Merge branch 'release' into dev

2026.8.1

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -412,15 +412,15 @@ void APIConnection::finalize_iterator_sync_() {
 }
 
 void APIConnection::process_iterator_batch_(ComponentIterator &iterator) {
-  size_t initial_size = this->deferred_batch_.size();
-  size_t max_batch = MAX_INITIAL_PER_BATCH;
-  while (!iterator.completed() && (this->deferred_batch_.size() - initial_size) < max_batch) {
-    iterator.advance();
-  }
+  // Budget by remaining batch capacity so a pass cannot overfill the batch;
+  // stops early on a refused send and resumes next loop pass
+  size_t batch_size = this->deferred_batch_.size();
+  if (batch_size < MAX_INITIAL_BATCH_SIZE)
+    iterator.try_advance(MAX_INITIAL_BATCH_SIZE - batch_size);
 
-  // If the batch is full, process it immediately
-  // Note: iterator.advance() already calls schedule_batch_() via schedule_message_()
-  if (this->deferred_batch_.size() >= max_batch) {
+  // Flush immediately once enough is queued (not guaranteed every pass);
+  // partial batches go out via the batch timer or finalize_iterator_sync_()
+  if (this->deferred_batch_.size() >= MAX_INITIAL_BATCH_SIZE) {
     this->process_batch_();
   }
 }

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ void log_dropped_message(const char *tag, int line, const LogString *what);
 
 // Keepalive timeout in milliseconds
 static constexpr uint32_t KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS = 60000;
-// Maximum number of entities to process in a single batch during initial state/info sending
-static constexpr size_t MAX_INITIAL_PER_BATCH = 34;
+// Deferred batch size cap during initial state/info sync
+static constexpr size_t MAX_INITIAL_BATCH_SIZE = 34;
 // Verify MAX_MESSAGES_PER_BATCH (defined in api_frame_helper.h) can hold the initial batch
-static_assert(MAX_MESSAGES_PER_BATCH >= MAX_INITIAL_PER_BATCH,
-              "MAX_MESSAGES_PER_BATCH must be >= MAX_INITIAL_PER_BATCH");
+static_assert(MAX_MESSAGES_PER_BATCH >= MAX_INITIAL_BATCH_SIZE,
+              "MAX_MESSAGES_PER_BATCH must be >= MAX_INITIAL_BATCH_SIZE");
 
 #ifdef USE_BENCHMARK
 class APIConnection;

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.h

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ static constexpr uint16_t MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE = 32768;  // 32 KiB for ESP32 and oth
 static constexpr uint16_t RX_BUF_NULL_TERMINATOR = 1;
 
 // Maximum number of messages to batch in a single write operation
-// Must be >= MAX_INITIAL_PER_BATCH in api_connection.h (enforced by static_assert there)
+// Must be >= MAX_INITIAL_BATCH_SIZE in api_connection.h (enforced by static_assert there)
 static constexpr size_t MAX_MESSAGES_PER_BATCH = 34;
 
 // Max client name length (e.g., "Home Assistant 2026.1.0.dev0" = 28 chars)

esphome/components/api/list_entities.cpp

@@ -95,9 +95,17 @@ bool ListEntitiesIterator::on_end() { return this->client_->send_list_info_done(
 ListEntitiesIterator::ListEntitiesIterator(APIConnection *client) : client_(client) {}
 
 #ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
+// Yield after every Nth service; bounds direct (non-batched) writes per loop pass
+static constexpr uint8_t SERVICE_YIELD_INTERVAL = 3;
+
 bool ListEntitiesIterator::on_service(UserServiceDescriptor *service) {
   auto resp = service->encode_list_service_response();
-  return this->client_->send_message(resp);
+  if (!this->client_->send_message(resp))
+    return false;
+  // at_ is this service's index
+  if ((this->at_ + 1) % SERVICE_YIELD_INTERVAL == 0)
+    this->yield_after_step_();
+  return true;
 }
 #endif
 

esphome/components/binary_sensor/__init__.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from esphome.automation import Condition, maybe_simple_id
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import mqtt, web_server, zigbee
 from esphome.components.const import CONF_ON_STATE_CHANGE
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_defines
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_DELAY,
@@ -560,6 +561,11 @@ _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS = (
 async def _build_binary_sensor_automations(var, config):
     await automation.build_callback_automations(var, config, _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS)
 
+    if config.get(CONF_ON_CLICK) or config.get(CONF_ON_DOUBLE_CLICK):
+        cg.add_define("USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER")
+    if config.get(CONF_ON_MULTI_CLICK):
+        cg.add_define("USE_BINARY_SENSOR_MULTI_CLICK_TRIGGER")
+
     for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_CLICK, []):
         trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(
             conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], var, conf[CONF_MIN_LENGTH], conf[CONF_MAX_LENGTH]
@@ -673,3 +679,15 @@ async def to_code(config):
 async def binary_sensor_invalidate_state_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
     paren = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
     return cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg, paren)
+
+
+# automation.cpp only implements the click/double_click/multi_click triggers
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_defines(
+    {
+        "automation.cpp": (
+            "USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER",
+            "USE_BINARY_SENSOR_MULTI_CLICK_TRIGGER",
+        ),
+        "filter.cpp": "USE_BINARY_SENSOR_FILTER",
+    }
+)

esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#if defined(USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER) || defined(USE_BINARY_SENSOR_MULTI_CLICK_TRIGGER)
+
 #include "automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
+#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR_MULTI_CLICK_TRIGGER
+
 static const char *const TAG = "binary_sensor.automation";
 
 // MultiClickTrigger timeout IDs.
@@ -120,6 +125,9 @@ void MultiClickTriggerBase::trigger_() {
   this->trigger();
 }
 
+#endif  // USE_BINARY_SENSOR_MULTI_CLICK_TRIGGER
+
+#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER
 bool match_interval(uint32_t min_length, uint32_t max_length, uint32_t length) {
   if (max_length == 0) {
     return length >= min_length;
@@ -127,4 +135,8 @@ bool match_interval(uint32_t min_length, uint32_t max_length, uint32_t length) {
     return length >= min_length && length <= max_length;
   }
 }
+#endif  // USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER
+
 }  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor
+
+#endif  // USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER || USE_BINARY_SENSOR_MULTI_CLICK_TRIGGER

esphome/components/ble_device_base/__init__.py

@@ -206,32 +206,36 @@ def validate_scan_parameters(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     interval = config[CONF_INTERVAL]
     window = config[CONF_WINDOW]
 
-    if window > interval:
-        raise cv.Invalid(
-            f"Scan window ({window}) needs to be smaller than scan interval ({interval})"
-        )
+    # Labels are reused in every error below; the optional one names its key.
+    windows = [("Scan window", window)]
+    if (connection_window := config.get(CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW)) is not None:
+        windows.append((CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW, connection_window))
+
+    for name, value in windows:
+        if value > interval:
+            raise cv.Invalid(
+                f"{name} ({value}) needs to be smaller than scan interval ({interval})"
+            )
 
     # BLE scan interval/window are programmed in 0.625 ms units as a 16-bit value; the
     # controller only accepts 2.5 ms .. 10240 ms (0x0004 .. 0x4000). Reject out-of-range
     # values here instead of letting the unit conversion silently overflow.
-    for name, value in (("interval", interval), ("window", window)):
+    for name, value in (("Scan interval", interval), *windows):
         if value.total_microseconds < 2500 or value.total_microseconds > 10_240_000:
-            raise cv.Invalid(
-                f"Scan {name} ({value}) must be between 2.5 ms and 10240 ms"
-            )
+            raise cv.Invalid(f"{name} ({value}) must be between 2.5 ms and 10240 ms")
 
     # Validate what actually reaches the controller: both values are truncated to
     # whole 0.625 ms units, so a window/interval pair that differs by less than one
     # unit collapses to the same value — silently programming a 100 % duty cycle
     # (radio permanently on) from a config that asked for less.
     interval_units = to_ble_units(interval)
-    window_units = to_ble_units(window)
-    if window_units == interval_units and window < interval:
-        raise cv.Invalid(
-            f"Scan window ({window}) and interval ({interval}) both truncate to "
-            f"{interval_units} x 0.625 ms, which the controller scans at a 100 % duty "
-            f"cycle. Separate them by at least 0.625 ms."
-        )
+    for name, value in windows:
+        if to_ble_units(value) == interval_units and value < interval:
+            raise cv.Invalid(
+                f"{name} ({value}) and interval ({interval}) both truncate to "
+                f"{interval_units} x 0.625 ms, which the controller scans at a 100 % duty "
+                f"cycle. Separate them by at least 0.625 ms."
+            )
 
     if interval.total_microseconds * 3 > duration.total_microseconds:
         raise cv.Invalid(
@@ -247,11 +251,14 @@ def validate_scan_parameters(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
 # their own; also the fallback for esp32's conditional default.
 DEFAULT_SCAN_WINDOW = "30ms"
 
+CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW = "connection_scan_window"
+
 
 def scan_parameters_schema(
     interval_default: str,
     *,
     window_default: str | Callable[[], TimePeriod] = DEFAULT_SCAN_WINDOW,
+    connection_window: bool = False,
 ) -> cv.All:
     """Build the scan_parameters value schema shared by all BLE trackers.
 
