell_update_to_code(
+    config: ConfigType,
+    action_id: ID,
+    template_arg: cg.TemplateArguments,
+    args: TemplateArgsType,
+) -> MockObj:
+    widgets = await get_widgets(config)
+
+    async def do_update(w: Widget):
+        row = await lv_int.process(config[CONF_ROW])
+        column = await lv_int.process(config[CONF_COLUMN])
+        fields_set = sum(
+            key in config for key in (CONF_TEXT, CONF_MERGE_RIGHT, CONF_TEXT_CROP)
+        )
+        with ExitStack() as stack:
+            if fields_set > 1:
+                # row/column feed more than one generated call below: cache them in
+                # local variables so a !lambda value is only evaluated once.
+                row = stack.enter_context(
+                    LocalVariable("row", cg.int_, row, modifier="")
+                )
+                column = stack.enter_context(
+                    LocalVariable("column", cg.int_, column, modifier="")
+                )
+            if CONF_TEXT in config:
+                lv.table_set_cell_value(
+                    w.obj, row, column, await lv_text.process(config[CONF_TEXT])
+                )
+            await set_cell_ctrl(w, row, column, config)
+
+    return await action_to_code(
+        widgets, do_update, action_id, template_arg, args, config
+    )

esphome/components/mdns/mdns_esp8266.cpp

@@ -41,7 +41,19 @@ static void register_esp8266(MDNSComponent *, StaticVector<MDNSService, MDNS_SER
 #ifdef USE_MDNS_EVENT_DRIVEN_POLLING
 void MDNSComponent::start_polling_window_() {
   // uint32_t-ID set_interval/set_timeout already does atomic cancel-and-add.
-  this->set_interval(MDNS_POLL_ID, MDNS_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS, []() { MDNS.update(); });
+  this->set_interval(MDNS_POLL_ID, MDNS_UPDATE_INTERVAL_MS, []() {
+#ifdef USE_MDNS_WIFI_LISTENER
+    // MDNS.update() can suspend the loop in UdpContext::sendTimeout() while a send is
+    // failing (radio off-channel during a roam scan, or mid reconnect); an incoming
+    // packet then re-enters LEAmDNS from lwIP and corrupts shared UdpContext state.
+    // Skip the tick while the radio cannot transmit (#18760), but keep polling while
+    // the AP is serving clients (AP-only or fallback AP with the STA down).
+    auto *wifi = wifi::global_wifi_component;
+    if (wifi->is_roaming() || (!wifi->is_connected() && !wifi->is_ap_active()))
+      return;
+#endif
+    MDNS.update();
+  });
   this->set_timeout(MDNS_POLL_STOP_ID, MDNS_POLL_WINDOW_MS, [this]() { this->cancel_interval(MDNS_POLL_ID); });
 }
 #endif

esphome/components/mipi_spi/models/jc.py

@@ -266,8 +266,6 @@ DriverChip(
     "JC3636W518V2",
     height=360,
     width=360,
-    offset_height=1,
-    draw_rounding=1,
     cs_pin=10,
     reset_pin=47,
     invert_colors=True,

esphome/components/modbus/helpers.py

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ import esphome.codegen as cg
 modbus_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("modbus")
 modbus_helpers_ns = modbus_ns.namespace("helpers")
 
+RegisterValues = modbus_ns.class_("RegisterValues")
+PduBuffer = modbus_helpers_ns.class_("PduBuffer")
+
 FunctionCode_ns = modbus_ns.namespace("FunctionCode")
 FunctionCode = FunctionCode_ns.enum("FunctionCode")
 

esphome/components/modbus/modbus_definitions.h

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ const uint8_t FUNCTION_CODE_USER_DEFINED_SPACE_2_END = 110;   // 0x6E
 
 enum class FunctionCode : uint8_t {
   INVALID = 0x00,  // 0x00 is not a valid function code (even for custom functions).
-  CUSTOM = 0x00,   // The CUSTOM alias should be removed in future.
+  // Remove before 2027.3.0
+  CUSTOM ESPDEPRECATED("0x00 is not a function code; use FunctionCode::INVALID for the sentinel. Removed in 2027.3.0",
+                       "2026.9.0") = 0x00,
   READ_COILS = 0x01,
   READ_DISCRETE_INPUTS = 0x02,
   READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS = 0x03,

esphome/components/modbus/modbus_helpers.h

@@ -153,6 +153,50 @@ inline std::span<const uint8_t> server_pdu_payload(std::span<const uint8_t> pdu)
 
 inline uint8_t client_frame_data_offset(const uint8_t *, size_t) { return 2; }
 
+/** Extract data from modbus response buffer
+ * @param T one of supported integer data types int_8,int_16,int_32,int_64
+ * @param data modbus response buffer (uint8_t)
+ * @param buffer_offset  offset in bytes.
+ * @return value of type T extracted from buffer
+ */
+template<typename T> T get_data(const uint8_t *data, size_t buffer_offset) {
+  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint8_t)) {
+    return T(data[buffer_offset]);
+  }
+  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint16_t)) {
+    return T((uint16_t(data[buffer_offset + 0]) << 8) | (uint16_t(data[buffer_offset + 1]) << 0));
+  }
+  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(get_data<uint16_t>(data, buffer_offset)) << 16 |
+           static_cast<uint32_t>(get_data<uint16_t>(data, buffer_offset + 2));
+  }
+  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t)) {
+    return static_cast<uint64_t>(get_data<uint32_t>(data, buffer_offset)) << 32 |
+           (static_cast<uint64_t>(get_data<uint32_t>(data, buffer_offset + 4)));
+  }
+  static_assert(sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint8_t) || sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint16_t) || sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint32_t) ||
+                    sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t),
+                "Unsupported type size in get_data; only 1, 2, 4, or 8-byte integer types are supported.");
+  return T{};
+}
+
+/// Function code of a PDU, exception flag masked; 0 for an empty PDU.
+inline uint8_t pdu_function_code(std::span<const uint8_t> pdu) {
+  return pdu.empty() ? 0 : (pdu[0] & FUNCTION_CODE_MASK);
+}
+
+/// Start address of a standard client request PDU ([fc, addr_hi, addr_lo, ...]). Empty when the PDU is
+/// too short or its function code has no known layout - custom-frame bytes are not misread as an address.
+inline std::optional<uint16_t> client_pdu_start_address(std::span<const uint8_t> pdu) {
+  if (pdu.size() < 3 || is_function_code_unknown_length(pdu[0]))
+    return std::nullopt;
+  const auto fc = static_cast<FunctionCode>(pdu[0]);
+  // The file-record PDUs are known-length but carry a byte count, not a start address.
+  if (fc == FunctionCode::READ_FILE_RECORD || fc == FunctionCode::WRITE_FILE_RECORD)
+    return std::nullopt;
+  return get_data<uint16_t>(pdu.data(), 1);
+}
+
 enum class SensorValueType : uint8_t {
   RAW = 0x00,     // variable length
   U_WORD = 0x1,   // 1 Register unsigned
@@ -256,34 +300,6 @@ inline uint64_t qword_from_hex_str(const std::string &value, uint8_t pos) {
   return static_cast<uint64_t>(dword_from_hex_str(value, pos)) << 32 | dword_from_hex_str(value, pos + 4);
 }
 
-// Extract data from modbus response buffer
-/** Extract data from modbus response buffer
- * @param T one of supported integer data types int_8,int_16,int_32,int_64
- * @param data modbus response buffer (uint8_t)
- * @param buffer_offset  offset in bytes.
- * @return value of type T extracted from buffer
- */
-template<typename T> T get_data(const uint8_t *data, size_t buffer_offset) {
-  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint8_t)) {
-    return T(data[buffer_offset]);
-  }
-  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint16_t)) {
-    return T((uint16_t(data[buffer_offset + 0]) << 8) | (uint16_t(data[buffer_offset + 1]) << 0));
-  }
-  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
-    return static_cast<uint32_t>(get_data<uint16_t>(data, buffer_offset)) << 16 |
-           static_cast<uint32_t>(get_data<uint16_t>(data, buffer_offset + 2));
-  }
-  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t)) {
-    return static_cast<uint64_t>(get_data<uint32_t>(data, buffer_offset)) << 32 |
-           (static_cast<uint64_t>(get_data<uint32_t>(data, buffer_offset + 4)));
-  }
-  static_assert(sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint8_t) || sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint16_t) || sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint32_t) ||
-                    sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t),
-                "Unsupported type size in get_data; only 1, 2, 4, or 8-byte integer types are supported.");
-  return T{};
-}
-
 template<typename T> T get_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data, size_t buffer_offset) {
   return get_data<T>(data.data(), buffer_offset);
 }

esphome/components/modbus_controller/__init__.py

@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ ModbusItemBaseSchema = cv.Schema(
 )
 
 
-def validate_modbus_register(config):
+def validate_modbus_register(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     # custom_command is the deprecated alias for custom_pdu (migrated later in final validate); treat
     # either as "a custom frame is configured" so the address/register_type rules match.
     has_custom = CONF_CUSTOM_PDU in config or CONF_CUSTOM_COMMAND in config
@@ -278,7 +278,22 @@ def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> None:
 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _final_validate
 
 
-def modbus_calc_properties(config):
+def reject_odd_holding_write_offset(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
+    """Reject an odd byte offset on a holding-register write entity.
+
+    A 16-bit register write cannot target half a register, so the residual byte is inexpressible.
+    """
+    key = CONF_BYTE_OFFSET if CONF_BYTE_OFFSET in config else CONF_OFFSET
+    if config.get(key, 0) % 2:
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"An odd '{key}' cannot be used with holding-register writes: a 16-bit register "
+            "write cannot target half a register. Use an even offset, or fold it into 'address'",
+            path=[key],
+        )
+    return config
+
+
+def modbus_calc_properties(config: ConfigType) -> tuple[int, int]:
     byte_offset = 0
     reg_count = 0
     if CONF_OFFSET in config:
@@ -307,8 +322,12 @@ def modbus_calc_properties(config):
 
 
 async def add_modbus_base_properties(
-    var, config, sensor_type, lambda_param_type=cg.float_, lambda_return_type=float
-):
+    var: cg.MockObj,
+    config: ConfigType,
+    sensor_type: cg.MockObjClass,
+    lambda_param_type: cg.MockObj = cg.float_,
+    lambda_return_type: Any = float,
+) -> None:
     if CONF_CUSTOM_PDU in config:
         cg.add(var.set_custom_pdu(config[CONF_CUSTOM_PDU]))
 
@@ -347,8 +366,11 @@ _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS = (
 )
 
 
-async def to_code(config):
-    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    # Await the hub first, so no entity can bind to a controller that doesn't have one yet.
+    hub = await cg.get_variable(config[modbus.CONF_MODBUS_ID])
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID], hub, config[CONF_ADDRESS])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)
     cg.add(var.set_max_cmd_retries(config[CONF_MAX_CMD_RETRIES]))
     cg.add(var.set_offline_skip_updates(config[CONF_OFFLINE_SKIP_UPDATES]))
     cg.add(
@@ -356,17 +378,22 @@ async def to_code(config):
             modbus.command_options_expression(config, direction="read")
         )
     )
-    await register_modbus_device(var, config)
     await automation.build_callback_automations(var, config, _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS)
 
 
-async def register_modbus_device(var, config):
+async def register_modbus_device(var: cg.MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> cg.MockObj:
+    # Remove before 2027.3.0
+    _LOGGER.warning(
+        "'modbus_controller.register_modbus_device' is deprecated, use "
+        "'modbus.register_modbus_client_device' and set the address on your own "
+        "class instead. Will be removed in 2027.3.0"
+    )
     cg.add(var.set_address(config[CONF_ADDRESS]))
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
     return await modbus.register_modbus_client_device(var, config)
 
 
-def function_code_to_register(function_code):
+def function_code_to_register(function_code: str) -> cg.MockObj:
     FUNCTION_CODE_TYPE_MAP = {
         "read_coils": EntityType.COIL,
         "read_discrete_inputs": EntityType.DISCRETE_INPUT,

esphome/components/modbus_controller/modbus_controller.cpp

@@ -10,6 +10,119 @@ static const char *const TAG = "modbus_controller";
 
