[socket] Fix pre-existing bugs in LWIP raw TCP socket

Fix two pre-existing bugs found during review of #14398:

1. bind() returns 0 on nullptr name instead of -1, inconsistent with
   POSIX bind() semantics and can mask invalid calls.

2. listen() doesn't re-register tcp_err after tcp_listen_with_backlog
   reallocates the PCB. The error callback was set during init() on
   the original PCB which is now freed, leaving the new listen PCB
   without an error handler.

esphome/components/socket/lwip_raw_tcp_impl.cpp

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int LWIPRawCommon::bind(const struct sockaddr *name, socklen_t addrlen) {
   }
   if (name == nullptr) {
     errno = EINVAL;
-    return 0;
+    return -1;
   }
   ip_addr_t ip;
   in_port_t port;
@@ -609,6 +609,7 @@ int LWIPRawListenImpl::listen(int backlog) {
   LWIP_LOG("tcp_arg(%p)", this->pcb_);
   tcp_arg(this->pcb_, this);
   tcp_accept(this->pcb_, LWIPRawListenImpl::s_accept_fn);
+  tcp_err(this->pcb_, LWIPRawListenImpl::s_err_fn);
   return 0;
 }