@@ -263,7 +270,9 @@ def scan_parameters_schema(
     can adjust it once sibling keys are resolved). The `active` option
     (default on) is unconditional: active scanning is part of the tracker
     contract — every current proxy client assumes it, so a passive-only
-    tracker must not share this schema.
+    tracker must not share this schema. connection_window opts in to the
+    `connection_scan_window` option for trackers that can fall back to a
+    smaller window while a GATT connection is active.
     """
     schema = {
         cv.Optional(CONF_DURATION, default="5min"): cv.positive_time_period_seconds,
@@ -272,6 +281,8 @@ def scan_parameters_schema(
         cv.Optional(CONF_CONTINUOUS, default=True): cv.boolean,
         cv.Optional(CONF_ACTIVE, default=True): cv.boolean,
     }
+    if connection_window:
+        schema[cv.Optional(CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW)] = cv.positive_time_period
     return cv.All(cv.Schema(schema), validate_scan_parameters)
 
 

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from typing import Any
 from esphome import yaml_util
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components.const import CONF_ENABLE_OTA_DOWNGRADE_PROTECTION
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_defines
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ADVANCED,
@@ -3451,3 +3452,10 @@ def process_stacktrace(config, line, backtrace_state):
             _decode_pc(config, addr.group())
 
     return backtrace_state
+
+
+# gpio.cpp only implements ESP32InternalGPIOPin and its ISR helpers, which
+# are instantiated solely by the pin schema codegen (esp32_pin_to_code)
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_defines(
+    {"gpio.cpp": "USE_ESP32_INTERNAL_GPIO"}
+)

esphome/components/esp32/crash_handler.cpp

@@ -124,6 +124,15 @@ static uint8_t IRAM_ATTR capture_riscv_backtrace(RvExcFrame *frame, uint32_t *ou
 // Version is uint32_t because it would be padded to 4 bytes anyway before the next
 // uint32_t field, so we use the full width rather than wasting 3 bytes of padding.
 static constexpr uint32_t CRASH_DATA_VERSION = 4;
+#if CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ARCH_XTENSA
+// EXCCAUSE is a 6-bit register; larger recorded values mean the frame's
+// cause/vaddr slots were never written (not a real exception frame).
+static constexpr uint32_t XTENSA_EXCCAUSE_COUNT = XCHAL_EXCCAUSE_NUM;
+#elif CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ARCH_RISCV
+// Synchronous mcause exception codes are small and have no interrupt bit;
+// anything else in a non-pseudo record is a stale slot.
+static constexpr uint32_t RISCV_EXCEPTION_CAUSE_COUNT = 32;
+#endif
 struct RawCrashData {
   uint32_t version;
   uint32_t magic;
@@ -198,10 +207,28 @@ void crash_handler_clear() {
   s_raw_crash_data.magic = 0;
 }
 
+// Whether the cause slot was written by a real exception frame.
+static bool cause_slot_was_written() {
+#if CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ARCH_XTENSA
+  return s_raw_crash_data.cause < XTENSA_EXCCAUSE_COUNT;
+#else
+  return s_raw_crash_data.cause < RISCV_EXCEPTION_CAUSE_COUNT;
+#endif
+}
+
 // Look up the exception cause as a human-readable string.
 // Tables mirror ESP-IDF's panic_arch_fill_info() which uses local static arrays
 // not exposed via any public API.
 static const char *get_exception_reason() {
+  uint8_t exception = s_raw_crash_data.exception;
+  if (exception == PANIC_EXCEPTION_ABORT || exception == PANIC_EXCEPTION_TWDT) {
+    // Abort-class panics carry no cause register
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  if (!cause_slot_was_written()) {
+    // Garbage from old-build or corrupt records; report just the type
+    return nullptr;
+  }
 #if CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_ARCH_XTENSA
   if (s_raw_crash_data.pseudo_excause) {
     // SoC-level panic: watchdog, cache error, etc.
@@ -354,10 +381,11 @@ static const char *const FAULT_ADDR_REG = "MTVAL";
 static const char *const FAULT_ADDR_REG_LOWER = "mtval";
 #endif
 
-// Whether the fault address is meaningful — real CPU faults only, not
-// aborts/watchdogs or SoC-level pseudo exceptions.
+// Whether the fault address is meaningful: real CPU faults with a validly
+// written frame only.
 static bool has_fault_addr() {
-  return s_raw_crash_data.exception == PANIC_EXCEPTION_FAULT && !s_raw_crash_data.pseudo_excause;
+  return s_raw_crash_data.exception == PANIC_EXCEPTION_FAULT && !s_raw_crash_data.pseudo_excause &&
+         cause_slot_was_written();
 }
 
 // The record was captured by a different firmware build (it survives soft
@@ -458,6 +486,10 @@ void crash_handler_log() {
 // into NOINIT memory before the normal panic handler runs.
 //
 extern "C" {
+// Set by IDF's task watchdog (task_wdt.c, no header) before it simulates an
+// abort; weak so builds without the task watchdog still link.
+extern bool g_twdt_isr __attribute__((weak));
+
 // NOLINTBEGIN(bugprone-reserved-identifier,cert-dcl37-c,cert-dcl51-cpp,readability-identifier-naming)
 // Names are mandated by the --wrap linker mechanism
 extern void __real_esp_panic_handler(panic_info_t *info);
@@ -470,6 +502,14 @@ void IRAM_ATTR __wrap_esp_panic_handler(panic_info_t *info) {
   s_raw_crash_data.exception = (uint8_t) info->exception;
   s_raw_crash_data.pseudo_excause = info->pseudo_excause ? 1 : 0;
   s_raw_crash_data.crashed_core = (uint8_t) info->core;
+  if (g_panic_abort) {
+    // IDF reclassifies to ABORT only inside esp_panic_handler(), after this
+    // wrapper captured info->exception; correct it here. TWDT is our own
+    // distinction (IDF never assigns PANIC_EXCEPTION_TWDT). The abort text is
+    // not stored; the symbolized backtrace already identifies the site.
+    bool is_twdt = &g_twdt_isr != nullptr && g_twdt_isr;
+    s_raw_crash_data.exception = (uint8_t) (is_twdt ? PANIC_EXCEPTION_TWDT : PANIC_EXCEPTION_ABORT);
+  }
   // Zero unconditionally so a null frame doesn't leave stale .noinit data from a previous boot
   s_raw_crash_data.cause = 0;
   s_raw_crash_data.fault_addr = 0;
@@ -487,8 +527,12 @@ void IRAM_ATTR __wrap_esp_panic_handler(panic_info_t *info) {
   // Xtensa: walk the backtrace using the public API
   if (info->frame != nullptr) {
     auto *xt_frame = (XtExcFrame *) info->frame;
-    s_raw_crash_data.cause = xt_frame->exccause;
-    s_raw_crash_data.fault_addr = xt_frame->excvaddr;
+    if (!g_panic_abort) {
+      // Abort-class frames carry no useful cause/vaddr: TWDT task snapshots
+      // never wrote them and abort() traps describe only the synthetic trap.
+      s_raw_crash_data.cause = xt_frame->exccause;
+      s_raw_crash_data.fault_addr = xt_frame->excvaddr;
+    }
     s_raw_crash_data.backtrace_count = walk_xtensa_backtrace(xt_frame, s_raw_crash_data.backtrace, MAX_BACKTRACE);
   }
 
@@ -510,8 +554,11 @@ void IRAM_ATTR __wrap_esp_panic_handler(panic_info_t *info) {
   // RISC-V: capture MEPC + RA, then scan stack for code addresses
   if (info->frame != nullptr) {
     auto *rv_frame = (RvExcFrame *) info->frame;
-    s_raw_crash_data.cause = rv_frame->mcause;
-    s_raw_crash_data.fault_addr = rv_frame->mtval;
+    if (!g_panic_abort) {
+      // See the Xtensa branch: abort-class frames carry no valid cause/vaddr.
+      s_raw_crash_data.cause = rv_frame->mcause;
+      s_raw_crash_data.fault_addr = rv_frame->mtval;
+    }
     s_raw_crash_data.backtrace_count =
         capture_riscv_backtrace(rv_frame, s_raw_crash_data.backtrace, MAX_BACKTRACE, &s_raw_crash_data.reg_frame_count);
   }

esphome/components/esp32/gpio.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+// Also defines the core ISRInternalGPIOPin methods; those are only reachable
+// via ESP32InternalGPIOPin::to_isr(), so the same define gates both safely.
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_ESP32_INTERNAL_GPIO)
 
 #include "gpio.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
@@ -204,4 +207,4 @@ void IRAM_ATTR ISRInternalGPIOPin::pin_mode(gpio::Flags flags) {
 