 void ModbusController::setup() { this->create_polling_commands_(); }
 
+void WriterDevice::warn_write_buffer_deprecated(const LogString *platform, uint16_t address) {
+  if (this->write_buffer_deprecated_warned_)
+    return;
+  this->write_buffer_deprecated_warned_ = true;
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG,
+           "Modbus %s (address 0x%X): filling the write_lambda buffer parameter is deprecated; call a write helper / "
+           "queue_pdu() on the entity (item) instead. The buffer parameter is removed in 2027.3.0",
+           LOG_STR_ARG(platform), address);
+}
+
+bool WriterDevice::send_raw_frame_deprecated(std::span<const uint8_t> frame) {
+  if (frame.empty())
+    return false;
+  return this->parent_->queue_pdu(frame[0], frame.subspan(1), this);
+}
+
+void ControllerDevice::set_controller(ModbusController *controller) {
+  this->controller_ = controller;
+  this->set_parent(controller->hub());
+  this->set_address(controller->device_address());
+}
+
+// A request whose layout carries no start address (a custom PDU) reports -1; 0 stays a real address.
+static int trigger_address(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) {
+  const auto addr = modbus::helpers::client_pdu_start_address(request_pdu);
+  return addr.has_value() ? *addr : -1;
+}
+
+void ControllerDevice::notify_online_(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) {
+  if (this->controller_ != nullptr) {
+    this->controller_->set_online(true, modbus::helpers::pdu_function_code(request_pdu), trigger_address(request_pdu));
+  }
+}
+
+void ControllerDevice::on_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) {
+  this->notify_online_(request_pdu);
+}
+
+void ControllerDevice::on_error(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, modbus::ExceptionCode exception_code) {
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus error function code: 0x%X register %d exception: %d",
+           modbus::helpers::pdu_function_code(request_pdu), trigger_address(request_pdu),
+           static_cast<uint8_t>(exception_code));
+  this->notify_online_(request_pdu);  // an exception is still a legitimate reply -> device is online
+}
+
+void WriterDevice::on_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) {
+  ControllerDevice::on_response(request_pdu, response_pdu);
+  this->dispatch_response_(request_pdu, response_pdu, std::nullopt);
+}
+
+void WriterDevice::on_error(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, modbus::ExceptionCode exception_code) {
+  ControllerDevice::on_error(request_pdu, exception_code);
+  this->dispatch_response_(request_pdu, {}, exception_code);
+}
+
+// Fired once per wire transmission (including hub re-queues from a retry), so the on_command_sent trigger
+// reflects when the frame actually went out, not when it was queued.
+void ControllerDevice::on_sent(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) {
+  if (this->controller_ != nullptr) {
+    this->controller_->command_sent(modbus::helpers::pdu_function_code(request_pdu), trigger_address(request_pdu));
+  }
+}
+
+void ControllerDevice::on_not_sent(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) {
+  const uint8_t fc = modbus::helpers::pdu_function_code(request_pdu);
+  const int addr = trigger_address(request_pdu);
+  // Only the offline teardown reaches this (a supersede retires silently), so the frame is genuinely
+  // lost; a dropped write was already published optimistically, so surface it.
+  if (modbus::helpers::is_function_code_write(fc)) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Write not sent: function 0x%X register %d", fc, addr);
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Request not sent: function 0x%X register %d", fc, addr);
+  }
+}
+
+bool ControllerDevice::on_no_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) {
+  if (this->controller_ == nullptr)
+    return false;
+  this->controller_->increment_non_response_count();
+  if (this->controller_->can_send())
+    return true;  // the hub re-queues the frame it is holding; on_sent fires again on the retry
+  this->controller_->set_online(false, modbus::helpers::pdu_function_code(request_pdu), trigger_address(request_pdu));
+  return false;
+}
+
+PollingDevice::PollingDevice(ModbusController &controller, RegisterRange &&range)
+    : ControllerDevice(&controller), range_(std::move(range)) {}
+
+bool PollingDevice::queue(modbus::CommandOptions options) {
+  bool accepted;
+  if (this->range_.custom_pdu != nullptr) {
+    accepted = this->queue_pdu(std::span<const uint8_t>(*this->range_.custom_pdu), options);
+  } else {
+    accepted = this->read_entities(this->range_.register_type, this->range_.start_address, this->range_.register_count,
+                                   options);
+  }
+  if (accepted) {
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Poll queued type=%u 0x%X %d", static_cast<uint8_t>(this->range_.register_type),
+             this->range_.start_address, this->range_.register_count);
+  }
+  return accepted;
+}
+
+void PollingDevice::on_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) {
+  this->notify_online_(request_pdu);
+  auto data = modbus::helpers::server_pdu_payload(response_pdu);
+  for (auto *sensor : this->range_.sensors)
+    sensor->parse_and_publish(data);
+}
+
+// ModbusCommandItem's machinery stays as-is until its removal in 2027.3.0; silence its self-references.
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
 ModbusCommandItem::ModbusCommandItem(ModbusController &controller, modbus::ModbusClientHub *parent, uint8_t address,
                                      RegisterRange &&range)
     : modbus::ModbusClientDevice(parent, address),
@@ -140,6 +253,8 @@ bool ModbusCommandItem::on_no_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) {
   return false;
 }
 
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
 void ModbusController::set_online(bool online, int function_code, int register_address) {
   if (online) {
     this->cmd_non_responses_ = 0;
@@ -161,6 +276,8 @@ void ModbusController::set_online(bool online, int function_code, int register_a
   }
 }
 
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
 void ModbusController::queue_command(ModbusCommandItem command) {
   this->sweep_completed_one_shots_();  // reclaim finished one-shots before adding a new one
   // Duplicates are the caller's to manage; the controller only holds the item until its terminal callback.
@@ -195,6 +312,8 @@ void ModbusController::sweep_completed_one_shots_() {
       [](const std::unique_ptr<ModbusCommandItem> &item) { return item->pending_removal; });
 }
 
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
 void ModbusController::update() {
   this->sweep_completed_one_shots_();  // reclaim one-shots deferred out of their own callbacks
   if (this->module_offline_) {
@@ -203,11 +322,11 @@ void ModbusController::update() {
     if (offline_retry_due(this->update_counter_, this->module_offline_at_, this->offline_skip_updates_)) {
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Module offline - retrying");
       this->cmd_non_responses_ = 0;  // allow the probe through can_send()
-      for (auto &cmd : this->polling_command_items_) {
+      for (auto &poll : this->polling_devices_) {
         // Probes carry the read-side options too, so a recovering device resumes streaming on the
         // probe itself rather than waiting for the next update_interval.
-        if (!cmd.send(this->read_options_)) {
-          ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Probe refused by hub for range 0x%X", cmd.register_address());
+        if (!poll.queue(this->read_options_)) {
+          ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Probe refused by hub for range 0x%X", poll.register_address());
         }
       }
     } else {
@@ -218,12 +337,12 @@ void ModbusController::update() {
   }
 
   if (this->can_send()) {
-    for (auto &cmd : this->polling_command_items_) {
-      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Updating range 0x%X", cmd.register_address());
+    for (auto &poll : this->polling_devices_) {
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Updating range 0x%X", poll.register_address());
       // read_options_ carries the controller's continuous flag (the offline probe above sends it too).
       // A refusal is already logged by the hub; note the affected range for controller-level diagnostics.
-      if (!cmd.send(this->read_options_)) {
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Poll refused by hub for range 0x%X", cmd.register_address());
+      if (!poll.queue(this->read_options_)) {
+        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Poll refused by hub for range 0x%X", poll.register_address());
       }
     }
   }
@@ -241,6 +360,10 @@ void ModbusController::create_polling_commands_() {
   // force_new_range ahead of the rest, then address - so the walk is not purely address-ordered.
   // Each keeps the address it was configured with; what is resolved here is its `offset`, the position
   // of its data within the response of whichever range it ends up in.
+  // One range per sensor is a strict upper bound: each walk step closes at most one range, plus one
+  // closed after the walk. Sized to that bound so no push is ever silently dropped, then handed on by move.
+  FixedVector<RegisterRange> ranges;
+  ranges.init(this->sensorset_.size());
   RegisterRange r = {};
   bool have_range = false;
   // Set while the open range belongs to a force_new_range sensor: a range the user asked to keep
@@ -323,7 +446,7 @@ void ModbusController::create_polling_commands_() {
     if (!join) {
       if (have_range) {
         ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Add range 0x%X %d", r.start_address, r.register_count);
-        this->create_polling_command_(std::move(r));
+        ranges.push_back(std::move(r));
       }
       r = {};
       range_bytes = curr->get_register_size();
@@ -334,6 +457,8 @@ void ModbusController::create_polling_commands_() {
       r.start_address = curr->start_address;
       r.register_count = curr->register_count;
       r.register_type = curr->register_type;
+      if (curr->register_type == modbus::EntityType::CUSTOM)
+        r.custom_pdu = &curr->custom_pdu;
       have_range = true;
     }
 
@@ -345,11 +470,13 @@ void ModbusController::create_polling_commands_() {
   }
   if (have_range) {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Add last range 0x%X %d", r.start_address, r.register_count);
-    this->create_polling_command_(std::move(r));
+    ranges.push_back(std::move(r));
+  }
+  // Staged in a setup-time vector so the device storage can be sized exactly (see polling_devices_).
+  this->polling_devices_.init(ranges.size());
+  for (auto &range : ranges) {
+    this->polling_devices_.emplace_back(*this, std::move(range));
   }
-  // Reclaim growth slack; safe here because nothing has registered with the hub yet (see the
-  // lifetime note on polling_command_items_).
-  this->polling_command_items_.shrink_to_fit();
 }
 
 void ModbusController::dump_config() {
@@ -368,13 +495,15 @@ void ModbusController::dump_config() {
                   it->get_register_size());
   }
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "ranges");
-  for (auto &it : this->polling_command_items_) {
+  for (auto &it : this->polling_devices_) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Range type=%u start=0x%X count=%d", static_cast<uint8_t>(it.register_type()),
                   it.register_address(), it.register_count());
   }
 #endif
 }
 
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
 void ModbusController::on_write_register_response(EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address,
                                                   std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
   // A well-formed write ACK echoes address and value, but a truncated PDU yields a short/empty span.
@@ -531,5 +660,6 @@ bool ModbusCommandItem::send(modbus::CommandOptions options) {
   }
   return accepted;
 }
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 
 }  // namespace esphome::modbus_controller

esphome/components/modbus_controller/modbus_controller.h

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "esphome/components/modbus/modbus.h"
 #include "esphome/components/modbus/modbus_helpers.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 
 #include <list>
@@ -230,12 +231,147 @@ struct RegisterRange {
   modbus::EntityType register_type;
   uint8_t register_count;
   SensorSet sensors;  // all sensors of this range
+  /// A custom range polls this PDU, referenced from the sensor that opened the range.
+  const SmallInlineBuffer<8> *custom_pdu{nullptr};
+};
+
+/// The shared feedback half of a controller-owned hub device: online/offline tracking, retry counting
+/// and the on_command_sent trigger all route to the controller from here. The hub base is inherited
+/// protected, so a subclass chooses exactly what request API it exposes.
+class ControllerDevice : protected modbus::ModbusClientDevice {
+ public:
+  // Public: only the owner can reach this instance, so reachability is the access gate.
+  void set_controller(ModbusController *controller);
+
+ protected:
+  ControllerDevice() = default;  // WriterEntity's member is wired later via set_controller()
+  explicit ControllerDevice(ModbusController *controller) { this->set_controller(controller); }
+
+  void on_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) override;
+  void on_error(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, modbus::ExceptionCode exception_code) override;
+  void on_sent(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) override;
+  void on_not_sent(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) override;
+  bool on_no_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu) override;
+
+  void notify_online_(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu);
+
+  /// Write-path state owned by WriterEntity's forwarders, stored here so both bools land in the base's
+  /// tail padding instead of adding a word to every writer entity. The warn flag leaves in 2027.3.0.
+  bool dispatched_{false};
+  bool write_buffer_deprecated_warned_{false};
+  ModbusController *controller_{nullptr};
+};
+
+/// The write side of a ControllerDevice, owned by the writer entities through WriterEntity, whose
+/// forwarders re-expose exactly the request API a write lambda may use and record every dispatch.
+class WriterDevice final : public ControllerDevice {
+ public:
+  using modbus::ModbusClientDevice::clear_tx_queue_for_device;
+  using modbus::ModbusClientDevice::queue_pdu;
+  using modbus::ModbusClientDevice::write_multiple_coils;
+  using modbus::ModbusClientDevice::write_multiple_registers;
+  using modbus::ModbusClientDevice::write_single_coil;
+  using modbus::ModbusClientDevice::write_single_register;
+
+  /// Send a legacy raw frame (address + function code + data) to the frame's own address.
+  /// Serves only the deprecated write_lambda buffer path. Remove before 2027.3.0.
+  bool send_raw_frame_deprecated(std::span<const uint8_t> frame);
+
+  bool dispatched() const { return this->dispatched_; }
+  void set_dispatched() { this->dispatched_ = true; }
+  void clear_dispatched() { this->dispatched_ = false; }
+  /// Warn once per entity that filling the write_lambda buffer parameter is deprecated (the entity is now the
+  /// command - call a write helper / queue_pdu() on `item` instead). The buffer parameter is removed in 2027.3.0.
+  void warn_write_buffer_deprecated(const LogString *platform, uint16_t address);
+
+ protected:
+  // Only the write side forwards to the typed callbacks (for item->queue_pdu() replies): a poll parses
+  // its own response, and dispatching its errors would trip the base unhandled-custom-response warning.
+  void on_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) override;
+  void on_error(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, modbus::ExceptionCode exception_code) override;
+};
+
+/// Gives a writer entity the write API of the WriterDevice it owns. The device is a member, not a base:
+/// the mixin declares no virtual function, so an entity mixing it in gains no second vtable and all the
+/// writer platforms share the single WriterDevice vtable instead of each emitting its own copy.
+/// The forwarders keep `item->write_*()` working unchanged inside a write_lambda, and record every
+/// dispatch, so the write path can tell "the lambda sent it itself" from "use the default write".
+class WriterEntity {
+ public:
+  /// Whether the lambda called a request helper since the last clear_dispatched_(). Deliberately records
+  /// the call, not the hub's accept/refuse: a refused lambda write must not fall through to the default write.
+  bool dispatched() const { return this->device_.dispatched(); }
+  bool write_single_register(uint16_t address, uint16_t value) {
+    this->device_.set_dispatched();
+    return this->device_.write_single_register(address, value);
+  }
+  bool write_single_coil(uint16_t address, bool value) {
+    this->device_.set_dispatched();
+    return this->device_.write_single_coil(address, value);
+  }
+  bool write_multiple_registers(uint16_t address, std::span<const uint16_t> values) {
+    this->device_.set_dispatched();
+    return this->device_.write_multiple_registers(address, values);
+  }
+  bool write_multiple_coils(uint16_t address, std::span<const bool> values) {
+    this->device_.set_dispatched();
+    return this->device_.write_multiple_coils(address, values);
+  }
+  bool write_multiple_coils(uint16_t address, modbus::PackedBits bits) {
+    this->device_.set_dispatched();
+    return this->device_.write_multiple_coils(address, bits);
+  }
+  bool queue_pdu(std::span<const uint8_t> pdu, modbus::CommandOptions options = {}) {
+    this->device_.set_dispatched();
+    return this->device_.queue_pdu(pdu, options);
+  }
+  void clear_tx_queue_for_device() { this->device_.clear_tx_queue_for_device(); }
+
+ protected:
+  bool send_raw_frame_deprecated_(std::span<const uint8_t> frame) {
+    this->device_.set_dispatched();
+    return this->device_.send_raw_frame_deprecated(frame);
+  }
+  void set_controller_(ModbusController *controller) { this->device_.set_controller(controller); }
+  void clear_dispatched_() { this->device_.clear_dispatched(); }
+  void warn_write_buffer_deprecated_(const LogString *platform, uint16_t address) {
+    this->device_.warn_write_buffer_deprecated(platform, address);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Private so a derived entity cannot reach the device except through the recording forwarders above.
+  WriterDevice device_;
+};
+
+/// A persistent hub device that polls one register range - the read-side mirror of WriterDevice.
+/// Owned by the controller, one per range; the response is parsed straight to the range's sensors.
+class PollingDevice final : public ControllerDevice {
+ public:
+  PollingDevice(ModbusController &controller, RegisterRange &&range);
+
+  /// Queue this range's read (or its sensor's custom PDU) on the hub. False = refused, no callback follows.
+  bool queue(modbus::CommandOptions options = {});
+
+  uint16_t register_address() const { return this->range_.start_address; }
+  uint16_t register_count() const { return this->range_.register_count; }
+  EntityType register_type() const { return this->range_.register_type; }
+
+ protected:
+  void on_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) override;
+
+  RegisterRange range_;
 };
 