 }  // namespace esphome
 
-#endif  // USE_ESP32
+#endif  // USE_ESP32 && USE_ESP32_INTERNAL_GPIO

esphome/components/esp32/gpio.py

@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ ESP32_PIN_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 
 @pins.PIN_SCHEMA_REGISTRY.register(PLATFORM_ESP32, ESP32_PIN_SCHEMA)
 async def esp32_pin_to_code(config):
+    cg.add_define("USE_ESP32_INTERNAL_GPIO")
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
     num = config[CONF_NUMBER]
     cg.add(var.set_pin(getattr(gpio_num_t, f"GPIO_NUM_{num}")))

esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/__init__.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import ble_device_base, esp32_ble, ota
+from esphome.components.ble_device_base import CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW
 from esphome.components.const import CONF_ON_SCAN_END, CONF_SCAN_PARAMETERS, CONF_WINDOW
 from esphome.components.esp32 import (
     add_idf_sdkconfig_option,
@@ -73,8 +74,9 @@ def _get_required_features() -> set[BLEFeatures]:
 
 # Slot counters sizing the tracker's StaticVector storage; one request per
 # registered listener or client.
+CLIENT_COUNT_DEFINE = "ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT"
 _request_listener_slot = cg.slot_counter("ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_LISTENER_COUNT")
-_request_client_slot = cg.slot_counter("ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT")
+_request_client_slot = cg.slot_counter(CLIENT_COUNT_DEFINE)
 
 
 def register_ble_features(features: set[BLEFeatures]) -> None:
@@ -147,6 +149,7 @@ class TrackerData:
     """Per-run validation state, namespaced under DOMAIN in CORE.data."""
 
     scan_window_defaulted: bool = False
+    connection_window_injected: bool = False
 
 
 def _get_data() -> TrackerData:
@@ -175,17 +178,34 @@ def _raise_defaulted_scan_window(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
     honors the window strictly (>= 5.5.5); without the arbiter a full-duty
     scan would starve wifi outright, and a user-set window is never touched.
     Raising to the interval cannot invalidate the already-validated
-    parameters, so no re-validation is needed.
+    parameters, so no re-validation is needed. The connection window is
+    checked against the window here, after the raise.
     """
+    params = config[CONF_SCAN_PARAMETERS]
     if (
         _get_data().scan_window_defaulted
         and config.get(CONF_SOFTWARE_COEXISTENCE)
         and idf_version() >= IDF_SCAN_WINDOW_FIX_VERSION
     ):
-        params = config[CONF_SCAN_PARAMETERS]
         # Copy so the config dump shows a plain value instead of a YAML
         # anchor/alias pair pointing at the interval.
         params[CONF_WINDOW] = copy.copy(params[CONF_INTERVAL])
+        # Arm the connection-time fallback unless the user set one. Injected
+        # after validation; safe because it equals the validated window default.
+        if CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW not in params:
+            params[CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW] = cv.positive_time_period(
+                ble_device_base.DEFAULT_SCAN_WINDOW
+            )
+            _get_data().connection_window_injected = True
+    if (
+        connection_window := params.get(CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW)
+    ) is not None and connection_window > params[CONF_WINDOW]:
+        # A larger value would widen the scan during connections.
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"{CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW} ({connection_window}) needs to be "
+            f"smaller than the scan window ({params[CONF_WINDOW]})",
+            path=[CONF_SCAN_PARAMETERS, CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW],
+        )
     return config
 
 
@@ -194,7 +214,7 @@ def _raise_defaulted_scan_window(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
 # window/interval pairs that collapse to the same 0.625 ms unit count.
 # The window default is conditional (see _scan_window_default above).
 SCAN_PARAMETERS_SCHEMA = ble_device_base.scan_parameters_schema(
-    "320ms", window_default=_scan_window_default
+    "320ms", window_default=_scan_window_default, connection_window=True
 )
 
 # Codegen helpers are owned by ble_device_base; kept under the historical names
@@ -288,6 +308,25 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     cg.add(var.set_scan_duration(params[CONF_DURATION]))
     cg.add(var.set_scan_interval(ble_device_base.to_ble_units(params[CONF_INTERVAL])))
     cg.add(var.set_scan_window(ble_device_base.to_ble_units(params[CONF_WINDOW])))
+    if (connection_window := params.get(CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW)) is not None:
+        # Emitted at FINAL so a scan-only build, where the guarded C++ path
+        # compiles out, skips the call entirely.
+        window_units = ble_device_base.to_ble_units(connection_window)
+
+        @coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.FINAL)
+        async def _emit_connection_scan_window() -> None:
+            if cg.get_slot_count(CLIENT_COUNT_DEFINE):
+                cg.add(var.set_connection_scan_window(window_units))
+            elif not _get_data().connection_window_injected:
+                # Warn only for a user-set value; the injected default drops silently.
+                _LOGGER.warning(
+                    "'%s' has no effect because this build has no BLE client "
+                    "components (for example bluetooth_proxy with active "
+                    "connections, or ble_client)",
+                    CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW,
+                )
+
+        CORE.add_job(_emit_connection_scan_window)
     cg.add(var.set_scan_active(params[CONF_ACTIVE]))
     cg.add(var.set_scan_continuous(params[CONF_CONTINUOUS]))
 

esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/esp32_ble_tracker.cpp

@@ -122,6 +122,9 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::loop() {
   // - start_scan_(): scanner_state_ becomes IDLE via set_scanner_state_() in cleanup_scan_state_()
   // - try_promote_discovered_clients_(): client enters DISCOVERED via set_state(), or
   //   connecting client finishes (state change), or scanner reaches RUNNING/IDLE
+  // - connection-window restart: scan_params_ is only written in start_scan_()
+  //   (which changes scanner state via set_scanner_state_()), and
+  //   counts.active/disconnecting only change on client state changes
   //
   // All conditions that affect the logic below are tied to state changes that increment
   // state_version_, so the fast path is safe.
@@ -144,6 +147,19 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::loop() {
       (this->scan_set_param_failed_ && this->scanner_state_ == ScannerState::RUNNING)) {
     this->handle_scanner_failure_();
   }
+
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  // The programmed window no longer matches the connection state (typically
+  // the last connection dropped): restart so the right window applies now
+  // instead of at the end of the scan period. Continuous only (a user-started
+  // scan would not restart); !disconnecting matches the restart gate below.
+  if (this->scanner_state_ == ScannerState::RUNNING && this->scan_continuous_ && !counts.disconnecting &&
+      this->scan_params_.scan_window != this->desired_scan_window_(counts.active)) {
+    // Same logical scan period continues: no on_scan_end sweeps for this
+    // restart. Only armed when the stop was issued.
+    this->skip_next_scan_end_ = this->stop_scan_();
+  }
+#endif
   /*
 
     Avoid starting the scanner if:
@@ -195,19 +211,23 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::stop_scan() {
   // reason at D themselves, and the user-facing stop action is deliberate.
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Stopping scan.");
   this->scan_continuous_ = false;
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  // The window-change restart is abandoned with continuous scanning.
+  this->skip_next_scan_end_ = false;
+#endif
   this->stop_scan_();
 }
 
 void ESP32BLETracker::ble_before_disabled_event_handler() { this->stop_scan_(); }
 
-void ESP32BLETracker::stop_scan_() {
+bool ESP32BLETracker::stop_scan_() {
   if (this->scanner_state_ != ScannerState::RUNNING && this->scanner_state_ != ScannerState::FAILED) {
     // IDLE means there is nothing to stop; STOPPING means a stop is already in
     // flight and will finish on its own. Neither is an error.
     if (this->scanner_state_ != ScannerState::IDLE && this->scanner_state_ != ScannerState::STOPPING) {
       ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot stop scan: %s", this->scanner_state_to_string_(this->scanner_state_));
     }
-    return;
+    return false;
   }
   // Reset timeout state machine when stopping scan
   this->scan_timeout_state_ = ScanTimeoutState::INACTIVE;
@@ -215,8 +235,9 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::stop_scan_() {
   esp_err_t err = esp_ble_gap_stop_scanning();
   if (err != ESP_OK) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_ble_gap_stop_scanning failed: %d", err);
-    return;
+    return false;
   }
+  return true;
 }
 
 void ESP32BLETracker::start_scan_(bool first) {
@@ -230,16 +251,11 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::start_scan_(bool first) {
   }
   this->set_scanner_state_(ScannerState::STARTING);
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Starting scan, set scanner state to STARTING.");
-  if (!first) {
-#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_LISTENER_COUNT
-    for (auto *listener : this->listeners_)
-      listener->on_scan_end();
+  if (!first)
+    this->notify_scan_end_();
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  this->skip_next_scan_end_ = false;
 #endif
-#ifdef ESPHOME_BLE_DEVICE_BASE_LISTENER_COUNT
-    for (auto *listener : this->neutral_listeners_)
-      listener->on_scan_end();
-#endif
-  }
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_BLE_DEVICE
   this->discovered_log_.clear();
 #endif
@@ -247,7 +263,17 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::start_scan_(bool first) {
   this->scan_params_.own_addr_type = BLE_ADDR_TYPE_PUBLIC;
   this->scan_params_.scan_filter_policy = BLE_SCAN_FILTER_ALLOW_ALL;
   this->scan_params_.scan_interval = this->scan_interval_;
-  this->scan_params_.scan_window = this->scan_window_;
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  // Count fresh: an automation can start a scan before loop() refreshes the counts.
+  const uint32_t window = this->desired_scan_window_(this->count_client_states_().active);
+  if (window != this->scan_window_) {
+    // Guarantee the connection airtime instead of scanning wall to wall.
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Connection active, using %" PRIu32 " unit scan window", window);
+  }
+#else
+  const uint32_t window = this->scan_window_;
+#endif
+  this->scan_params_.scan_window = window;
 
   // Start timeout monitoring in loop() instead of using scheduler
   // This prevents false reboots when the loop is blocked
@@ -408,6 +434,11 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::dump_config() {
                 "  Continuous Scanning: %s",
                 this->scan_duration_, this->scan_interval_ * 0.625f, this->scan_window_ * 0.625f,
                 this->scan_active_ ? "ACTIVE" : "PASSIVE", YESNO(this->scan_continuous_));
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  if (this->connection_scan_window_ != 0) {
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Connection Scan Window: %.1f ms", this->connection_scan_window_ * 0.625f);
+  }
+#endif
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "  Scanner State: %s\n"
                 "  Connecting: %d, discovered: %d, disconnecting: %d, active: %d",
@@ -487,6 +518,18 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::cleanup_scan_state_(bool is_stop_complete) {
   // Reset timeout state machine instead of cancelling scheduler timeout
   this->scan_timeout_state_ = ScanTimeoutState::INACTIVE;
 
+  this->notify_scan_end_();
+
+  this->set_scanner_state_(ScannerState::IDLE);
+}
+
+void ESP32BLETracker::notify_scan_end_() {
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  // Window-change restart continues the same scan period; the flag stays set
+  // across the stop and is cleared by the restart in start_scan_.
+  if (this->skip_next_scan_end_)
+    return;
+#endif
 #ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_LISTENER_COUNT
   for (auto *listener : this->listeners_)
     listener->on_scan_end();
@@ -495,8 +538,6 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::cleanup_scan_state_(bool is_stop_complete) {
   for (auto *listener : this->neutral_listeners_)
     listener->on_scan_end();
 #endif
-
-  this->set_scanner_state_(ScannerState::IDLE);
 }
 
 void ESP32BLETracker::handle_scanner_failure_() {
@@ -534,6 +575,8 @@ void ESP32BLETracker::try_promote_discovered_clients_() {
     }
 
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Promoting client to connect");
+    // A connect ends the scan period a window-change restart was continuing.
+    this->skip_next_scan_end_ = false;
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_BLE_SOFTWARE_COEXISTENCE
     this->update_coex_preference_(true);
 #endif

esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/esp32_ble_tracker.h

@@ -169,6 +169,9 @@ class ESP32BLETracker final : public Component,
   void set_scan_duration(uint32_t scan_duration) { scan_duration_ = scan_duration; }
   void set_scan_interval(uint32_t scan_interval) { scan_interval_ = scan_interval; }
   void set_scan_window(uint32_t scan_window) { scan_window_ = scan_window; }
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  void set_connection_scan_window(uint32_t scan_window) { connection_scan_window_ = scan_window; }
+#endif
   void set_scan_active(bool scan_active) { scan_active_ = scan_active; }
   bool get_scan_active() const { return scan_active_; }
   void set_scan_continuous(bool scan_continuous) { scan_continuous_ = scan_continuous; }
@@ -226,7 +229,10 @@ class ESP32BLETracker final : public Component,
   ScannerState get_scanner_state() const { return this->scanner_state_; }
 
  protected:
-  void stop_scan_();
+  /// Returns true when a stop was issued to the controller.
+  bool stop_scan_();
+  /// Fire on_scan_end on every listener unless a window-change restart suppressed it.
+  void notify_scan_end_();
   /// Start a single scan by setting up the parameters and doing some esp-idf calls.
   void start_scan_(bool first);
   /// Called when a `ESP_GAP_BLE_SCAN_RESULT_EVT` event is received.
@@ -313,6 +319,15 @@ class ESP32BLETracker final : public Component,
   uint32_t scan_duration_;
   uint32_t scan_interval_;
   uint32_t scan_window_;
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  /// Window used while a GATT connection is active; set by the user, or
+  /// defaulted when the window was raised to full duty (0 = no fallback).
+  uint32_t connection_scan_window_{0};
+  /// The window to scan at for the given number of active GATT connections.
+  uint32_t desired_scan_window_(uint8_t active) const {
+    return (this->connection_scan_window_ != 0 && active > 0) ? this->connection_scan_window_ : this->scan_window_;
+  }
+#endif
   esp_bt_status_t scan_start_failed_{ESP_BT_STATUS_SUCCESS};
   esp_bt_status_t scan_set_param_failed_{ESP_BT_STATUS_SUCCESS};
 
@@ -330,15 +345,20 @@ class ESP32BLETracker final : public Component,
   /// state_version_ to detect if any state changed since last iteration.
   uint8_t last_processed_version_{0};
   ScannerState scanner_state_{ScannerState::IDLE};
-  bool scan_continuous_;
-  bool scan_active_;
+  // Packed 1-bit flags.
+  bool scan_continuous_ : 1;
+  bool scan_active_ : 1;
 #ifdef USE_OTA_STATE_LISTENER
-  bool scan_continuous_before_ota_{false};
+  bool scan_continuous_before_ota_ : 1 {false};
+#endif
+  bool ble_was_disabled_ : 1 {true};
+  bool parse_advertisements_ : 1 {false};
+#ifdef ESPHOME_ESP32_BLE_TRACKER_CLIENT_COUNT
+  /// Suppress the window-change restart's on_scan_end sweeps (stop and start).
+  bool skip_next_scan_end_ : 1 {false};
 #endif
-  bool ble_was_disabled_{true};
-  bool parse_advertisements_{false};
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_BLE_SOFTWARE_COEXISTENCE
-  bool coex_prefer_ble_{false};
+  bool coex_prefer_ble_ : 1 {false};
 #endif
   // Scan timeout state machine
   enum class ScanTimeoutState : uint8_t {
@@ -346,10 +366,10 @@ class ESP32BLETracker final : public Component,
     MONITORING,     // Actively monitoring for timeout
     EXCEEDED_WAIT,  // Timeout exceeded, waiting one loop before reboot
   };
+  ScanTimeoutState scan_timeout_state_{ScanTimeoutState::INACTIVE};
   uint32_t scan_start_time_{0};
   /// Precomputed timeout value: scan_duration_ * 2000
   uint32_t scan_timeout_ms_{0};
-  ScanTimeoutState scan_timeout_state_{ScanTimeoutState::INACTIVE};
 };
 
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE

esphome/components/esphome/ota/ota_esphome.cpp

@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ void ESPHomeOTAComponent::handle_data_() {
   this->notify_state_(ota::OTA_STARTED, 0.0f, 0);
 #endif
 
-  // begin() may block for a few seconds while it locks flash.
+  // begin() returns quickly; flash sectors are erased incrementally during write().
   error_code = this->backend_->begin(ota_size, ota_type);
   if (error_code != ota::OTA_RESPONSE_OK)
     goto error;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto)

esphome/components/ethernet/ethernet_component.h

@@ -159,9 +159,6 @@ class EthernetComponent final : public Component {
   const char *get_use_address() const { return this->use_address_; }
   void set_use_address(const char *use_address) { this->use_address_ = use_address; }
   void get_eth_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac);
-  // Remove before 2026.9.0
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use get_eth_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer() instead. Removed in 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  std::string get_eth_mac_address_pretty();
   const char *get_eth_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(std::span<char, MAC_ADDRESS_PRETTY_BUFFER_SIZE> buf);
   eth_duplex_t get_duplex_mode();
   eth_speed_t get_link_speed();

esphome/components/ethernet/ethernet_component_esp32.cpp

@@ -928,11 +928,6 @@ void EthernetComponent::get_eth_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac) {
   ESPHL_ERROR_CHECK(err, "ETH_CMD_G_MAC error");
 }
 
-std::string EthernetComponent::get_eth_mac_address_pretty() {
-  char buf[MAC_ADDRESS_PRETTY_BUFFER_SIZE];
-  return std::string(this->get_eth_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(buf));
-}
-
 const char *EthernetComponent::get_eth_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(
     std::span<char, MAC_ADDRESS_PRETTY_BUFFER_SIZE> buf) {
   uint8_t mac[MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE];

esphome/components/ethernet/ethernet_component_rp2.cpp

@@ -249,11 +249,6 @@ void EthernetComponent::get_eth_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac) {
   }
 }
 