 /// A single modbus command. Each command is its own ModbusClientDevice: it sends its frame to the hub
 /// and the hub routes the response back to this object's on_modbus_* callbacks, so the controller no
 /// longer has to match responses to a FIFO queue.
-class ModbusCommandItem : public modbus::ModbusClientDevice {
+// The deprecated class references other deprecated names. Remove before 2027.3.0.
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+class ESPDEPRECATED(
+    "One-shot writes go through the entity write helpers (WriterDevice) or the modbus_client actions, and "
+    "polling runs through PollingDevice. Removed in 2027.3.0",
+    "2026.9.0") ModbusCommandItem : public modbus::ModbusClientDevice {
  public:
   /// Empty command with no controller connection (kept for source compatibility with value-type usage).
   ModbusCommandItem(ModbusController &controller, modbus::ModbusClientHub *parent, uint8_t address)
@@ -380,6 +516,7 @@ class ModbusCommandItem : public modbus::ModbusClientDevice {
   const SmallInlineBuffer<8> *custom_pdu_{nullptr};
   ModbusController *controller_{nullptr};
 };
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 
 /// Whether an offline probe is due this update cycle: every offline_skip_updates + 1 cycles,
 /// anchored at the cycle the device went offline. Pure so the cadence (including update_counter
@@ -398,30 +535,39 @@ inline bool offline_retry_due(uint16_t update_counter, uint16_t module_offline_a
 
 class ModbusController final : public PollingComponent {
  public:
+  // The controller is not itself a modbus device - its commands and writer entities send as their own
+  // devices, built against this hub + address.
+  ModbusController(modbus::ModbusClientHub *hub, uint8_t address) : hub_(hub), address_(address) {}
+
   void dump_config() override;
   // No loop() override: the hub owns transmit/receive timing and each command routes its own
   // response, so the controller never joins the looping components at all.
   void setup() override;
   void update() override;
 
-  // The controller is not itself a modbus device - its commands and writer entities send as their own
-  // devices. It only owns the hub + address so those senders can be built against them.
-  void set_parent(modbus::ModbusClientHub *hub) { this->hub_ = hub; }
-  void set_address(uint8_t address) { this->address_ = address; }
-
   /// The hub and modbus address this controller talks to. Used to build commands/entities that send as
   /// their own device.
   modbus::ModbusClientHub *hub() const { return this->hub_; }
   uint8_t device_address() const { return this->address_; }
 
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
   /// Queues a one-shot modbus command (writes, custom commands); taken by value, so std::move to avoid a copy.
+  /// Remove with ModbusCommandItem before 2027.3.0.
+  ESPDEPRECATED("Use the entity write helpers or the modbus_client actions instead. Removed in 2027.3.0", "2026.9.0")
   void queue_command(ModbusCommandItem command);
   /// Flags a finished one-shot command for removal. Called by the command as the last action of its own
   /// callback, so the item is not destroyed here (send() and the hub still touch it) but swept later.
+  /// Remove with ModbusCommandItem before 2027.3.0.
+  ESPDEPRECATED("Serves only ModbusCommandItem's own callbacks. Removed in 2027.3.0", "2026.9.0")
   void unqueue_command(const ModbusCommandItem *command);
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
   /// Registers a sensor with the controller. Called by esphomes code generator
   void add_sensor_item(SensorItem *item) { sensorset_.insert(item); }
   /// Handles a write command acknowledgement (used by write command on_data_func handlers).
+  /// Remove with ModbusCommandItem before 2027.3.0.
+  ESPDEPRECATED("Write acknowledgements are handled by the writing entity's own device. Removed in 2027.3.0",
+                "2026.9.0")
   void on_write_register_response(EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address, std::span<const uint8_t> data);
   /// Update the online/offline state after a response or a run of timeouts, firing the callbacks.
   void set_online(bool online, int function_code, int register_address);
@@ -460,32 +606,22 @@ class ModbusController final : public PollingComponent {
   const modbus::CommandOptions &read_options() const { return this->read_options_; }
 
  protected:
-  /// parse sensormap_ and create range of sequential addresses
-  /// Group the registered sensors into contiguous ranges and create one polling command per range.
+  /// Group the registered sensors into contiguous ranges and create one PollingDevice per range.
   void create_polling_commands_();
-  /// build one persistent polling command from a range and add it to polling_command_items_
-  void create_polling_command_(RegisterRange &&range) {
-    // A custom range polls the first sensor's custom_pdu (referenced, not copied); the sensor constructor
-    // decodes the real function code. The response still dispatches to every sensor in the range.
-    if (range.register_type == EntityType::CUSTOM && !range.sensors.empty()) {
-      auto &cmd = this->polling_command_items_.emplace_back(*this, this->hub_, this->address_, *range.sensors.begin());
-      cmd.sensors = std::move(range.sensors);
-    } else {
-      this->polling_command_items_.emplace_back(*this, this->hub_, this->address_, std::move(range));
-    }
-  }
   /// The hub this controller's commands/entities send through, and the modbus address they target.
   modbus::ModbusClientHub *hub_{nullptr};
   uint8_t address_{0};
   /// Collection of all sensors for this component
   SensorSet sensorset_;
-  /// One persistent command per register range, each its own ModbusClientDevice. Built once in setup()
-  /// (create_polling_commands_ feeds each range straight in; the vector may reallocate as it grows, which
-  /// is safe because no command has registered with the hub yet) and never appended to afterward, so the
-  /// hub's device pointers stay valid once commands start sending.
-  std::vector<ModbusCommandItem> polling_command_items_{};
+  /// One persistent PollingDevice per register range. Built once in setup() with the exact count
+  /// (FixedVector never reallocates), so the hub's device pointers stay valid once polls start sending.
+  FixedVector<PollingDevice> polling_devices_;
   /// Dynamically queued one-shot commands (writes, custom commands). std::list keeps stable addresses.
+  /// Remove with ModbusCommandItem before 2027.3.0.
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
   std::list<std::unique_ptr<ModbusCommandItem>> one_shot_command_items_;
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
   /// Erases one-shot commands flagged by unqueue_command(). Safe even when reached from inside a hub
   /// callback (via an on_online/on_offline/on_command_sent automation that queues a command): the
   /// destructor detaches via clear_tx_queue_for_device(), which the hub allows from callbacks, and the

esphome/components/modbus_controller/number/__init__.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from esphome.components import number
 from esphome.components.modbus.helpers import (
     MODBUS_WRITE_REGISTER_TYPE,
     SENSOR_VALUE_TYPE,
+    RegisterValues,
 )
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_MULTIPLY,
     CONF_STEP,
 )
+from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 from .. import (
     ModbusItemBaseSchema,
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ ModbusNumber = modbus_controller_ns.class_(
 )
 
 
-def validate_min_max(config):
+def validate_min_max(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     if config[CONF_MAX_VALUE] <= config[CONF_MIN_VALUE]:
         raise cv.Invalid("max_value must be greater than min_value")
     if config[CONF_MIN_VALUE] < -16777215:
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ def validate_min_max(config):
     return config
 
 
-def validate_modbus_number(config):
+def validate_modbus_number(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     # custom_command is the deprecated alias for custom_pdu (migrated later in final validate).
     has_custom = CONF_CUSTOM_PDU in config or CONF_CUSTOM_COMMAND in config
     if not has_custom and CONF_ADDRESS not in config:
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = validate_custom_pdu_item
 
 
-async def to_code(config):
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     byte_offset, reg_count = modbus_calc_properties(config)
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(
         config[CONF_ID],
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
             [
                 (ModbusNumber.operator("ptr"), "item"),
                 (cg.float_, "x"),
-                (cg.std_vector.template(cg.uint16).operator("ref"), "payload"),
+                (RegisterValues.operator("ref"), "payload"),
             ],
             return_type=cg.optional.template(float),
         )

esphome/components/modbus_controller/number/modbus_number.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#include <vector>
 #include "modbus_number.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
@@ -29,62 +28,73 @@ void ModbusNumber::parse_and_publish(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
 }
 
 void ModbusNumber::control(float value) {
-  optional<ModbusCommandItem> write_cmd;
-  std::vector<uint16_t> data;
+  this->clear_dispatched_();
+  // A new write supersedes this entity's own not-yet-sent writes: drop them (and detach any in-flight one)
+  // so a rapidly-changing value writes the latest, not every intermediate.
+  this->clear_tx_queue_for_device();
+  modbus::RegisterValues data;
   float write_value = value;
-  // Is there are lambda configured?
   if (this->write_transform_func_.has_value()) {
-    // data is passed by reference
-    // the lambda can fill the empty vector directly
-    // in that case the return value is ignored
+    // The lambda may drive the write itself via item->write_*(), override the value (return a value), or
+    // (deprecated) fill `data` with the register words to write.
     auto val = (*this->write_transform_func_)(this, value, data);
-    if (val.has_value()) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
-      write_value = val.value();
-    } else {
+    if (this->dispatched()) {
+      this->publish_state(value);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!data.empty()) {
+      // Deprecated buffer path (frozen): the lambda filled a legacy raw frame as words; pack it big-endian.
+      this->warn_write_buffer_deprecated_(LOG_STR("number"), this->start_address);
+#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
+      char hex_buf[format_hex_pretty_uint16_size(MODBUS_NUMBER_MAX_LOG_REGISTERS)];
+#endif
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Modbus Number write raw: %s",
+               format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), data.data(), data.size()));
+      // Sized to hold RegisterValues at capacity, so a full buffer can never truncate into a valid frame.
+      StaticVector<uint8_t, modbus::MAX_NUM_OF_REGISTERS_TO_READ * 2> bytes;
+      for (uint16_t word : data) {
+        const auto word_bytes = decode_value(word);
+        bytes.push_back(word_bytes[0]);
+        bytes.push_back(word_bytes[1]);
+      }
+      if (!this->send_raw_frame_deprecated_(std::span<const uint8_t>(bytes.data(), bytes.size()))) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus write for '%s' was refused by the hub; state not published", this->get_name().c_str());
+        return;
+      }
+      this->publish_state(value);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!val.has_value()) {
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Communication handled by lambda - exiting control");
       return;
     }
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
+    write_value = val.value();
   } else {
     write_value = this->multiply_by_ * write_value;
   }
 
-  if (!data.empty()) {
-#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
-    char hex_buf[format_hex_pretty_uint16_size(MODBUS_NUMBER_MAX_LOG_REGISTERS)];
-#endif
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Modbus Number write raw: %s",
-             format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), data.data(), data.size()));
-    write_cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_custom_command(
-        this->parent_, data,
-        [this](modbus::EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address, std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
-          this->parent_->on_write_register_response(register_type, this->start_address, data);
-        }));
-  } else {
-    std::vector<uint16_t> payload;
-    modbus::helpers::float_to_payload(payload, write_value, this->sensor_value_type);
+  modbus::helpers::float_to_payload(data, write_value, this->sensor_value_type);
+  // float_to_payload() appends nothing for RAW, so an empty payload must be caught before data[0] below.
+  if (data.empty()) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "No payload was created for updating number");
+    return;
+  }
 
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG,
-             "Updating register: connected Sensor=%s start address=0x%X register count=%d new value=%.02f (val=%.02f)",
-             this->get_name().c_str(), this->start_address, this->register_count, value, write_value);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG,
+           "Updating register: connected Sensor=%s start address=0x%X register count=%d new value=%.02f (val=%.02f)",
+           this->get_name().c_str(), this->start_address, this->register_count, value, write_value);
 
-    // Create and send the write command
-    if (this->register_count == 1 && !this->use_write_multiple_) {
-      write_cmd.emplace(
-          ModbusCommandItem::create_write_single_command(this->parent_, this->write_address(), payload[0]));
-    } else {
-      write_cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_write_multiple_command(this->parent_, this->write_address(),
-                                                                         this->register_count, payload));
-    }
-    // publish new value
-    write_cmd->on_data_func = [this, value](modbus::EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address,
-                                            std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
-      // gets called when the write command is ack'd from the device
-      this->parent_->on_write_register_response(register_type, start_address, data);
-      this->publish_state(value);
-    };
+  bool queued;
+  if (this->register_count == 1 && !this->use_write_multiple_) {
+    queued = this->write_single_register(this->write_address(), data[0]);
+  } else {
+    queued = this->write_multiple_registers(this->write_address(), data);
+  }
+  if (!queued) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus write for '%s' was refused by the hub; state not published", this->get_name().c_str());
+    return;
   }
-  this->parent_->queue_command(std::move(*write_cmd));
   this->publish_state(value);
 }
 void ModbusNumber::dump_config() { LOG_NUMBER(TAG, "Modbus Number", this); }

esphome/components/modbus_controller/number/modbus_number.h

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace esphome::modbus_controller {
 
 using value_to_data_t = std::function<float>(float);
 