-std::string EthernetComponent::get_eth_mac_address_pretty() {
-  char buf[MAC_ADDRESS_PRETTY_BUFFER_SIZE];
-  return std::string(this->get_eth_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(buf));
-}
-
 const char *EthernetComponent::get_eth_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(
     std::span<char, MAC_ADDRESS_PRETTY_BUFFER_SIZE> buf) {
   uint8_t mac[MAC_ADDRESS_SIZE];

esphome/components/http_request/http_request_idf.cpp

@@ -196,6 +196,9 @@ std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> HttpRequestIDF::perform(const std::string &url, c
       }
 
       container->feed_wdt();
+      // IDF is the only backend reusing the container across redirect hops;
+      // drop the previous hop's headers (Arduino/host collect only the final response)
+      container->response_headers_.clear();
       container->content_length = esp_http_client_fetch_headers(client);
       container->set_chunked(esp_http_client_is_chunked_response(client));
       container->feed_wdt();

esphome/components/http_request/ota/ota_http_request.cpp

@@ -64,8 +64,9 @@ void OtaHttpRequestComponent::flash() {
   }
 }
 
-void OtaHttpRequestComponent::cleanup_(ota::OTABackendPtr backend, const std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> &container) {
-  if (this->update_started_) {
+void OtaHttpRequestComponent::cleanup_(ota::OTABackendPtr backend, const std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> &container,
+                                       bool abort_backend) {
+  if (abort_backend) {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Aborting OTA backend");
     backend->abort();
   }
@@ -106,7 +107,8 @@ uint8_t OtaHttpRequestComponent::do_ota_() {
   auto error_code = backend->begin(container->content_length);
   if (error_code != ota::OTA_RESPONSE_OK) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "backend->begin error: %d", error_code);
-    this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container);
+    // Nothing to abort: begin() failed, so no OTA handle was opened
+    this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container, /*abort_backend=*/false);
     return error_code;
   }
 
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ uint8_t OtaHttpRequestComponent::do_ota_() {
       } else {
         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error reading data: %d", bufsize_or_error);
       }
-      this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container);
+      this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container, /*abort_backend=*/true);
       return OTA_CONNECTION_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -150,14 +152,13 @@ uint8_t OtaHttpRequestComponent::do_ota_() {
       md5_receive.add(buf, bufsize_or_error);
 
       // write bytes to OTA backend
-      this->update_started_ = true;
       error_code = backend->write(buf, bufsize_or_error);
       if (error_code != ota::OTA_RESPONSE_OK) {
         // error code explanation available at
         // https://github.com/esphome/esphome/blob/dev/esphome/components/ota/ota_backend.h
         ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error code (%02X) writing binary data to flash at offset %d and size %d", error_code,
                  container->get_bytes_read() - bufsize_or_error, container->content_length);
-        this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container);
+        this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container, /*abort_backend=*/true);
         return error_code;
       }
     }
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ uint8_t OtaHttpRequestComponent::do_ota_() {
   this->md5_computed_ = md5_receive_str;
   if (strncmp(this->md5_computed_.c_str(), this->md5_expected_.c_str(), MD5_SIZE) != 0) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "MD5 computed: %s - Aborting due to MD5 mismatch", this->md5_computed_.c_str());
-    this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container);
+    this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container, /*abort_backend=*/true);
     return ota::OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_MD5_MISMATCH;
   } else {
     backend->set_update_md5(md5_receive_str);
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ uint8_t OtaHttpRequestComponent::do_ota_() {
   error_code = backend->end();
   if (error_code != ota::OTA_RESPONSE_OK) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Error ending update! error_code: %d", error_code);
-    this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container);
+    this->cleanup_(std::move(backend), container, /*abort_backend=*/true);
     return error_code;
   }
 

esphome/components/http_request/ota/ota_http_request.h

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class OtaHttpRequestComponent final : public ota::OTAComponent, public Parented<
   void flash();
 
  protected:
-  void cleanup_(ota::OTABackendPtr backend, const std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> &container);
+  void cleanup_(ota::OTABackendPtr backend, const std::shared_ptr<HttpContainer> &container, bool abort_backend);
   uint8_t do_ota_();
   std::string get_url_with_auth_(const std::string &url);
   bool http_get_md5_();
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ class OtaHttpRequestComponent final : public ota::OTAComponent, public Parented<
   std::string username_{};
   std::string url_{};
   int status_ = -1;
-  bool update_started_ = false;
   static const uint16_t HTTP_RECV_BUFFER = 256;  // the firmware GET chunk size
 };
 

esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/automation.h

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105 {
 
 template<typename... Ts>
-class SetRemoteTemperatureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
+class SetRemoteTemperatureAction final : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, temperature)
 
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ class SetRemoteTemperatureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Mitsubi
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
-class ClearRemoteTemperatureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
+class ClearRemoteTemperatureAction final : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
  public:
   void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->clear_remote_temperature(); }
 };
 
-template<typename... Ts> class VaneControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
+template<typename... Ts> class VaneControlAction final : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   using ApplyFn = void (*)(VaneCall &, const std::remove_cvref_t<Ts> &...);
 

esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/mitsubishi_cn105_climate.cpp

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ climate::ClimateTraits MitsubishiCN105Climate::traits() {
     traits.add_supported_fan_mode(p.second);
   }
 
-  traits.set_supported_swing_modes(this->supported_swing_modes_);
+  traits.set_supported_swing_modes(this->swing_mode_manager_.supported_swing_modes());
 
   const bool use_fahrenheit = this->parent_->get_temperature_mapping().get_use_fahrenheit();
   traits.set_temperature_unit(use_fahrenheit ? TemperatureUnit::FAHRENHEIT : TemperatureUnit::CELSIUS);
@@ -109,33 +109,11 @@ void MitsubishiCN105Climate::control(const climate::ClimateCall &call) {
   }
 
   if (const auto swing_mode = call.get_swing_mode()) {
-    auto vane = this->last_non_swing_vane_mode_;
-    auto wide = this->last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_;
-
-    switch (*swing_mode) {
-      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH:
-        vane = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING;
-        wide = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING;
-        break;
-
-      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL:
-        vane = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING;
-        break;
-
-      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL:
-        wide = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING;
-        break;
-
-      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF:
-      default:
-        break;
+    if (const auto vane = this->swing_mode_manager_.vane_from(*swing_mode)) {
+      this->parent_->set_vane_mode(*vane);
     }
-
-    if (this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL)) {
-      this->parent_->set_vane_mode(vane);
-    }
-    if (this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL)) {
-      this->parent_->set_wide_vane_mode(wide);
+    if (const auto wide = this->swing_mode_manager_.wide_vane_from(*swing_mode)) {
+      this->parent_->set_wide_vane_mode(*wide);
     }
   }
 
@@ -166,64 +144,39 @@ void MitsubishiCN105Climate::apply_values_() {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Unable to map fan mode");
   }
 
-  if (!this->supported_swing_modes_.empty()) {
-    bool vertical_swinging = false;
-    bool horizontal_swinging = false;
-
-    if (this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL)) {
-      if (status.vane_mode == MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING) {
-        vertical_swinging = true;
-      } else if (status.vane_mode != MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN) {
-        this->last_non_swing_vane_mode_ = status.vane_mode;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL)) {
-      if (status.wide_vane_mode == MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING) {
-        horizontal_swinging = true;
-      } else if (status.wide_vane_mode != MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::UNKNOWN) {
-        this->last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_ = status.wide_vane_mode;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (vertical_swinging && horizontal_swinging) {
-      this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH;
-    } else if (vertical_swinging) {
-      this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL;
-    } else if (horizontal_swinging) {
-      this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL;
-    } else {
-      this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF;
-    }
+  if (const auto swing_mode =
+          this->swing_mode_manager_.update_and_get_swing_mode(status.vane_mode, status.wide_vane_mode)) {
+    this->swing_mode = *swing_mode;
   }
 
   this->publish_state();
 }
 
 void MitsubishiCN105Climate::set_supported_swing_mode(climate::ClimateSwingMode mode) {
-  this->supported_swing_modes_.clear();
+  climate::ClimateSwingModeMask supported_swing_modes;
   switch (mode) {
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL:
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
       break;
 
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL:
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
       break;
 
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH:
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
-      this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
+      supported_swing_modes.insert(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
       break;
 
     case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF:
     default:
       break;
   }
+  this->swing_mode_manager_.set_supported_swing_modes(supported_swing_modes);
 }
 
 }  // namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105

esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/mitsubishi_cn105_climate.h

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/components/climate/climate.h"
+#include "mitsubishi_cn105_swing_mode_manager.h"
 
 namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105 {
 
-class MitsubishiCN105Climate : public climate::Climate, public Component, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
+class MitsubishiCN105Climate final : public climate::Climate,
+                                     public Component,
+                                     public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
  public:
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
@@ -25,14 +28,12 @@ class MitsubishiCN105Climate : public climate::Climate, public Component, public
  protected:
   void apply_values_();
 
-  climate::ClimateSwingModeMask supported_swing_modes_{};
-  MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode last_non_swing_vane_mode_{MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::AUTO};
-  MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_{MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER};
+  SwingModeManager swing_mode_manager_;
 };
 
 // Legacy climate action compatibility. Remove in 2027.2.0.
 template<typename... Ts>
-class LegacySetRemoteTemperatureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Climate> {
+class LegacySetRemoteTemperatureAction final : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Climate> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, temperature)
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ class LegacySetRemoteTemperatureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<M
 
 // Legacy climate action compatibility. Remove in 2027.2.0.
 template<typename... Ts>
-class LegacyClearRemoteTemperatureAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Climate> {
+class LegacyClearRemoteTemperatureAction final : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Climate> {
  public:
   void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->clear_remote_temperature(); }
 };

esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/mitsubishi_cn105_component.h

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ struct VaneCall {
   MitsubishiCN105Component *parent_;
 };
 
-class MitsubishiCN105Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
+class MitsubishiCN105Component final : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
  public:
   explicit MitsubishiCN105Component() : hp_(*this) {}
 

esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/mitsubishi_cn105_swing_mode_manager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <optional>
+
+#include "esphome/components/climate/climate.h"
+#include "mitsubishi_cn105.h"
+
+namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105 {
+
+class SwingModeManager final {
+ public:
+  const climate::ClimateSwingModeMask &supported_swing_modes() const { return this->supported_swing_modes_; }
+  void set_supported_swing_modes(const climate::ClimateSwingModeMask &supported_swing_modes) {
+    this->supported_swing_modes_ = supported_swing_modes;
+  }
+
+  std::optional<MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode> vane_from(climate::ClimateSwingMode swing_mode) const {
+    if (!this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL)) {
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    switch (swing_mode) {
+      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH:
+      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL:
+        return MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING;
+      default:
+        return this->last_non_swing_vane_mode_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::optional<MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode> wide_vane_from(climate::ClimateSwingMode swing_mode) const {
+    if (!this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL)) {
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    switch (swing_mode) {
+      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH:
+      case climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL:
+        return MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING;
+      default:
+        return this->last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::optional<climate::ClimateSwingMode> update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode vane_mode,
+                                                                     MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode wide_vane_mode) {
+    if (this->supported_swing_modes_.empty()) {
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    bool vertical_swinging = false;
+    bool horizontal_swinging = false;
+    if (this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL)) {
+      if (vane_mode == MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING) {
+        vertical_swinging = true;
+      } else if (vane_mode != MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN) {
+        this->last_non_swing_vane_mode_ = vane_mode;
+      }
+    }
+    if (this->supported_swing_modes_.count(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL)) {
+      if (wide_vane_mode == MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING) {
+        horizontal_swinging = true;
+      } else if (wide_vane_mode != MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::UNKNOWN) {
+        this->last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_ = wide_vane_mode;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (vertical_swinging && horizontal_swinging) {
+      return climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH;
+    }
+    if (vertical_swinging) {
+      return climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL;
+    }
+    if (horizontal_swinging) {
+      return climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL;
+    }
+    return climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  climate::ClimateSwingModeMask supported_swing_modes_{};
+  MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode last_non_swing_vane_mode_{MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::AUTO};
+  MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_{MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER};
+};
+
+}  // namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105

esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/select/mitsubishi_cn105_vane_select_vertical.h

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 
 namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105 {
 
-class MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelect : public select::Select,
-                                                   public Component,
-                                                   public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
+class MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelect final : public select::Select,
+                                                         public Component,
+                                                         public Parented<MitsubishiCN105Component> {
  public:
   void setup() override;
   void publish_vane_state(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode mode);

esphome/components/modbus/__init__.py

@@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Literal
+from typing import Any, Literal, NamedTuple
 
 from esphome import pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import uart
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_ADDRESS, CONF_DISABLE_CRC, CONF_FLOW_CONTROL_PIN, CONF_ID
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_ADDRESS,
+    CONF_CONTINUOUS,
+    CONF_DISABLE_CRC,
+    CONF_FLOW_CONTROL_PIN,
+    CONF_ID,
+)
 from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj
 from esphome.cpp_helpers import gpio_pin_expression
 import esphome.final_validate as fv
-from esphome.types import ConfigType
+from esphome.types import ConfigType, TemplateArgsType
 
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -48,6 +54,73 @@ CONF_TURNAROUND_TIME = "turnaround_time"
 
 MODBUS_ROLES = ["client", "server"]
 
+
+class _CommandOption(NamedTuple):
+    """One per-command option forwarded to the hub (modbus::CommandOptions)."""
+
+    conf_key: str
+    field: str  # the C++ field, and so the set_<field>() setter name
+    validator: Any  # the static (non-templatable) validator for the key
+    cpp_type: Any  # the C++ type the value is generated as
+    default: Any
+
+
+# Per-direction command options. Single-sourcing the schema and the setter generation here keeps
+# them from drifting; the C++ side must add the matching field per the rules documented on
+# CommandOptions (modbus.h).
+_COMMAND_OPTIONS: dict[str, list[_CommandOption]] = {
+    "read": [_CommandOption(CONF_CONTINUOUS, "continuous", cv.boolean, bool, False)],
+    "write": [],
+}
+
+
+def _command_options(direction: str) -> list[_CommandOption]:
+    try:
+        return _COMMAND_OPTIONS[direction]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError(f"unknown command-options direction {direction!r}") from None
+
+
+def command_options_schema(
+    *, direction: Literal["read", "write"], templatable: bool = False
+) -> dict[cv.Optional, Any]:
+    """Schema fragment for the per-command options a component forwards to the hub
+    (modbus::CommandOptions). Extend this into any schema that queues commands. Keys are
+    direction-specific so a schema never offers an option the hub would strip (e.g.
+    continuous on a write); the write side has no options yet. For actions (templatable=True the
+    keys also accept lambdas), register the values with register_templatable_command_options().
+    """
+    return {
+        cv.Optional(option.conf_key, default=option.default): (
+            cv.templatable(option.validator) if templatable else option.validator
+        )
+        for option in _command_options(direction)
+    }
+
+
+async def register_templatable_command_options(
+    var: MockObj, config: ConfigType, args: TemplateArgsType, direction: str
+) -> None:
+    """Generate the set_<option>() calls for the given direction's command options present in config.
+    Pass the same direction the action's command_options_schema() used, so the keys generated match
+    the ones the schema offered - a write action never emits a read option's setter. Options the
+    schema did not add are simply absent. The consumer's C++ class declares a matching
+    TEMPLATABLE_VALUE per option (e.g. TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, continuous)).
+    """
+    for option in _command_options(direction):
+        if option.conf_key not in config:
+            continue
+        value = config[option.conf_key]
+        # Skip codegen when the value is its C++ zero (TemplatableFn::value() returns T{} when
+        # unset): behaviourally identical, and saves a thunk plus a setup() call per action.
+        if cg.is_template(value) or value != type(value)():
+            cg.add(
+                getattr(var, f"set_{option.field}")(
+                    await cg.templatable(value, args, option.cpp_type)
+                )
+            )
+
+
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.typed_schema(
     {
         "client": cv.Schema(

esphome/components/modbus/modbus.cpp

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ bool ModbusClientHub::tx_buffer_empty() {
   // other states are mid-transaction or owed bookkeeping, not queued sends - and a READY continuous
   // poll does not count either, since it ranks below every one-shot, so a new send goes out first.
   for (const auto &cmd : this->tx_buffer_) {
-    if (cmd.state == FrameState::READY && !cmd.continuous)
+    if (cmd.state == FrameState::READY && !cmd.options.continuous)
       return false;
   }
   return true;
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ bool ModbusDeviceCommand::notify_retired() {
 bool ModbusDeviceCommand::response(std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) {
   this->state = this->state == FrameState::WAITING_RETIRED ? FrameState::RETIRED : FrameState::RECEIVED_RESPONSE;
   // A continuous poll is never consumed by its own response; a one-shot consumes one request here.
-  if (!this->continuous)
+  if (!this->options.continuous)
     this->decrement_pending();
   if (this->device == nullptr)
     return false;
@@ -1070,15 +1070,12 @@ bool ModbusClientHub::queue_pdu(uint8_t address, std::span<const uint8_t> pdu, M
     return false;
   }
 
+  // Normalize the caller's options in place (the param is a by-value copy) so everything stored or
+  // merged below carries effective options, never the raw request.
   // continuous is ignored for every mutating code (re-writing a value forever is never intended).
-  const bool mutates = priority == CommandPriority::WRITE;
-  bool continuous = false;
-  if (options.continuous) {
-    if (mutates) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "continuous is ignored for a mutating function (0x%X, address %" PRIu8 ")", pdu[0], address);
-    } else {
-      continuous = true;
-    }
+  if (options.continuous && priority == CommandPriority::WRITE) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "continuous is ignored for a mutating function (0x%X, address %" PRIu8 ")", pdu[0], address);
+    options.continuous = false;
   }
 