-class ModbusNumber final : public number::Number, public Component, public SensorItem {
+class ModbusNumber final : public number::Number, public Component, public SensorItem, public WriterEntity {
  public:
   ModbusNumber(modbus::EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address, uint8_t offset, uint32_t bitmask,
                SensorValueType value_type, int register_count, bool force_new_range) {
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ class ModbusNumber final : public number::Number, public Component, public Senso
   void dump_config() override;
   void parse_and_publish(std::span<const uint8_t> data) override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
-  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
+  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->set_controller_(parent); }
   void set_write_multiply(float factor) { this->multiply_by_ = factor; }
 
   using transform_func_t = optional<float> (*)(ModbusNumber *, float, std::span<const uint8_t>);
-  using write_transform_func_t = optional<float> (*)(ModbusNumber *, float, std::vector<uint16_t> &);
+  using write_transform_func_t = optional<float> (*)(ModbusNumber *, float, modbus::RegisterValues &);
   void set_template(transform_func_t f) { this->transform_func_ = f; }
   void set_write_template(write_transform_func_t f) { this->write_transform_func_ = f; }
   void set_use_write_mutiple(bool use_write_multiple) { this->use_write_multiple_ = use_write_multiple; }
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ class ModbusNumber final : public number::Number, public Component, public Senso
   void control(float value) override;
   optional<transform_func_t> transform_func_{nullopt};
   optional<write_transform_func_t> write_transform_func_{nullopt};
-  ModbusController *parent_{nullptr};
   float multiply_by_{1.0};
   bool use_write_multiple_{false};
 };

esphome/components/modbus_controller/output/__init__.py

@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import output
-from esphome.components.modbus.helpers import SENSOR_VALUE_TYPE
+from esphome.components.modbus.helpers import (
+    SENSOR_VALUE_TYPE,
+    PduBuffer,
+    RegisterValues,
+)
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_ADDRESS, CONF_ID, CONF_MULTIPLY
+from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 from .. import (
     ModbusItemBaseSchema,
     SensorItem,
     modbus_calc_properties,
     modbus_controller_ns,
+    reject_odd_holding_write_offset,
 )
 from ..const import (
     CONF_CUSTOM_COMMAND,
@@ -48,23 +54,26 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.typed_schema(
                 cv.Optional(CONF_USE_WRITE_MULTIPLE, default=False): cv.boolean,
             }
         ),
-        "holding": output.FLOAT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA.extend(ModbusItemBaseSchema).extend(
-            {
-                cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(ModbusFloatOutput),
-                cv.Required(CONF_ADDRESS): cv.positive_int,
-                cv.Optional(CONF_CUSTOM_PDU): cv.invalid(
-                    "custom_pdu is not supported for outputs; use a write_lambda instead"
-                ),
-                cv.Optional(CONF_CUSTOM_COMMAND): cv.invalid(
-                    "custom_command is not supported for outputs; use a write_lambda instead"
-                ),
-                cv.Optional(CONF_VALUE_TYPE, default="U_WORD"): cv.enum(
-                    SENSOR_VALUE_TYPE
-                ),
-                cv.Optional(CONF_WRITE_LAMBDA): cv.returning_lambda,
-                cv.Optional(CONF_MULTIPLY, default=1.0): cv.float_,
-                cv.Optional(CONF_USE_WRITE_MULTIPLE, default=False): cv.boolean,
-            }
+        "holding": cv.All(
+            output.FLOAT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA.extend(ModbusItemBaseSchema).extend(
+                {
+                    cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(ModbusFloatOutput),
+                    cv.Required(CONF_ADDRESS): cv.positive_int,
+                    cv.Optional(CONF_CUSTOM_PDU): cv.invalid(
+                        "custom_pdu is not supported for outputs; use a write_lambda instead"
+                    ),
+                    cv.Optional(CONF_CUSTOM_COMMAND): cv.invalid(
+                        "custom_command is not supported for outputs; use a write_lambda instead"
+                    ),
+                    cv.Optional(CONF_VALUE_TYPE, default="U_WORD"): cv.enum(
+                        SENSOR_VALUE_TYPE
+                    ),
+                    cv.Optional(CONF_WRITE_LAMBDA): cv.returning_lambda,
+                    cv.Optional(CONF_MULTIPLY, default=1.0): cv.float_,
+                    cv.Optional(CONF_USE_WRITE_MULTIPLE, default=False): cv.boolean,
+                }
+            ),
+            reject_odd_holding_write_offset,
         ),
     },
     lower=True,
@@ -73,7 +82,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.typed_schema(
 )
 
 
-async def to_code(config):
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     byte_offset, reg_count = modbus_calc_properties(config)
     # Binary Output
     write_template = None
@@ -89,7 +98,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
                 [
                     (ModbusBinaryOutput.operator("ptr"), "item"),
                     (cg.bool_, "x"),
-                    (cg.std_vector.template(cg.uint8).operator("ref"), "payload"),
+                    (PduBuffer.operator("ref"), "payload"),
                 ],
                 return_type=cg.optional.template(bool),
             )
@@ -109,7 +118,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
                 [
                     (ModbusFloatOutput.operator("ptr"), "item"),
                     (cg.float_, "x"),
-                    (cg.std_vector.template(cg.uint16).operator("ref"), "payload"),
+                    (RegisterValues.operator("ref"), "payload"),
                 ],
                 return_type=cg.optional.template(float),
             )

esphome/components/modbus_controller/output/modbus_output.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
+#include <array>
+
 namespace esphome::modbus_controller {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "modbus_controller.output";
@@ -13,25 +15,33 @@ static constexpr size_t MODBUS_OUTPUT_MAX_LOG_BYTES = 64;
  *
  */
 void ModbusFloatOutput::write_state(float value) {
-  std::vector<uint16_t> data;
+  this->clear_dispatched_();
+  // A new write supersedes this entity's own not-yet-sent writes: drop them (and detach any in-flight one)
+  // so a rapidly-changing value writes the latest, not every intermediate.
+  this->clear_tx_queue_for_device();
+  modbus::RegisterValues data;
   auto original_value = value;
-  // Is there are lambda configured?
   if (this->write_transform_func_.has_value()) {
-    // data is passed by reference
-    // the lambda can fill the empty vector directly
-    // in that case the return value is ignored
+    // The lambda may drive the write itself via item->write_*(), override the value (return a value), or
+    // (deprecated) fill `data` with the register words to write.
     auto val = (*this->write_transform_func_)(this, value, data);
-    if (val.has_value()) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
-      value = val.value();
-    } else {
+    if (this->dispatched()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!data.empty()) {
+      // Deprecated buffer path (frozen): the lambda supplied the register words for the shared write below.
+      this->warn_write_buffer_deprecated_(LOG_STR("float output"), this->start_address);
+    } else if (!val.has_value()) {
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Communication handled by lambda - exiting control");
       return;
+    } else {
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
+      value = val.value();
     }
   } else {
     value = this->multiply_by_ * value;
   }
-  // lambda didn't set payload
+
   if (data.empty()) {
     modbus::helpers::float_to_payload(data, value, this->sensor_value_type);
   }
@@ -57,16 +67,15 @@ void ModbusFloatOutput::write_state(float value) {
     return;
   }
 
-  // Create and send the write command
-  optional<ModbusCommandItem> write_cmd;
+  bool queued;
   if (this->register_count == 1 && !this->use_write_multiple_) {
-    write_cmd.emplace(
-        ModbusCommandItem::create_write_single_command(this->parent_, this->start_address + this->offset, data[0]));
+    queued = this->write_single_register(this->write_address(), data[0]);
   } else {
-    write_cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_write_multiple_command(
-        this->parent_, this->start_address + this->offset, data.size(), data));
+    queued = this->write_multiple_registers(this->write_address(), data);
+  }
+  if (!queued) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus output write (address 0x%X) was refused by the hub", this->write_address());
   }
-  this->parent_->queue_command(std::move(*write_cmd));
 }
 
 void ModbusFloatOutput::dump_config() {
@@ -81,50 +90,52 @@ void ModbusFloatOutput::dump_config() {
 
 // ModbusBinaryOutput
 void ModbusBinaryOutput::write_state(bool state) {
-  // This will be called every time the user requests a state change.
-  optional<ModbusCommandItem> cmd;
-  std::vector<uint8_t> data;
+  this->clear_dispatched_();
+  // A new write supersedes this entity's own not-yet-sent writes: drop them (and detach any in-flight one)
+  // so a rapidly-changing value writes the latest, not every intermediate.
+  this->clear_tx_queue_for_device();
+  modbus::helpers::PduBuffer data;
 
-  // Is there are lambda configured?
   if (this->write_transform_func_.has_value()) {
-    // data is passed by reference
-    // the lambda can fill the empty vector directly
-    // in that case the return value is ignored
+    // The lambda may drive the write itself via item->write_*/queue_pdu(), override the value (return a value),
+    // or (deprecated) fill `data` with a custom PDU.
     auto val = (*this->write_transform_func_)(this, state, data);
-    if (val.has_value()) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
-      state = val.value();
-    } else {
+    if (this->dispatched()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!data.empty()) {
+      this->warn_write_buffer_deprecated_(LOG_STR("binary output"), this->start_address);
+#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
+      char hex_buf[format_hex_pretty_size(MODBUS_OUTPUT_MAX_LOG_BYTES)];
+#endif
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Modbus binary output write raw: %s",
+               format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), data.data(), data.size()));
+      // The lambda filled a legacy raw frame (device address + function code + data).
+      if (!this->send_raw_frame_deprecated_(data)) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus output write (address 0x%X) was refused by the hub", this->write_address());
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!val.has_value()) {
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Communication handled by lambda - exiting control");
       return;
     }
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
+    state = val.value();
   }
-  if (!data.empty()) {
-#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
-    char hex_buf[format_hex_pretty_size(MODBUS_OUTPUT_MAX_LOG_BYTES)];
-#endif
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Modbus binary output write raw: %s",
-             format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), data.data(), data.size()));
-    cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_custom_command(
-        this->parent_, data,
-        [this](modbus::EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address, std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
-          this->parent_->on_write_register_response(register_type, this->start_address, data);
-        }));
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Write new state: value is %s, type is %d address = %X, offset = %x", ONOFF(state),
+           (int) this->register_type, this->start_address, this->offset);
+  // offset for coil and discrete inputs is the coil/register number not bytes
+  bool queued;
+  if (this->use_write_multiple_) {
+    std::array<bool, 1> states{state};
+    queued = this->write_multiple_coils(this->write_address(), states);
   } else {
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Write new state: value is %s, type is %d address = %X, offset = %x", ONOFF(state),
-             (int) this->register_type, this->start_address, this->offset);
-
-    // offset for coil and discrete inputs is the coil/register number not bytes
-    if (this->use_write_multiple_) {
-      std::vector<bool> states{state};
-      cmd.emplace(
-          ModbusCommandItem::create_write_multiple_coils(this->parent_, this->start_address + this->offset, states));
-    } else {
-      cmd.emplace(
-          ModbusCommandItem::create_write_single_coil(this->parent_, this->start_address + this->offset, state));
-    }
+    queued = this->write_single_coil(this->write_address(), state);
+  }
+  if (!queued) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus output write (address 0x%X) was refused by the hub", this->write_address());
   }
-  this->parent_->queue_command(std::move(*cmd));
 }
 
 void ModbusBinaryOutput::dump_config() {

esphome/components/modbus_controller/output/modbus_output.h

@@ -8,26 +8,25 @@
 
 namespace esphome::modbus_controller {
 
-class ModbusFloatOutput final : public output::FloatOutput, public Component, public SensorItem {
+class ModbusFloatOutput final : public output::FloatOutput, public Component, public SensorItem, public WriterEntity {
  public:
   ModbusFloatOutput(uint16_t start_address, uint8_t offset, SensorValueType value_type, int register_count) {
     this->register_type = modbus::EntityType::HOLDING;
-    this->set_address(start_address);
-    this->set_offset_from_start_address(offset);
+    // A byte offset folds into the address as whole registers; odd offsets are rejected at validation.
+    this->set_address(start_address + offset / 2);
+    this->set_offset_from_start_address(0);
     this->bitmask = 0xFFFFFFFF;
     this->register_count = register_count;
     this->sensor_value_type = value_type;
-    this->set_address(this->start_address + offset);
-    this->set_offset_from_start_address(0);
   }
   void dump_config() override;
 
-  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
+  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->set_controller_(parent); }
   void set_write_multiply(float factor) { this->multiply_by_ = factor; }
   // Do nothing
   void parse_and_publish(std::span<const uint8_t> data) override{};
 
-  using write_transform_func_t = optional<float> (*)(ModbusFloatOutput *, float, std::vector<uint16_t> &);
+  using write_transform_func_t = optional<float> (*)(ModbusFloatOutput *, float, modbus::RegisterValues &);
   void set_write_template(write_transform_func_t f) { this->write_transform_func_ = f; }
   void set_use_write_mutiple(bool use_write_multiple) { this->use_write_multiple_ = use_write_multiple; }
 
@@ -35,29 +34,28 @@ class ModbusFloatOutput final : public output::FloatOutput, public Component, pu
   void write_state(float value) override;
   optional<write_transform_func_t> write_transform_func_{nullopt};
 
-  ModbusController *parent_{nullptr};
   float multiply_by_{1.0};
   bool use_write_multiple_{false};
 };
 
-class ModbusBinaryOutput final : public output::BinaryOutput, public Component, public SensorItem {
+class ModbusBinaryOutput final : public output::BinaryOutput, public Component, public SensorItem, public WriterEntity {
  public:
   ModbusBinaryOutput(uint16_t start_address, uint8_t offset) {
     this->register_type = modbus::EntityType::COIL;
-    this->set_address(start_address);
+    // A coil offset is a coil count; fold it into the address.
+    this->set_address(start_address + offset);
     this->bitmask = 0xFFFFFFFF;
     this->sensor_value_type = SensorValueType::BIT;
     this->register_count = 1;
-    this->set_address(this->start_address + offset);
     this->set_offset_from_start_address(0);
   }
   void dump_config() override;
 
-  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
+  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->set_controller_(parent); }
   // Do nothing
   void parse_and_publish(std::span<const uint8_t> data) override{};
 
-  using write_transform_func_t = optional<bool> (*)(ModbusBinaryOutput *, bool, std::vector<uint8_t> &);
+  using write_transform_func_t = optional<bool> (*)(ModbusBinaryOutput *, bool, modbus::helpers::PduBuffer &);
   void set_write_template(write_transform_func_t f) { this->write_transform_func_ = f; }
   void set_use_write_mutiple(bool use_write_multiple) { this->use_write_multiple_ = use_write_multiple; }
 
@@ -65,7 +63,6 @@ class ModbusBinaryOutput final : public output::BinaryOutput, public Component,
   void write_state(bool state) override;
   optional<write_transform_func_t> write_transform_func_{nullopt};
 
-  ModbusController *parent_{nullptr};
   bool use_write_multiple_{false};
 };
 

esphome/components/modbus_controller/select/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any
+
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import select
-from esphome.components.modbus.helpers import SENSOR_VALUE_TYPE, TYPE_REGISTER_MAP
+from esphome.components.modbus.helpers import (
+    SENSOR_VALUE_TYPE,
+    TYPE_REGISTER_MAP,
+    RegisterValues,
+)
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_ADDRESS, CONF_ID, CONF_LAMBDA, CONF_OPTIMISTIC
+from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 from .. import (
     ModbusController,
@@ -29,8 +37,8 @@ ModbusSelect = modbus_controller_ns.class_(
 )
 
 
-def ensure_option_map():
-    def validator(value):
+def ensure_option_map() -> Callable[[Any], dict[str, int]]:
+    def validator(value: Any) -> dict[str, int]:
         cv.check_not_templatable(value)
         option = cv.All(cv.string_strict)
         mapping = cv.All(cv.int_range(-(2**63), 2**63 - 1))
@@ -47,7 +55,7 @@ def ensure_option_map():
     return validator
 
 
-def register_count_value_type_min(value):
+def register_count_value_type_min(value: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     reg_count = value.get(CONF_REGISTER_COUNT)
     if reg_count is not None:
         value_type = value[CONF_VALUE_TYPE]
@@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 )
 