   // A duplicate of a live entry with the same owner is not queued twice; it resolves against that
@@ -1104,10 +1101,10 @@ bool ModbusClientHub::queue_pdu(uint8_t address, std::span<const uint8_t> pdu, M
       }
       return false;  // dropped: no entry, no callbacks - the refusal is the return value
     }
-    if (continuous) {
+    if (options.continuous) {
       item.make_continuous(true);
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Frame already active for %" PRIu8 ", now polled continuously", address);
-    } else if (item.continuous) {
+    } else if (item.options.continuous) {
       // A one-shot duplicate downgrades the poll to a one-shot: it runs one more cycle to serve this
       // request, then stops (mirrors continuous incoming converting a one-shot the other way).
       item.make_continuous(false);
@@ -1140,7 +1137,7 @@ bool ModbusClientHub::queue_pdu(uint8_t address, std::span<const uint8_t> pdu, M
 #endif
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Adding frame to tx queue: %" PRIu8 ":%s", address,
            format_hex_pretty_to(hex_buf, pdu.data(), pdu.size()));
-  this->tx_buffer_.emplace_back(device, address, pdu, continuous, this->next_seq_++);
+  this->tx_buffer_.emplace_back(device, address, pdu, options, this->next_seq_++);
   return true;
 }
 

esphome/components/modbus/modbus.h

@@ -118,6 +118,14 @@ enum class FrameState : uint8_t {
 };
 
 // Per-command send options. Append-only; pass via designated initializers ({.continuous = true}).
+// The queue entry stores this struct whole, so a new field arrives at the queue with no plumbing -
+// but it arrives inert. Every new field must define three rules before it does anything:
+//   1. normalization in queue_pdu() (is it valid for this function code? e.g. continuous is
+//      stripped for mutating codes),
+//   2. a merge rule for when a duplicate send absorbs into a live entry (continuous
+//      upgrades/downgrades via make_continuous(); a new field needs its own answer),
+//   3. teardown: retire() resets the whole struct; silent_retire() leaves it, relying on the sweep
+//      to erase the entry.
 struct CommandOptions {
   // A continuous poll lives in the queue until cancelled or failed; ignored for mutating codes.
   bool continuous{false};
@@ -126,26 +134,29 @@ struct CommandOptions {
 struct ModbusDeviceCommand {
   ModbusClientDevice *device;
   ModbusFrame frame;
-  FrameState state{FrameState::READY};
-  // A continuous poll is a subscription: pending fixed at 1, removed only by cancellation or failure.
-  bool continuous{false};
-  // Accepted requests this entry stands for, capped at max_pending(); drains one terminal each.
-  uint8_t pending{1};
   // Place-in-line stamp (hub's free-running counter); selection takes the oldest for round-robin
-  // fairness within a class. Meant to wrap.
+  // fairness within a class. Meant to wrap. Declared ahead of the byte fields so the tail packs
+  // densely and a growing CommandOptions eats trailing padding before enlarging the struct.
   uint16_t seq{0};
+  FrameState state{FrameState::READY};
+  // Accepted requests this entry stands for, capped at max_pending(); drains one terminal each.
+  // A continuous poll is a subscription: pending fixed at 1, removed only by cancellation or failure.
+  uint8_t pending{1};
+  // The entry's LIVE effective options, not a record of the caller's request: queue_pdu() normalizes
+  // before storing, duplicate absorption mutates continuous via make_continuous(), and retire() resets
+  // the struct (silent_retire() leaves it, relying on the sweep to erase the entry). See the
+  // CommandOptions comment for the rules a new field must define.
+  CommandOptions options;
 
-  // Build a command from a PDU span (caller bounds it to MAX_PDU_SIZE); fully initialized here.
+  // Build a command from a PDU span (caller bounds it to MAX_PDU_SIZE) and pre-normalized options;
+  // fully initialized here.
   ModbusDeviceCommand(ModbusClientDevice *device, uint8_t address, std::span<const uint8_t> pdu,
-                      bool continuous = false, uint16_t seq = 0)
-      : device(device),
-        frame(address, pdu.data(), static_cast<uint16_t>(pdu.size())),
-        continuous(continuous),
-        seq(seq) {}
+                      CommandOptions options = {}, uint16_t seq = 0)
+      : device(device), frame(address, pdu.data(), static_cast<uint16_t>(pdu.size())), seq(seq), options(options) {}
 
   // Transmit ordering class, derived (never stored): a continuous poll ranks below every one-shot.
   CommandPriority priority() const {
-    return this->continuous ? CommandPriority::CONTINUOUS : classify(this->frame.pdu()[0]);
+    return this->options.continuous ? CommandPriority::CONTINUOUS : classify(this->frame.pdu()[0]);
   }
   // Wire-derived class: mutating codes rank WRITE; exception-flagged codes are excluded.
   static CommandPriority classify(uint8_t function_code) {
@@ -161,7 +172,7 @@ struct ModbusDeviceCommand {
   uint8_t max_pending() const {
     const uint8_t fc = this->frame.pdu()[0];
     const bool requeueable = !helpers::is_function_code_exception(fc) && helpers::is_function_code_read_only(fc);
-    return (requeueable && !this->continuous) ? 2 : 1;
+    return (requeueable && !this->options.continuous) ? 2 : 1;
   }
   // Device-scoped clear: detach with no callback (device-less, pending 0). An entry still waiting for
   // a response keeps its state as a reply-ignoring shell that resolves silently; any other goes RETIRED.
@@ -196,11 +207,11 @@ struct ModbusDeviceCommand {
   // retroactively inflating that no-op.
   void make_continuous(bool continuous) {
     if (continuous) {
-      this->continuous = true;
+      this->options.continuous = true;
       this->pending = 1;
     } else {
       this->increment_pending();
-      this->continuous = false;
+      this->options.continuous = false;
     }
   }
   // Address-scoped clear: keep pending and device so the sweep delivers one on_not_sent() per un-run
@@ -218,7 +229,7 @@ struct ModbusDeviceCommand {
     } else if (!this->waiting_state()) {  // an already-retired shell stays put; off the wire -> RETIRED
       this->state = FrameState::RETIRED;
     }
-    this->continuous = false;
+    this->options = {};  // reset every option so a future field is torn down without editing here
   }
 
   // True while the entry is still waiting for a response; the erase pass exempts these even at pending 0.
@@ -253,6 +264,9 @@ struct ModbusDeviceCommand {
   bool notify_retired();
 
   /// True if this command carries the same wire frame (address + PDU) as the given one.
+  /// Cancellation matches the exact frame, not the action instance: a continuous poll whose
+  /// start_address (or other field) is templated produces one poll per distinct frame, and a later
+  /// cancel built from different argument values will not reach the polls it does not byte-match.
   bool same_frame(uint8_t address, std::span<const uint8_t> pdu) const {
     const auto own_pdu = this->frame.pdu();
     return own_pdu.size() == pdu.size() && this->frame.address() == address &&
@@ -618,9 +632,6 @@ class ModbusClientDevice {
   inline void clear_tx_queue_for_address() { this->parent_->clear_tx_queue_for_address(this->address_); }
   inline void clear_tx_queue_for_device() { this->parent_->clear_tx_queue_for_device(this); }
 
-  // If more than one device is connected block sending a new command before a response is received
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use ready_for_immediate_send() instead. Removed in 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  bool waiting_for_response() { return !this->ready_for_immediate_send(); }
   bool ready_for_immediate_send() { return this->parent_->tx_buffer_empty() && !this->parent_->tx_blocked(); }
 
  protected:

esphome/components/modbus_client/__init__.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from esphome.components import modbus
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ADDRESS,
+    CONF_CONTINUOUS,
     CONF_COUNT,
     CONF_ID,
     CONF_ON_ERROR,
@@ -156,16 +157,45 @@ _ACTION_BASE_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
     }
 )
 
-MODBUS_CLIENT_SEND_SCHEMA = _ACTION_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(
-    {
-        cv.Required(CONF_PDU): cv.templatable(
-            cv.All(
-                cv.ensure_list(cv.hex_uint8_t),
-                cv.Length(min=1, max=modbus.MAX_PDU_SIZE),
-            )
-        ),
-        cv.Optional(CONF_ON_RESPONSE): _handler_schema(),
-    }
+# The write codes recognised by modbus::helpers::is_function_code_write() - keep in sync. 0x17
+# (read/write multiple) is included: it mutates, so the hub treats it as a write despite its read half.
+_WRITE_FUNCTION_CODES = frozenset({0x05, 0x06, 0x0F, 0x10, 0x16, 0x17})
+
+
+def _no_continuous_on_write(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
+    """Reject `continuous: true` on a static write PDU: continuous polling only applies to reads.
+    Only the fully-static case is decidable here; the hub strips the flag from mutating PDUs at
+    runtime, so a templated pdu or continuous falls through to that backstop."""
+    pdu = config[CONF_PDU]
+    if (
+        isinstance(pdu, list)
+        and config.get(CONF_CONTINUOUS) is True
+        # Masking the exception bit (0x90 -> 0x10) makes this check stricter than the runtime hub,
+        # whose classify() treats an exception-flagged code as a read and leaves continuous in place.
+        and pdu[0] & 0x7F in _WRITE_FUNCTION_CODES
+    ):
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"'{CONF_CONTINUOUS}: true' does not apply to a write PDU (function code "
+            f"0x{pdu[0]:02X}); continuous polling only applies to reads",
+            path=[CONF_CONTINUOUS],
+        )
+    return config
+
+
+MODBUS_CLIENT_SEND_SCHEMA = cv.All(
+    _ACTION_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(
+        {
+            cv.Required(CONF_PDU): cv.templatable(
+                cv.All(
+                    cv.ensure_list(cv.hex_uint8_t),
+                    cv.Length(min=1, max=modbus.MAX_PDU_SIZE),
+                )
+            ),
+            **modbus.command_options_schema(direction="read", templatable=True),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_ON_RESPONSE): _handler_schema(),
+        }
+    ),
+    _no_continuous_on_write,
 )
 
 
@@ -174,6 +204,7 @@ async def register_client_action(
     config: ConfigType,
     args: TemplateArgsType,
     response_args: TemplateArgsType,
+    command_direction: str = "read",
 ) -> cg.MockObj:
     """Wire the shared action plumbing: hub parent, templated device address, outcome triggers.
 