 
-async def to_code(config):
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     value_type = config[CONF_VALUE_TYPE]
     reg_count = config.get(CONF_REGISTER_COUNT)
     if reg_count is None:
@@ -132,7 +140,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
                 (ModbusSelect.operator("const_ptr"), "item"),
                 (cg.std_string.operator("const").operator("ref"), "x"),
                 (cg.int64, "value"),
-                (cg.std_vector.template(cg.uint16).operator("ref"), "payload"),
+                (RegisterValues.operator("ref"), "payload"),
             ],
             return_type=cg.optional.template(cg.int64),
         )

esphome/components/modbus_controller/select/modbus_select.cpp

@@ -46,35 +46,43 @@ void ModbusSelect::control(size_t index) {
   const char *option = this->option_at(index);
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Found value %lld for option '%s'", *mapval, option);
 
-  std::vector<uint16_t> data;
+  this->clear_dispatched_();
+  // A new write supersedes this entity's own not-yet-sent writes: drop them (and detach any in-flight one)
+  // so a rapidly-changing value writes the latest, not every intermediate.
+  this->clear_tx_queue_for_device();
+  modbus::RegisterValues data;
 
   if (this->write_transform_func_.has_value()) {
-    // Transform func requires string parameter for backward compatibility
+    // The lambda may drive the write itself via item->write_*(), override the mapping value (return a value),
+    // or (deprecated) fill `data` with the register words to write. Transform func requires string parameter
+    // for backward compatibility.
     auto val = (*this->write_transform_func_)(this, std::string(option), *mapval, data);
-    if (val.has_value()) {
-      mapval = val;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "write_lambda returned mapping value %lld", *mapval);
-    } else {
+    if (this->dispatched()) {
+      if (this->optimistic_)
+        this->publish_state(index);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!data.empty()) {
+      // Deprecated buffer path (frozen): the lambda supplied the register words for the shared write below.
+      this->warn_write_buffer_deprecated_(LOG_STR("select"), this->start_address);
+    } else if (!val.has_value()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Communication handled by write_lambda - exiting control");
       return;
+    } else {
+      mapval = val;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "write_lambda returned mapping value %lld", *mapval);
     }
   }
 
   if (data.empty()) {
     modbus::helpers::number_to_payload(data, *mapval, this->sensor_value_type);
-  } else {
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Using payload from write lambda");
+    // number_to_payload() appends nothing for RAW.
+    if (data.empty()) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "No payload was created for updating select");
+      return;
+    }
   }
 
-  if (data.empty()) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "No payload was created for updating select");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // The command declares register_count registers, so the payload must be exactly that many words:
-  // a value type narrower than the declared width is zero-padded (the config deliberately allows
-  // register_count larger than the value type). Anything else would put a byte count on the wire
-  // that disagrees with the quantity field, which conformant devices reject.
   // register_count declares the READ range width - it may pull neighboring registers into one poll -
   // so a write covers exactly the registers the value occupies: the quantity comes from the payload,
   // never from register_count (padding to it would zero registers the user only declared for reading).
@@ -86,16 +94,17 @@ void ModbusSelect::control(size_t index) {
   }
 
   const uint16_t write_address = this->write_address();
-  optional<ModbusCommandItem> write_cmd;
+  bool queued;
   if ((this->register_count == 1) && (!this->use_write_multiple_)) {
-    write_cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_write_single_command(this->parent_, write_address, data[0]));
+    queued = this->write_single_register(write_address, data[0]);
   } else {
-    write_cmd.emplace(
-        ModbusCommandItem::create_write_multiple_command(this->parent_, write_address, data.size(), data));
+    queued = this->write_multiple_registers(write_address, data);
   }
 
-  this->parent_->queue_command(std::move(*write_cmd));
-
+  if (!queued) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus write for '%s' was refused by the hub; state not published", this->get_name().c_str());
+    return;
+  }
   if (this->optimistic_)
     this->publish_state(index);
 }

esphome/components/modbus_controller/select/modbus_select.h

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 namespace esphome::modbus_controller {
 
-class ModbusSelect final : public Component, public select::Select, public SensorItem {
+class ModbusSelect final : public Component, public select::Select, public SensorItem, public WriterEntity {
  public:
   ModbusSelect(SensorValueType sensor_value_type, uint16_t start_address, uint8_t register_count, bool force_new_range,
                std::vector<int64_t> mapping) {
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ class ModbusSelect final : public Component, public select::Select, public Senso
 
   using transform_func_t = optional<std::string> (*)(ModbusSelect *const, int64_t, std::span<const uint8_t>);
   using write_transform_func_t = optional<int64_t> (*)(ModbusSelect *const, const std::string &, int64_t,
-                                                       std::vector<uint16_t> &);
+                                                       modbus::RegisterValues &);
 
-  void set_parent(ModbusController *const parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
+  void set_parent(ModbusController *const parent) { this->set_controller_(parent); }
   void set_use_write_mutiple(bool use_write_multiple) { this->use_write_multiple_ = use_write_multiple; }
   void set_optimistic(bool optimistic) { this->optimistic_ = optimistic; }
   void set_template(transform_func_t f) { this->transform_func_ = f; }
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ class ModbusSelect final : public Component, public select::Select, public Senso
 
  protected:
   std::vector<int64_t> mapping_{};
-  ModbusController *parent_{nullptr};
   bool use_write_multiple_{false};
   bool optimistic_{false};
   optional<transform_func_t> transform_func_{nullopt};

esphome/components/modbus_controller/switch/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import switch
-from esphome.components.modbus.helpers import MODBUS_REGISTER_TYPE
+from esphome.components.modbus.helpers import MODBUS_REGISTER_TYPE, PduBuffer
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_ADDRESS, CONF_ASSUMED_STATE, CONF_ID
+from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 from .. import (
     ModbusItemBaseSchema,
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ from .. import (
     add_modbus_base_properties,
     modbus_calc_properties,
     modbus_controller_ns,
+    reject_odd_holding_write_offset,
     validate_custom_pdu_item,
     validate_modbus_register,
 )
@@ -30,6 +32,14 @@ ModbusSwitch = modbus_controller_ns.class_(
     "ModbusSwitch", cg.Component, switch.Switch, SensorItem
 )
 
+
+def _validate_holding_offset(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
+    # Only a holding-register switch folds the byte offset into a 16-bit register write.
+    if config.get(CONF_REGISTER_TYPE) == "holding":
+        reject_odd_holding_write_offset(config)
+    return config
+
+
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     switch.switch_schema(ModbusSwitch, default_restore_mode="DISABLED")
     .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
@@ -43,12 +53,13 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
         }
     ),
     validate_modbus_register,
+    _validate_holding_offset,
 )
 
 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = validate_custom_pdu_item
 
 
-async def to_code(config):
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     byte_offset, _ = modbus_calc_properties(config)
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(
         config[CONF_ID],
@@ -74,7 +85,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
             [
                 (ModbusSwitch.operator("ptr"), "item"),
                 (cg.bool_, "x"),
-                (cg.std_vector.template(cg.uint8).operator("ref"), "payload"),
+                (PduBuffer.operator("ref"), "payload"),
             ],
             return_type=cg.optional.template(bool),
         )

esphome/components/modbus_controller/switch/modbus_switch.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
+#include <array>
+
 namespace esphome::modbus_controller {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "modbus_controller.switch";
@@ -58,57 +60,68 @@ void ModbusSwitch::parse_and_publish(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
 }
 
 void ModbusSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
-  // This will be called every time the user requests a state change.
-  optional<ModbusCommandItem> cmd;
-  std::vector<uint8_t> data;
-  // Is there are lambda configured?
+  this->clear_dispatched_();
+  // A new write supersedes this entity's own not-yet-sent writes: drop them (and detach any in-flight one)
+  // so a rapidly-changing value writes the latest, not every intermediate.
+  this->clear_tx_queue_for_device();
+  modbus::helpers::PduBuffer data;
+  bool write_value = state;
   if (this->write_transform_func_.has_value()) {
-    // data is passed by reference
-    // the lambda can fill the empty vector directly
-    // in that case the return value is ignored
+    // The lambda may drive the write itself via item->write_*/queue_pdu(), override the written value (return a
+    // value), or (deprecated) fill `data` with a custom PDU.
     auto val = (*this->write_transform_func_)(this, state, data);
-    if (val.has_value()) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
-      state = val.value();
-    } else {
+    if (this->dispatched()) {
+      this->publish_state(state);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!data.empty()) {
+      this->warn_write_buffer_deprecated_(LOG_STR("switch"), this->start_address);
+#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
+      char hex_buf[format_hex_pretty_size(MODBUS_SWITCH_MAX_LOG_BYTES)];
+#endif
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Modbus Switch write raw: %s",
+               format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), data.data(), data.size()));
+      // The lambda filled a legacy raw frame (device address + function code + data).
+      if (!this->send_raw_frame_deprecated_(data)) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus write for '%s' was refused by the hub; state not published", this->get_name().c_str());
+        return;
+      }
+      this->publish_state(state);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!val.has_value()) {
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Communication handled by lambda - exiting control");
       return;
     }
+    // The returned bool is the wire value only; the entity still reports the requested state. A polled
+    // entity needs the read lambda inverted to match, or the next poll flips the display back.
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Value overwritten by lambda");
+    write_value = val.value();
   }
-  if (!data.empty()) {
-#if ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL >= ESPHOME_LOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE
-    char hex_buf[format_hex_pretty_size(MODBUS_SWITCH_MAX_LOG_BYTES)];
-#endif
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Modbus Switch write raw: %s",
-             format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, sizeof(hex_buf), data.data(), data.size()));
-    cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_custom_command(
-        this->parent_, data,
-        [this](modbus::EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address, std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
-          this->parent_->on_write_register_response(register_type, this->start_address, data);
-        }));
-  } else {
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "write_state '%s': new value = %s type = %d address = %X offset = %x", this->get_name().c_str(),
-             ONOFF(state), (int) this->register_type, this->start_address, this->offset);
-    if (this->register_type == modbus::EntityType::COIL) {
-      // offset for coil and discrete inputs is the coil/register number not bytes
-      if (this->use_write_multiple_) {
-        std::vector<bool> states{state};
-        cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_write_multiple_coils(this->parent_, this->write_address(), states));
-      } else {
-        cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_write_single_coil(this->parent_, this->write_address(), state));
-      }
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "write_state '%s': new value = %s (wire = %s) type = %d address = %X offset = %x",
+           this->get_name().c_str(), ONOFF(state), ONOFF(write_value), (int) this->register_type, this->start_address,
+           this->offset);
+  bool queued;
+  if (this->register_type == EntityType::COIL) {
+    // offset for coil and discrete inputs is the coil/register number not bytes
+    if (this->use_write_multiple_) {
+      std::array<bool, 1> states{write_value};
+      queued = this->write_multiple_coils(this->write_address(), states);
     } else {
-      if (this->use_write_multiple_) {
-        std::vector<uint16_t> bool_states(1, state ? (0xFFFF & this->bitmask) : 0);
-        cmd.emplace(
-            ModbusCommandItem::create_write_multiple_command(this->parent_, this->write_address(), 1, bool_states));
-      } else {
-        cmd.emplace(ModbusCommandItem::create_write_single_command(this->parent_, this->write_address(),
-                                                                   state ? 0xFFFF & this->bitmask : 0u));
-      }
+      queued = this->write_single_coil(this->write_address(), write_value);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (this->use_write_multiple_) {
+      std::array<uint16_t, 1> states{static_cast<uint16_t>(write_value ? (0xFFFF & this->bitmask) : 0)};
+      queued = this->write_multiple_registers(this->write_address(), states);
+    } else {
+      queued = this->write_single_register(this->write_address(), write_value ? 0xFFFF & this->bitmask : 0u);
     }
   }
-  this->parent_->queue_command(std::move(*cmd));
+  if (!queued) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Modbus write for '%s' was refused by the hub; state not published", this->get_name().c_str());
+    return;
+  }
   this->publish_state(state);
 }
 // ModbusSwitch end

esphome/components/modbus_controller/switch/modbus_switch.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 namespace esphome::modbus_controller {
 
-class ModbusSwitch final : public Component, public switch_::Switch, public SensorItem {
+class ModbusSwitch final : public Component, public switch_::Switch, public SensorItem, public WriterEntity {
  public:
   ModbusSwitch(modbus::EntityType register_type, uint16_t start_address, uint8_t offset, uint32_t bitmask,
                bool force_new_range) {
@@ -18,8 +18,13 @@ class ModbusSwitch final : public Component, public switch_::Switch, public Sens
     this->bitmask = bitmask;
     this->sensor_value_type = SensorValueType::BIT;
     this->register_count = 1;
-    if (register_type == modbus::EntityType::HOLDING || register_type == modbus::EntityType::COIL) {
-      this->set_address(this->start_address + offset);
+    // A holding byte offset folds into the address as whole registers (odd offsets are rejected at
+    // validation: a 16-bit register write cannot target half a register); a coil offset is a coil count.
+    if (register_type == modbus::EntityType::HOLDING) {
+      this->set_address(start_address + offset / 2);
+      this->set_offset_from_start_address(0);
+    } else if (register_type == modbus::EntityType::COIL) {
+      this->set_address(start_address + offset);
       this->set_offset_from_start_address(0);
     }
     this->force_new_range = force_new_range;
@@ -30,17 +35,16 @@ class ModbusSwitch final : public Component, public switch_::Switch, public Sens
   void set_assumed_state(bool assumed_state);
   void set_state(bool state) { this->state = state; }
   void parse_and_publish(std::span<const uint8_t> data) override;
-  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->parent_ = parent; }
+  void set_parent(ModbusController *parent) { this->set_controller_(parent); }
 
   using transform_func_t = optional<bool> (*)(ModbusSwitch *, bool, std::span<const uint8_t>);
-  using write_transform_func_t = optional<bool> (*)(ModbusSwitch *, bool, std::vector<uint8_t> &);
+  using write_transform_func_t = optional<bool> (*)(ModbusSwitch *, bool, modbus::helpers::PduBuffer &);
   void set_template(transform_func_t f) { this->publish_transform_func_ = f; }
   void set_write_template(write_transform_func_t f) { this->write_transform_func_ = f; }
   void set_use_write_mutiple(bool use_write_multiple) { this->use_write_multiple_ = use_write_multiple; }
 
  protected:
   bool assumed_state() override;
-  ModbusController *parent_{nullptr};
   bool use_write_multiple_{false};
   optional<transform_func_t> publish_transform_func_{nullopt};
   optional<write_transform_func_t> write_transform_func_{nullopt};

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.cpp

@@ -41,7 +41,11 @@ MQTTClientComponent::MQTTClientComponent() {
   global_mqtt_client = this;
   char mac_addr[MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE];
   get_mac_address_into_buffer(mac_addr);
-  this->credentials_.client_id = make_name_with_suffix(App.get_name(), '-', mac_addr, MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE - 1);
+  const StringRef &name = App.get_name();
+  char client_id[MAX_NAME_WITH_SUFFIX_SIZE];
+  size_t len = make_name_with_suffix_to(client_id, sizeof(client_id), name.c_str(), name.size(), '-', mac_addr,
+                                        MAC_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE - 1);
+  this->credentials_.client_id.assign(client_id, len);
 }
 
 // Connection

esphome/components/network/ip_address.h

@@ -188,6 +188,8 @@ struct IPAddress {
   }
   IPAddress(const std::string &in_address) { inet_aton(in_address.c_str(), &ip_addr_); }
   IPAddress(const ip_addr_t *other_ip) { ip_addr_ = *other_ip; }
+  bool is_ip4() const { return true; }
+  bool is_ip6() const { return false; }
   /// Write IP address to buffer. Buffer must be at least IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE bytes.
   char *str_to(char *buf) const {
     inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ip_addr_, buf, IP_ADDRESS_BUFFER_SIZE);

esphome/components/nrf52/__init__.py

@@ -125,10 +125,8 @@ def set_core_data(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     return config
 
 
-def _resolve_toolchain(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
-    if CORE.toolchain is None:
-        CORE.toolchain = config.get(CONF_TOOLCHAIN, Toolchain.SDK_NRF)
-    return config
+_TOOLCHAINS = (Toolchain.PLATFORMIO, Toolchain.SDK_NRF)
+_resolve_toolchain = cv.resolve_toolchain("nRF52", _TOOLCHAINS, Toolchain.SDK_NRF)
 
 
 def set_framework(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
@@ -170,10 +168,7 @@ BOOTLOADERS = [
 ]
 
 
-def _validate_toolchain(value) -> Toolchain:
-    return Toolchain(
-        cv.one_of(Toolchain.PLATFORMIO, Toolchain.SDK_NRF, lower=True)(value)
-    )
+_validate_toolchain = cv.toolchain_enum(_TOOLCHAINS)
 
 
 def _detect_bootloader(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:

esphome/components/nrf52/framework.py

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import platform
 import shutil
 import sys
 
-import platformdirs
-
+from esphome.build_helpers.tools_cache import SDK_NRF_TOOLS_CACHE, tools_cache_path
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import KEY_CORE, KEY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION
 from esphome.core import CORE, EsphomeError
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ from esphome.framework_helpers import (
     run_command_ok,
     str_to_lst_of_str,
 )
-from esphome.helpers import get_str_env
 
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -49,15 +47,9 @@ SDK_NG_MINIMAL_MIRRORS = str_to_lst_of_str(
 
 
 def get_sdk_nrf_tools_path() -> Path:
-    # A blank ESPHOME_SDK_NRF_PREFIX must be treated as unset: Path("")
-    # resolves to the CWD, which clean-all would then delete.
-    if prefix := get_str_env("ESPHOME_SDK_NRF_PREFIX", "").strip():
-        path = Path(prefix).expanduser()
-    else:
-        # Machine-global (OS user cache dir) so all projects share one install;
-        # see espidf.framework.get_idf_tools_path for the location rationale.
-        path = Path(platformdirs.user_cache_dir("esphome", appauthor=False)) / "sdk-nrf"
-    return path.resolve()
+    # Machine-global (OS user cache dir) so all projects share one install;
+    # see espidf.framework.get_idf_tools_path for the location rationale.
+    return tools_cache_path(*SDK_NRF_TOOLS_CACHE)
 
 
 def _needs_venv_rebuild(

esphome/components/openthread/openthread.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <openthread/cli.h>
 #include <openthread/instance.h>
+#include <openthread/ip6.h>
 #include <openthread/logging.h>
 #include <openthread/netdata.h>
 #include <openthread/tasklet.h>
@@ -229,26 +230,43 @@ void *OpenThreadSrpComponent::pool_alloc_(size_t size) {
 void OpenThreadSrpComponent::set_mdns(esphome::mdns::MDNSComponent *mdns) { this->mdns_ = mdns; }
 
 bool OpenThreadComponent::teardown() {
-  if (!this->teardown_started_) {
-    this->teardown_started_ = true;
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Clear Srp");
-    auto lock = InstanceLock::try_acquire(100);
-    if (!lock) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to acquire OpenThread lock during teardown, leaking memory");
-      return true;
-    }
-    otInstance *instance = lock.get_instance();
-    otSrpClientClearHostAndServices(instance);
-    otSrpClientBuffersFreeAllServices(instance);
-    global_openthread_component = nullptr;
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Exit main loop ");
-    int error = this->openthread_stop_();
-    if (error != 0) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed attempt to stop main loop %d", error);
-      this->teardown_complete_ = true;
-    }
+  switch (this->teardown_stage_) {
+    case TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_NOT_STARTED: {
+      auto lock = InstanceLock::try_acquire(100);
+      if (!lock) {
+        // Try again on next teardown loop
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Failed to acquire OpenThread lock during teardown");
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Start tearing down
+      this->teardown_stage_ = TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_STOP_IN_PROCESS;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Clear SRP");
+      otInstance *instance = lock.get_instance();
+      otSrpClientClearHostAndServices(instance);
+      otSrpClientBuffersFreeAllServices(instance);
+      if (otThreadSetEnabled(instance, false) != OT_ERROR_NONE) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to disable Thread during teardown");
+      }
+      if (otIp6SetEnabled(instance, false) != OT_ERROR_NONE) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to disable IPv6 during teardown");
+      }
+      // Stop OpenThread
+      global_openthread_component = nullptr;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Stop OpenThread");
+      int error = this->openthread_stop_();
+      if (error != 0) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed attempt to stop OpenThread %d", error);
+        this->teardown_stage_ = TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_COMPLETED;
+      }
+    } break;
+    case TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_STOP_IN_PROCESS:
+      // Waiting on OpenThread stop
+      break;
+    case TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_COMPLETED:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "OpenThreadComponent Teardown Complete");
+      break;
   }
-  return this->teardown_complete_;
+  return this->teardown_stage_ == TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_COMPLETED;
 }
 
 void OpenThreadComponent::on_factory_reset(std::function<void()> callback) {

esphome/components/openthread/openthread.h

@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ namespace esphome::openthread {
 
 class InstanceLock;
 
+enum class TeardownStage : uint8_t {
+  TEARDOWN_STAGE_NOT_STARTED = 0,
+  TEARDOWN_STAGE_STOP_IN_PROCESS,
+  TEARDOWN_STAGE_COMPLETED,
+};
+
 template<typename... Ts> class OpenThreadComponentPollPeriodAction;
 
 class OpenThreadComponent final : public Component {
@@ -71,9 +77,8 @@ class OpenThreadComponent final : public Component {
 #endif
   std::optional<int8_t> output_power_{};
   std::atomic<bool> lock_initialized_{false};
-  bool teardown_started_{false};
-  bool teardown_complete_{false};
-  bool connected_{false};
+  std::atomic<TeardownStage> teardown_stage_{TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_NOT_STARTED};
+  std::atomic<bool> connected_{false};
 
  private:
   // Stores a pointer to a string literal (static storage duration).

esphome/components/openthread/openthread_esp.cpp

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ void OpenThreadComponent::ot_main() {
   esp_netif_destroy(openthread_netif);
 
   esp_vfs_eventfd_unregister();
-  this->teardown_complete_ = true;
+  this->teardown_stage_ = TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_COMPLETED;
   vTaskDelete(NULL);
 }
 

esphome/components/openthread/openthread_zephyr.cpp

@@ -90,10 +90,8 @@ void OpenThreadComponent::ot_main() {}
 otInstance *OpenThreadComponent::get_openthread_instance_() { return openthread_get_default_instance(); }
 
 int OpenThreadComponent::openthread_stop_() {
-  // OT stack is intentionally left running — no Zephyr stop API. The state callback stays
-  // registered but is safe (null-checks global_openthread_component). nRF52840 never
-  // re-enters setup() after teardown so this is functionally correct.
-  this->teardown_complete_ = true;
+  // Zephyr has no stack-stop API, so stop is synchronous here; mark complete immediately.
+  this->teardown_stage_ = TeardownStage::TEARDOWN_STAGE_COMPLETED;
   return 0;
 }
 

esphome/components/provisioning/__init__.py

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ class ProvisioningData:
     sources: set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
     # Names of source components that have their credentials set in the config.
     hardcoded_credentials: set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
+    # True when WiFi is configured with an access point but no station credentials.
+    ap_without_sta: bool = False
 
 
 def _get_data() -> ProvisioningData:
@@ -56,6 +58,17 @@ def report_hardcoded_credentials(name: str) -> None:
     _get_data().hardcoded_credentials.add(name)
 
 
+def report_ap_without_sta() -> None:
+    """Record that WiFi runs an access point with no station credentials.
+
+    The access point (and captive portal) shut down when the provisioning window
+    closes. On a device where that access point is the only network connection,
+    closing the window makes the device unreachable until it is power-cycled, so
+    `provisioning:` warns about this combination.
+    """
+    _get_data().ap_without_sta = True
+
+
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
     {
         cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(ProvisioningManager),
@@ -89,6 +102,13 @@ def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> None:
             "hardcoding them makes the window pointless.",
             ", ".join(sorted(data.hardcoded_credentials)),
         )
+    if data.ap_without_sta:
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "'provisioning' is configured with a WiFi access point and no station "
+            "credentials. The access point shuts down when the provisioning window "
+            "closes, so if it is the device's only network connection, the device "
+            "will be unreachable until it is power-cycled."
+        )
 
 
 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _final_validate

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/__init__.py

@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ import logging
 from esphome import automation, pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import esp32, esp32_rmt, remote_base
+from esphome.components.libretiny import get_libretiny_family
+from esphome.components.libretiny.const import (
+    FAMILY_BK7231N,
+    FAMILY_BK7238,
+    FAMILY_RTL8720C,
+)
 from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
@@ -43,6 +49,21 @@ DigitalWriteAction = remote_transmitter_ns.class_(
 )
 
 
+_NON_BLOCKING_LIBRETINY_FAMILIES = (FAMILY_RTL8720C, FAMILY_BK7231N, FAMILY_BK7238)
+
+
+def _validate_non_blocking_platform(value: bool) -> bool:
+    # non_blocking requires hardware transmission: RMT on ESP32, a hardware timer
+    # envelope chain on the listed LibreTiny families. Reject elsewhere at config time.
+    if CORE.is_esp32:
+        return cv.boolean(value)
+    if CORE.is_libretiny and get_libretiny_family() in _NON_BLOCKING_LIBRETINY_FAMILIES:
+        return cv.boolean(value)
+    raise cv.Invalid(
+        "non_blocking is only supported on ESP32, RTL8720C, BK7231N and BK7238"
+    )
+
+
 MULTI_CONF = True
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
     cv.Schema(
@@ -76,7 +97,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
                 esp32_s2=64,
                 esp32_s3=48,
             ): cv.All(cv.only_on_esp32, cv.int_range(min=2)),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_NON_BLOCKING): cv.All(cv.only_on_esp32, cv.boolean),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_NON_BLOCKING): _validate_non_blocking_platform,
             cv.Optional(CONF_ON_TRANSMIT): automation.validate_automation(single=True),
             cv.Optional(CONF_ON_COMPLETE): automation.validate_automation(single=True),
         }
@@ -164,6 +185,8 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
             )
     else:
         var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID], pin)
+        if (non_blocking := config.get(CONF_NON_BLOCKING)) is not None:
+            cg.add(var.set_non_blocking(non_blocking))
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
 
     cg.add(var.set_carrier_duty_percent(config[CONF_CARRIER_DUTY_PERCENT]))
@@ -188,6 +211,13 @@ FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
         "remote_transmitter_rtl87xx.cpp": {
             PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
         },
+        "remote_transmitter_bk72xx.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+        },
+        "remote_transmitter_libretiny_isr.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+        },
         "remote_transmitter.cpp": {
             PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
             PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter.cpp

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
-#if (defined(USE_LIBRETINY) && !defined(USE_RTL87XX)) || defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_RP2) || \
-    (defined(USE_ESP32) && !SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED)
+#if (defined(USE_LIBRETINY) && !defined(USE_RTL87XX) && !defined(REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM)) || \
+    defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_RP2) || (defined(USE_ESP32) && !SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED)
 
 namespace esphome::remote_transmitter {
 

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter.h

@@ -12,6 +12,13 @@
 #endif  // SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED
 #endif  // USE_ESP32
 
+// The BK7231N-style PWM block (hardware shadow-load duty updates) enables the ISR-driven
+// transmitter on these families; family-level proxy for the SDK's CFG_SOC_NAME gate.
+// See remote_transmitter_bk72xx.cpp.
+#if defined(USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_BK7231N) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_BK7238)
+#define REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM
+#endif
+
 namespace esphome::remote_transmitter {
 
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) && SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED
@@ -56,19 +63,32 @@ class RemoteTransmitterComponent final : public remote_base::RemoteTransmitterBa
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) && SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED
   void set_with_dma(bool with_dma) { this->with_dma_ = with_dma; }
   void set_eot_level(bool eot_level) { this->eot_level_ = eot_level; }
+#endif
+#if (defined(USE_ESP32) && SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C) || \
+    defined(REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM)
   void set_non_blocking(bool non_blocking) { this->non_blocking_ = non_blocking; }
 #endif
+#if defined(USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C) || defined(REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM)
+  void loop() override;
+  // called from the envelope timer ISR trampoline; not part of the public API
+  void advance_envelope_isr();
+  // same, for trampolines whose SDK callback carries no user argument
+  static void advance_active_isr();
+#endif
 
   Trigger<> *get_transmit_trigger() { return &this->transmit_trigger_; }
   Trigger<> *get_complete_trigger() { return &this->complete_trigger_; }
 
  protected:
   void send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait) override;
-#if defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY) || defined(USE_RP2) || (defined(USE_ESP32) && !SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED)
+#if defined(USE_ESP8266) || \
+    (defined(USE_LIBRETINY) && !defined(USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C) && !defined(REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM)) || \
+    defined(USE_RP2) || (defined(USE_ESP32) && !SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED)
   void await_target_time_();
   uint32_t target_time_{0};
 #endif
-#if defined(USE_ESP8266) || (defined(USE_LIBRETINY) && !defined(USE_RTL87XX)) || defined(USE_RP2) || \
+#if defined(USE_ESP8266) || \
+    (defined(USE_LIBRETINY) && !defined(USE_RTL87XX) && !defined(REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM)) || defined(USE_RP2) || \
     (defined(USE_ESP32) && !SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED)
   void calculate_on_off_time_(uint32_t carrier_frequency, uint32_t *on_time_period, uint32_t *off_time_period);
 
@@ -81,6 +101,43 @@ class RemoteTransmitterComponent final : public remote_base::RemoteTransmitterBa
   uint32_t current_carrier_frequency_{0};
   void *pwm_{nullptr};  // pwmout_t*, opaque here to keep the SDK header out of this shared header
 #endif
+#if defined(USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C) || defined(REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM)
+  // Envelope chain, shared by every family that paces transmission from a hardware timer
+  // (remote_transmitter_libretiny_isr.cpp)
+  void start_isr_item_(size_t index);
+  void arm_envelope_timer_(uint32_t duration_us);
+  void abort_stalled_chain_();
+  void deliver_completion_();
+  void wait_until_idle_();
+  void arm_chain_(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait);
+  // Hooks implemented per family: everything the chain needs from the hardware
+  bool envelope_ready_() const;                       // PWM claimed successfully in setup()
+  void prepare_carrier_(uint32_t carrier_frequency);  // retune period, stage mark/space levels
+  void write_envelope_level_(bool mark);              // drive carrier (mark) or idle (space)
+  void arm_one_shot_(uint32_t duration_us);           // fire advance_envelope_isr after duration_us
+  void stop_envelope_timer_();
+  std::vector<int32_t> isr_data_;  // owned copy of the frame; temp_ may be re-encoded mid-flight
+  volatile size_t isr_index_{0};
+  volatile uint32_t isr_repeats_left_{0};
+  uint32_t isr_send_wait_{0};
+  volatile uint32_t isr_wait_remaining_{0};  // remainder of a duration chained across one-shots
+  volatile bool isr_in_gap_{false};
+  volatile bool transmitting_{false};
+  bool non_blocking_{false};
+  bool complete_pending_{false};
+  bool stall_aborted_{false};  // this transmission ended via abort; blocks warning clear
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
+  float isr_mark_duty_{0.0f};
+  float isr_space_duty_{0.0f};
+#endif
+#ifdef REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM
+  void write_pwm_t1_(uint32_t t1_counts);
+  uint32_t isr_mark_t1_{0};
+  uint32_t isr_space_t1_{0};
+  uint32_t isr_period_t4_{684};  // 26MHz counts; ~38kHz default until a send sets the real carrier
+  int8_t pwm_channel_{-1};
+#endif
 
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) && SOC_RMT_SUPPORTED
   void configure_rmt_();

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter_bk72xx.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+#include "remote_transmitter.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+// clang-tidy cannot parse the Beken SDK headers pulled in via ArduinoPrivate.h
+#if defined(USE_BK72XX) && !defined(CLANG_TIDY)
+
+// ArduinoPrivate.h = Arduino.h + the BDK SDK headers (pwm_pub.h, bk_timer_pub.h, icu_pub.h)
+// with the core's fixes for type-name collisions between the two
+#include <ArduinoPrivate.h>
+
+// Only the BK7231N-style PWM block (shadow registers with a hardware CFG_UPDATA load bit)
+// supports glitch-free per-edge duty updates; older SoCs compile the generic bit-bang
+// implementation (remote_transmitter.cpp) instead, and this file compiles to nothing.
+// REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM is set per-family in remote_transmitter.h.
+
+namespace esphome::remote_transmitter {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "remote_transmitter";
+
+#ifdef REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM
+
+// PWM peripheral carrier (26MHz block), envelope paced by a BKTIMER1 interrupt chain: each
+// interrupt writes the next duty through the shadow registers (T1..T4 + CFG_UPDATA hardware
+// load, glitch-free at the next carrier period). Direct register writes beat the driver's
+// pwm_update_param() (~19us vs ~26us edge error) and have no shared state to race against.
+// BKTIMER1 is the only free channel: TIMER0 = FreeRTOS tick, TIMER2 = SDK cal, TIMER4 = wdt.
+
+static constexpr uint32_t REG_PWM_BASE = 0x00802B00UL;
+static constexpr uint32_t REG_PWM_GROUP_STRIDE = 0x40;       // one register group per channel pair
+static constexpr uint32_t REG_PWM_T_REGS[2] = {0x04, 0x14};  // T1..T4 offsets within a group
+static constexpr uint32_t PWM_INT_STATUS_MASK = 3UL << 30;   // write-1-clear -- always write as zero
+static constexpr uint8_t ENVELOPE_TIMER = BKTIMER1;
+
+// The bk_timer handler receives only the channel number, so the chain resolves the instance
+// that owns the timer. No IRAM_ATTR: hal.h makes it a no-op on BK72xx (the SDK masks IRQs
+// around flash writes).
+static void envelope_timer_isr(UINT8 channel) { RemoteTransmitterComponent::advance_active_isr(); }
+
+// Channel <-> pin comes from the board variant's own PIN_PWMn defines rather than a
+// family-wide assumption, so an unusual pinout maps correctly instead of silently
+// driving another pad
+struct PwmPinChannel {
+  uint8_t pin;
+  int8_t channel;
+};
+static constexpr PwmPinChannel PWM_PIN_CHANNELS[] = {
+#ifdef PIN_PWM0
+    {PIN_PWM0, 0},
+#endif
+#ifdef PIN_PWM1
+    {PIN_PWM1, 1},
+#endif
+#ifdef PIN_PWM2
+    {PIN_PWM2, 2},
+#endif
+#ifdef PIN_PWM3
+    {PIN_PWM3, 3},
+#endif
+#ifdef PIN_PWM4
+    {PIN_PWM4, 4},
+#endif
+#ifdef PIN_PWM5
+    {PIN_PWM5, 5},
+#endif
+};
+
+static int8_t pwm_channel_for_pin(uint8_t pin) {
+  for (const auto &entry : PWM_PIN_CHANNELS) {
+    if (entry.pin == pin)
+      return entry.channel;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::setup() {
+  // Deliberately no pin_->setup(): the pin must belong to the PWM function, not GPIO
+  const int8_t channel = pwm_channel_for_pin(this->pin_->get_pin());
+  if (channel < 0) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Pin %u is not PWM-capable", this->pin_->get_pin());
+    this->mark_failed();
+    return;
+  }
+  this->pwm_channel_ = channel;
+  const uint32_t idle_t1 = this->pin_->is_inverted() ? this->isr_period_t4_ : 0;
+  pwm_param_st param{};
+  param.chan = channel;
+  param.t1 = idle_t1;
+  param.t4 = this->isr_period_t4_;
+  param.init_level = idle_t1 ? 1 : 0;
+  if (pwm_init_param(&param) != 0 || pwm_start(channel) != 0) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "PWM init failed on pin %u", this->pin_->get_pin());
+    this->pwm_channel_ = -1;
+    this->mark_failed();
+    return;
+  }
+  this->disable_loop();  // loop() is only needed while a non-blocking completion is pending
+}
+
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::dump_config() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+                "Remote Transmitter:\n"
+                "  Carrier Duty: %u%%\n"
+                "  Non-blocking: %s",
+                this->carrier_duty_percent_, YESNO(this->non_blocking_));
+  LOG_PIN("  Pin: ", this->pin_);
+}
+
+// Writes the duty compare registers and sets the hardware CFG_UPDATA shadow-load bit;
+// the new duty latches glitch-free at the next carrier period. ISR-safe: registers only.
+// The group control word is shared with the paired channel, but every SDK write to it runs
+// under GLOBAL_INT_DISABLE (bk_pwm), so it cannot be torn by this interrupt.
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::write_pwm_t1_(uint32_t t1_counts) {
+  const uint32_t group = this->pwm_channel_ / 2;
+  const uint32_t post = this->pwm_channel_ % 2;
+  const uint32_t group_base = REG_PWM_BASE + REG_PWM_GROUP_STRIDE * group;
+  auto *t_regs = (volatile uint32_t *) (group_base + REG_PWM_T_REGS[post]);
+  auto *ctrl = (volatile uint32_t *) group_base;
+  const uint32_t init_level_bit = 1UL << (8 * post + 6);  // output level while the counter is stopped
+  const uint32_t cfg_updata_bit = 1UL << (8 * post + 7);  // 0->1 latches T1..T4 at the next period
+  t_regs[0] = t1_counts;                                  // T1: high time
+  t_regs[1] = 0;                                          // T2
+  t_regs[2] = 0;                                          // T3
+  t_regs[3] = this->isr_period_t4_;                       // T4: period
+  uint32_t cfg = *ctrl;
+  cfg &= ~(PWM_INT_STATUS_MASK | init_level_bit | cfg_updata_bit);
+  if (t1_counts != 0)
+    cfg |= init_level_bit;
+  *ctrl = cfg;
+  *ctrl = cfg | cfg_updata_bit;
+}
+
+// --- envelope chain hooks (see remote_transmitter_libretiny_isr.cpp) ---
+
+bool RemoteTransmitterComponent::envelope_ready_() const { return this->pwm_channel_ >= 0; }
+
+// Recomputes the carrier period in 26MHz counts and stages the per-item duties;
+// unmodulated protocols drive the pin constantly during marks
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::prepare_carrier_(uint32_t carrier_frequency) {
+  if (carrier_frequency > 0) {
+    this->isr_period_t4_ = std::max(uint32_t(2), (26000000UL + carrier_frequency / 2) / carrier_frequency);
+  }
+  uint32_t mark_t1 = (carrier_frequency > 0 && this->carrier_duty_percent_ < 100)
+                         ? std::max(uint32_t(1), this->isr_period_t4_ * this->carrier_duty_percent_ / 100)
+                         : this->isr_period_t4_;
+  uint32_t space_t1 = 0;
+  if (this->pin_->is_inverted()) {
+    mark_t1 = this->isr_period_t4_ - mark_t1;
+    space_t1 = this->isr_period_t4_;
+  }
+  this->isr_mark_t1_ = mark_t1;
+  this->isr_space_t1_ = space_t1;
+}
+
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::write_envelope_level_(bool mark) {
+  this->write_pwm_t1_(mark ? this->isr_mark_t1_ : this->isr_space_t1_);
+}
+
+// The driver's microsecond init path is register writes under a nested interrupt guard,
+// so it is safe to call from the chain's own interrupt
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::arm_one_shot_(uint32_t duration_us) {
+  timer_param_t param{};
+  param.channel = ENVELOPE_TIMER;
+  param.div = 1;
+  param.period = duration_us;
+  param.t_Int_Handler = envelope_timer_isr;
+  sddev_control((char *) TIMER_DEV_NAME, CMD_TIMER_INIT_PARAM_US, &param);
+}
+
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::stop_envelope_timer_() {
+  UINT32 channel = ENVELOPE_TIMER;
+  sddev_control((char *) TIMER_DEV_NAME, CMD_TIMER_UNIT_DISABLE, &channel);
+}
+
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::digital_write(bool value) {
+  if (this->pwm_channel_ < 0)
+    return;
+  // serialize behind an in-flight chain, matching the ESP32/RMT non-blocking behavior
+  this->wait_until_idle_();
+  this->write_pwm_t1_((value != this->pin_->is_inverted()) ? this->isr_period_t4_ : 0);
+}
+
+#endif  // REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM
+
+}  // namespace esphome::remote_transmitter
+
+#endif  // USE_BK72XX && !CLANG_TIDY

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter_libretiny_isr.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+#include "remote_transmitter.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
+#include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+// Envelope chain shared by the LibreTiny families that pace transmission from a hardware
+// timer interrupt: RTL8720C (gtimer) and the BK7231N-style PWM block (BKTIMER1). Everything
+// platform-specific sits behind five hooks implemented in the per-family files -- carrier
+// setup, duty writes, one-shot arming and timer stop. Families without a usable timer keep
+// the generic bit-bang implementation and compile none of this.
+#if defined(USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C) || defined(REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM)
+
+namespace esphome::remote_transmitter {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "remote_transmitter";
+
+// Margin past a transmission's expected duration before the chain is declared stalled
+static constexpr uint32_t STALL_MARGIN_MS = 1000;
+// Longest single one-shot armed; longer durations are chained. Both families need the cap:
+// the Beken driver computes period_us * 26 in 32 bits (overflows past ~165s) and the Realtek
+// us->tick conversion lives in mask ROM with unverified headroom.
+static constexpr uint32_t MAX_ONE_SHOT_US = 50000;
+
+// One hardware timer is shared by all instances (MULTI_CONF), so they serialize on this
+// token; the deadline always describes whichever chain currently owns it.
+// NOLINTBEGIN(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+static RemoteTransmitterComponent *volatile s_active_transmitter = nullptr;
+static uint32_t s_expected_end_ms = 0;
+// NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+
+// Entry point for trampolines whose SDK callback carries no user argument
+void IRAM_ATTR RemoteTransmitterComponent::advance_active_isr() {
+  auto *transmitter = s_active_transmitter;
+  if (transmitter != nullptr)
+    transmitter->advance_envelope_isr();
+}
+
+// Arms the envelope timer, chaining durations longer than MAX_ONE_SHOT_US. ISR-safe.
+void IRAM_ATTR RemoteTransmitterComponent::arm_envelope_timer_(uint32_t duration_us) {
+  // clamp to 1us (a zero-length one-shot never fires); the remainder must not underflow
+  const uint32_t chunk = std::max(uint32_t(1), std::min(duration_us, MAX_ONE_SHOT_US));
+  this->isr_wait_remaining_ = duration_us > chunk ? duration_us - chunk : 0;
+  this->arm_one_shot_(chunk);
+}
+
+// Writes the level for one envelope item and arms the timer for its duration.
+// Runs in ISR context (and once from arm_chain_ to kick the chain): no logging, no allocation.
+void IRAM_ATTR RemoteTransmitterComponent::start_isr_item_(size_t index) {
+  const int32_t item = this->isr_data_[index];
+  this->write_envelope_level_(item > 0);
+  this->arm_envelope_timer_(uint32_t(item > 0 ? item : -item));
+}
+
+void IRAM_ATTR RemoteTransmitterComponent::advance_envelope_isr() {
+  if (!this->transmitting_)
+    return;  // chain was aborted; this is a stale one-shot that was already latched
+  if (this->isr_wait_remaining_ > 0) {
+    // continue a duration longer than one hardware one-shot
+    this->arm_envelope_timer_(this->isr_wait_remaining_);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (this->isr_in_gap_) {
+    // inter-repeat gap elapsed; restart the item chain
+    this->isr_in_gap_ = false;
+    this->isr_index_ = 0;
+    this->start_isr_item_(0);
+    return;
+  }
+  this->isr_index_ = this->isr_index_ + 1;
+  if (this->isr_index_ < this->isr_data_.size()) {
+    this->start_isr_item_(this->isr_index_);
+    return;
+  }
+  // end of one repetition
+  this->write_envelope_level_(false);
+  if (this->isr_repeats_left_ > 1) {
+    this->isr_repeats_left_ = this->isr_repeats_left_ - 1;
+    this->isr_index_ = 0;
+    if (this->isr_send_wait_ > 0) {
+      this->isr_in_gap_ = true;
+      this->arm_envelope_timer_(this->isr_send_wait_);
+    } else {
+      this->start_isr_item_(0);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  // required on Beken (its timer reloads); on Realtek this only clears the enable bit of a
+  // one-shot that has already fired
+  this->stop_envelope_timer_();
+  this->transmitting_ = false;
+  s_active_transmitter = nullptr;
+}
+
+// Aborts a chain that stopped advancing: stop the timer, idle the pin, release the token.
+// Every step is a no-op if the chain completed meanwhile. Task context only.
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::abort_stalled_chain_() {
+  // cleared first so a straggler one-shot bails at the ISR entry check
+  this->transmitting_ = false;
+  this->stop_envelope_timer_();
+  this->write_envelope_level_(false);
+  s_active_transmitter = nullptr;
+  this->stall_aborted_ = true;
+  this->status_set_warning("envelope timer stalled");
+  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Envelope timer stalled; transmission aborted");
+  delay(1);  // let any already-latched interrupt land while the chain state is safe
+}
+
+// Delivers one deferred completion with its status bookkeeping
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::deliver_completion_() {
+  if (!this->stall_aborted_)
+    this->status_clear_warning();
+  this->complete_pending_ = false;
+  this->complete_trigger_.trigger();
+}
+
+// Waits until no chain is in flight, delivering any deferred completions; a completion
+// automation may start a new send, so repeat until truly idle. Bounded by the stall deadline.
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::wait_until_idle_() {
+  while (true) {
+    while (true) {
+      // snapshot: the final ISR can clear the volatile pointer between a check and a use
+      auto *active = s_active_transmitter;
+      if (active == nullptr)
+        break;
+      if ((int32_t) (millis() - s_expected_end_ms) > 0) {
+        active->abort_stalled_chain_();
+        break;
+      }
+      App.feed_wdt();
+      delay(1);
+    }
+    if (!this->complete_pending_)
+      break;
+    this->deliver_completion_();
+  }
+}
+
+// Stages the repeat schedule and stall deadline, then starts the interrupt chain
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::arm_chain_(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait) {
+  this->isr_repeats_left_ = send_times;
+  this->isr_send_wait_ = send_wait;
+  this->isr_index_ = 0;
+  this->isr_in_gap_ = false;
+  this->stall_aborted_ = false;
+  uint64_t frame_us = 0;
+  for (int32_t item : this->isr_data_)
+    frame_us += uint32_t(item > 0 ? item : -item);
+  const uint64_t total_us = frame_us * send_times + uint64_t(send_wait) * (send_times - 1);
+  s_expected_end_ms = millis() + uint32_t(total_us / 1000) + STALL_MARGIN_MS;
+  this->transmitting_ = true;
+  s_active_transmitter = this;
+  this->start_isr_item_(0);
+}
+
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait) {
+  if (!this->envelope_ready_()) {
+    // both triggers still fire, so an on_complete-sequenced automation does not stall
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Cannot send: PWM not initialized");
+    this->transmit_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->deliver_completion_();
+    return;
+  }
+  this->wait_until_idle_();
+  if (send_times == 0) {
+    // parity with the loop-based implementations: transmit nothing, but both triggers
+    // still fire so an on_complete-sequenced automation does not stall
+    this->transmit_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->deliver_completion_();
+    return;
+  }
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending remote code");
+  this->prepare_carrier_(this->temp_.get_carrier_frequency());
+  // own copy: with non_blocking the caller may re-encode temp_ while this frame is in flight
+  this->isr_data_.assign(this->temp_.get_data().begin(), this->temp_.get_data().end());
+  if (this->isr_data_.empty()) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Empty data");
+    this->transmit_trigger_.trigger();
+    this->deliver_completion_();
+    return;
+  }
+  // trigger first: the deadline computed in arm_chain_ must not be charged for user code
+  this->transmit_trigger_.trigger();
+  // the automation may have started a send on another instance; let it finish before
+  // claiming the shared timer (a same-instance send remains unsupported here)
+  this->wait_until_idle_();
+  this->arm_chain_(send_times, send_wait);
+  if (this->non_blocking_) {
+    this->complete_pending_ = true;
+    this->enable_loop();
+    return;
+  }
+  // blocking mode: wait out the chain, bounded by the stall deadline
+  while (this->transmitting_) {
+    if ((int32_t) (millis() - s_expected_end_ms) > 0) {
+      this->abort_stalled_chain_();
+      break;
+    }
+    App.feed_wdt();
+    delay(1);
+  }
+  this->deliver_completion_();
+}
+
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::loop() {
+  if (!this->complete_pending_) {
+    this->disable_loop();
+    return;
+  }
+  if (this->transmitting_) {
+    // non-blocking stall recovery: without this, a dead chain would leave the carrier
+    // driven and on_complete unfired until the next send happened to abort it
+    if ((int32_t) (millis() - s_expected_end_ms) <= 0)
+      return;
+    this->abort_stalled_chain_();
+  }
+  // release the loop before user code runs: the automation may start a new non-blocking
+  // send, and its enable_loop() must be the last writer or its completion would strand
+  this->disable_loop();
+  this->deliver_completion_();
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome::remote_transmitter
+
+#endif  // USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C || REMOTE_TRANSMITTER_BK_PWM

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/remote_transmitter_rtl87xx.cpp

@@ -5,31 +5,42 @@
 // clang-tidy cannot parse the Realtek SDK headers pulled in via ArduinoPrivate.h
 #if defined(USE_RTL87XX) && !defined(CLANG_TIDY)
 
-// ArduinoPrivate.h = Arduino.h + the SDK's mbed HAL (pwmout etc.) with the core's fixes for
+// ArduinoPrivate.h = Arduino.h + the SDK's mbed HAL (pwmout, gtimer) with the core's fixes for
 // type-name collisions between the two (e.g. PinMode)
 #include <ArduinoPrivate.h>
+#ifndef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
 #include <FreeRTOS.h>
 #include <task.h>
+#endif
 
 namespace esphome::remote_transmitter {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "remote_transmitter";
 
-// The carrier is generated by the PWM peripheral instead of bit-banging the pin: software carrier
-// generation requires disabling interrupts for the whole frame, but this core's micros() is derived
-// from the FreeRTOS tick and freezes while interrupts are off, so the timing loop never advances and
-// the watchdog resets the chip. With hardware PWM, software only times the mark/space envelope and
-// interrupts can stay enabled.
-//
-// The PWM is driven through the SDK's pwmout HAL directly rather than the Arduino wiring layer:
-// changing the carrier frequency via the wiring requires a GPIO/PWM pin mode round-trip, which
-// use-after-frees the core's per-pin state (pinRemoveMode() frees without nulling) and corrupts the
-// heap. pwmout_period_us() changes the frequency with no mode transitions.
+// PWM peripheral carrier, envelope paced by a gtimer interrupt chain. Bit-banging would need
+// interrupts disabled for the whole frame, but this core's micros() derives from the FreeRTOS
+// tick and freezes then. The SDK pwmout HAL is driven directly: the Arduino wiring layer's
+// GPIO/PWM mode round-trip use-after-frees LibreTiny's per-pin state.
+
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
+static constexpr uint32_t ENVELOPE_TIMER_ID = TIMER6;  // GTimer7
+
+// One envelope timer for all instances: a second gtimer_init on the same id fails silently,
+// so the chain serializes them (remote_transmitter_libretiny_isr.cpp)
+// NOLINTBEGIN(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+static uint8_t s_pwm_tick_sources[] = {GTimer1, GTimer2, GTimer3, GTimer4, GTimer5, GTimer6, 0xff};
+static gtimer_t s_envelope_timer;
+static bool s_envelope_timer_ready = false;
+// NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+
+static void IRAM_ATTR envelope_timer_isr(uint32_t arg) {
+  reinterpret_cast<RemoteTransmitterComponent *>(arg)->advance_envelope_isr();
+}
+#endif  // USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
 
 void RemoteTransmitterComponent::setup() {
-  // Deliberately no pin_->setup(): registering the pin as GPIO claims it in the SDK's pin
-  // management, and the pad is then never handed over to the PWM peripheral -- pwmout_init()
-  // must own the pin from the start.
+  // no pin_->setup(): a GPIO claim in the SDK's pin management blocks pwmout_init from
+  // owning the pad
   PinInfo *info = pinInfo(this->pin_->get_pin());
   if (info == nullptr || !pinSupported(info, PIN_PWM)) {
     // checked here because the AmebaZ (RTL8710B) SDK does not report PWM init failure
@@ -40,7 +51,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::setup() {
   auto *pwm = new pwmout_t();
   this->pwm_ = pwm;
   pwmout_init(pwm, static_cast<PinName>(info->gpio));
-#if LT_RTL8720C
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
   // only the AmebaZ2 SDK's pwmout_s reports init success
   if (!pwm->is_init) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "PWM init failed on pin %u", this->pin_->get_pin());
@@ -49,9 +60,19 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::setup() {
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
+  // Shrink the PWM tick-source pool before the period claim below so GTimer7 stays free
+  // for the envelope; pwmout_init just registered the full pool.
+  hal_pwm_comm_tick_source_list(s_pwm_tick_sources);
 #endif
   pwmout_period_us(pwm, 26);  // placeholder; the real carrier period is set per transmission
   pwmout_write(pwm, this->pin_->is_inverted() ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
+  if (!s_envelope_timer_ready) {
+    gtimer_init(&s_envelope_timer, ENVELOPE_TIMER_ID);
+    s_envelope_timer_ready = true;
+  }
+  this->disable_loop();  // loop() is only needed while a non-blocking completion is pending
+#endif
 }
 
 void RemoteTransmitterComponent::dump_config() {
@@ -59,9 +80,59 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::dump_config() {
                 "Remote Transmitter:\n"
                 "  Carrier Duty: %u%%",
                 this->carrier_duty_percent_);
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Non-blocking: %s", YESNO(this->non_blocking_));
+#endif
   LOG_PIN("  Pin: ", this->pin_);
 }
 
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::digital_write(bool value) {
+  if (this->pwm_ == nullptr)
+    return;
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
+  // serialize behind an in-flight chain, matching the ESP32/RMT non-blocking behavior
+  this->wait_until_idle_();
+#endif
+  pwmout_write(static_cast<pwmout_t *>(this->pwm_), (value != this->pin_->is_inverted()) ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
+// --- envelope chain hooks (see remote_transmitter_libretiny_isr.cpp) ---
+
+bool RemoteTransmitterComponent::envelope_ready_() const { return this->pwm_ != nullptr; }
+
+// Retunes the PWM period when the carrier changes and stages the per-item duties;
+// unmodulated protocols (no carrier or 100% duty) drive the pin constantly during marks
+void RemoteTransmitterComponent::prepare_carrier_(uint32_t carrier_frequency) {
+  float mark_duty =
+      (carrier_frequency > 0 && this->carrier_duty_percent_ < 100) ? this->carrier_duty_percent_ / 100.0f : 1.0f;
+  float space_duty = 0.0f;
+  if (this->pin_->is_inverted()) {
+    mark_duty = 1.0f - mark_duty;
+    space_duty = 1.0f;
+  }
+  this->isr_mark_duty_ = mark_duty;
+  this->isr_space_duty_ = space_duty;
+  if (carrier_frequency == 0 || carrier_frequency == this->current_carrier_frequency_)
+    return;
+  // round(1000000/freq), clamped so a bad lambda can't hand the SDK a zero period
+  const uint32_t period = std::max(uint32_t(1), (1000000UL + carrier_frequency / 2) / carrier_frequency);
+  pwmout_period_us(static_cast<pwmout_t *>(this->pwm_), period);
+  this->current_carrier_frequency_ = carrier_frequency;
+}
+
+void IRAM_ATTR RemoteTransmitterComponent::write_envelope_level_(bool mark) {
+  pwmout_write(static_cast<pwmout_t *>(this->pwm_), mark ? this->isr_mark_duty_ : this->isr_space_duty_);
+}
+
+void IRAM_ATTR RemoteTransmitterComponent::arm_one_shot_(uint32_t duration_us) {
+  gtimer_start_one_shout(&s_envelope_timer, duration_us, (void *) envelope_timer_isr, (uint32_t) this);
+}
+
+void IRAM_ATTR RemoteTransmitterComponent::stop_envelope_timer_() { gtimer_stop(&s_envelope_timer); }
+
+#else  // !USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C -- AmebaZ (RTL8710B): spin-based envelope, per-frame priority boost
+
 void RemoteTransmitterComponent::await_target_time_() {
   const uint32_t current_time = micros();
   if (this->target_time_ == 0) {
@@ -72,15 +143,8 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::await_target_time_() {
   }
 }
 
-void RemoteTransmitterComponent::digital_write(bool value) {
-  if (this->pwm_ == nullptr)
-    return;
-  pwmout_write(static_cast<pwmout_t *>(this->pwm_), (value != this->pin_->is_inverted()) ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
-}
-
 void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t send_wait) {
-  auto *pwm = static_cast<pwmout_t *>(this->pwm_);
-  if (pwm == nullptr) {
+  if (this->pwm_ == nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Cannot send: PWM not initialized");
     return;
   }
@@ -94,6 +158,7 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t sen
     mark_duty = 1.0f - mark_duty;
     space_duty = 1.0f;
   }
+  auto *pwm = static_cast<pwmout_t *>(this->pwm_);
   if (carrier_frequency > 0 && carrier_frequency != this->current_carrier_frequency_) {
     // round(1000000/freq), clamped like the bit-bang path so a bad lambda can't hand the SDK a zero period
     const uint32_t period = std::max(uint32_t(1), (1000000UL + carrier_frequency / 2) / carrier_frequency);
@@ -132,6 +197,8 @@ void RemoteTransmitterComponent::send_internal(uint32_t send_times, uint32_t sen
   this->complete_trigger_.trigger();
 }
 
+#endif  // USE_LIBRETINY_VARIANT_RTL8720C
+
 }  // namespace esphome::remote_transmitter
 
 #endif  // USE_RTL87XX && !CLANG_TIDY

esphome/components/rp2/__init__.py

@@ -312,6 +312,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     ),
     cv.has_at_least_one_key(CONF_BOARD, CONF_VARIANT),
     _detect_variant,
+    cv.require_platformio_toolchain("RP2"),
     set_core_data,
 )