@@ -235,6 +266,12 @@ async def register_client_action(
         await automation.build_automation(
             var.get_not_sent_trigger(), [(_PDU_SPAN, "request")], not_sent_conf
         )
+    # Wire any command options the action's schema opted into (e.g. continuous on reads). Pass the
+    # matching direction so a write action never generates a read option's setter; the write side
+    # has no options yet, so this is a no-op there.
+    await modbus.register_templatable_command_options(
+        var, config, args, command_direction
+    )
     return var
 
 
@@ -318,6 +355,7 @@ def _read_schema(max_count: int) -> cv.All:
                 cv.Optional(CONF_COUNT, default=1): cv.templatable(
                     cv.int_range(min=1, max=max_count)
                 ),
+                **modbus.command_options_schema(direction="read", templatable=True),
             }
         ),
         _no_address_overflow(CONF_COUNT),
@@ -379,7 +417,9 @@ async def read_input_registers_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
 async def _write_single_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args, value_type):
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg)
     cg.add(var.set_value(await cg.templatable(config[CONF_VALUE], args, value_type)))
-    return await register_client_action(var, config, args, [])
+    return await register_client_action(
+        var, config, args, [], command_direction="write"
+    )
 
 
 @automation.register_action(
@@ -458,7 +498,9 @@ async def write_multiple_registers_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args
         arr_id = ID(f"{action_id}_values", is_declaration=True, type=cg.uint16)
         arr = cg.static_const_array(arr_id, cg.ArrayInitializer(*values))
         cg.add(var.set_values_static(arr, len(values)))
-    return await register_client_action(var, config, args, [])
+    return await register_client_action(
+        var, config, args, [], command_direction="write"
+    )
 
 
 @automation.register_action(
@@ -482,7 +524,9 @@ async def write_multiple_coils_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
         arr_id = ID(f"{action_id}_values", is_declaration=True, type=cg.uint8)
         arr = cg.static_const_array(arr_id, cg.ArrayInitializer(*packed))
         cg.add(var.set_values_static(arr, len(values)))
-    return await register_client_action(var, config, args, [])
+    return await register_client_action(
+        var, config, args, [], command_direction="write"
+    )
 
 
 # Read/write multiple registers (FC 0x17) writes one register block and reads another in a single

esphome/components/modbus_client/modbus_client.h

@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ClientActionBase : public Action<Ts...>, public m
   /// resolves through on_sent() alone), so resolve refusals here via on_not_sent.
   /// Takes a span, not a PduBuffer: the builders return right-sized buffers (a read PDU is 5 bytes), and
   /// a PduBuffer parameter would widen each one to the 253-byte maximum just to cross the call.
-  void send_or_resolve_(std::span<const uint8_t> pdu) {
-    if (!this->queue_pdu(pdu))
+  void send_or_resolve_(std::span<const uint8_t> pdu, modbus::CommandOptions options = {}) {
+    if (!this->queue_pdu(pdu, options))
       this->on_not_sent(pdu);
   }
 
@@ -80,6 +80,26 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ClientActionBase : public Action<Ts...>, public m
   retry_func_t retry_func_{nullptr};
 };
 
+/// The read-side per-command options (modbus::CommandOptions), declared once for every action that
+/// sends a read. Each option is templatable, so it cannot be built in Python the way modbus_controller
+/// builds its static struct; declaring the values here instead of per action means a new read option
+/// costs one TEMPLATABLE_VALUE plus one field below, and every read action picks it up.
+/// The read/write split mirrors _COMMAND_OPTIONS in the modbus component's Python
+/// (command_options_schema(direction="read") adds exactly these keys). When a write-side option
+/// arrives it gets a WriteCommandOptions twin, so write actions never carry read-only members.
+template<typename... Ts> class ReadCommandOptions {
+ public:
+  // Poll: re-queue after each success until downgraded (replay with false) or failed. The hub strips
+  // it for mutating function codes at the door (see modbus::CommandOptions).
+  TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, continuous)
+
+ protected:
+  /// The options for this send, with every templatable value resolved against the action's arguments.
+  modbus::CommandOptions command_options_(const Ts &...x) const {
+    return {.continuous = this->continuous_.value(x...)};
+  }
+};
+
 /// modbus_client.send: fire a raw PDU (function code + data; the hub adds address and CRC). The reply is
 /// delivered raw - on_response(request, response) - deliberately bypassing the typed dispatch, so
 /// non-standard/custom transactions pass through untouched.
@@ -87,7 +107,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ClientActionBase : public Action<Ts...>, public m
 /// modbus::helpers::create_*_pdu() builders and return it directly (smaller builder results convert).
 /// A PduBuffer drops bytes past modbus::MAX_PDU_SIZE without reporting it (the hub's oversize check
 /// cannot fire - that limit is the capacity), so an over-long lambda-built PDU is silently truncated.
-template<typename... Ts> class ModbusClientSendAction : public ClientActionBase<Ts...> {
+template<typename... Ts>
+class ModbusClientSendAction : public ClientActionBase<Ts...>, public ReadCommandOptions<Ts...> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(modbus::helpers::PduBuffer, pdu)
 
@@ -95,7 +116,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ModbusClientSendAction : public ClientActionBase<
     return &this->response_trigger_;
   }
 
-  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->send_or_resolve_(this->pdu_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->send_or_resolve_(this->pdu_.value(x...), this->command_options_(x...)); }
 
   void on_response(std::span<const uint8_t> request_pdu, std::span<const uint8_t> response_pdu) override {
     this->response_trigger_.trigger(request_pdu, response_pdu);
@@ -140,7 +161,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TypedClientActionBase : public ClientActionBase<T
 
 /// modbus_client.read_holding_registers / read_input_registers: on_response delivers the registers in
 /// host byte order as `values` (only valid for the duration of the trigger).
-template<typename... Ts> class ReadRegistersAction : public TypedClientActionBase<Ts...> {
+template<typename... Ts>
+class ReadRegistersAction : public TypedClientActionBase<Ts...>, public ReadCommandOptions<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ReadRegistersAction(bool holding) : holding_(holding) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, start_address)
@@ -152,7 +174,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ReadRegistersAction : public TypedClientActionBas
     const auto function_code =
         this->holding_ ? modbus::FunctionCode::READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS : modbus::FunctionCode::READ_INPUT_REGISTERS;
     this->send_or_resolve_(
-        modbus::helpers::create_read_pdu(function_code, this->start_address_.value(x...), this->count_.value(x...)));
+        modbus::helpers::create_read_pdu(function_code, this->start_address_.value(x...), this->count_.value(x...)),
+        this->command_options_(x...));
   }
   void on_read_registers(modbus::EntityType entity_type, uint16_t start_address, std::span<const uint16_t> registers,
                          modbus::ResponseStatus status) override {
@@ -167,7 +190,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ReadRegistersAction : public TypedClientActionBas
 
 /// modbus_client.read_coils / read_discrete_inputs: on_response delivers the bits as a PackedBits view
 /// (bit 0 = the bit at start_address; only valid for the duration of the trigger).
-template<typename... Ts> class ReadBitsAction : public TypedClientActionBase<Ts...> {
+template<typename... Ts> class ReadBitsAction : public TypedClientActionBase<Ts...>, public ReadCommandOptions<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ReadBitsAction(bool coils) : coils_(coils) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, start_address)
@@ -179,7 +202,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ReadBitsAction : public TypedClientActionBase<Ts.
     const auto function_code =
         this->coils_ ? modbus::FunctionCode::READ_COILS : modbus::FunctionCode::READ_DISCRETE_INPUTS;
     this->send_or_resolve_(
-        modbus::helpers::create_read_pdu(function_code, this->start_address_.value(x...), this->count_.value(x...)));
+        modbus::helpers::create_read_pdu(function_code, this->start_address_.value(x...), this->count_.value(x...)),
+        this->command_options_(x...));
   }
   void on_read_bits(modbus::EntityType entity_type, uint16_t start_address, modbus::PackedBits bits,
                     modbus::ResponseStatus status) override {

esphome/components/online_image/image.py

@@ -4,8 +4,16 @@ from esphome.components import runtime_image
 from esphome.components.const import CONF_REQUEST_HEADERS
 from esphome.components.http_request import CONF_HTTP_REQUEST_ID, HttpRequestComponent
 from esphome.components.image import CONF_TRANSPARENCY, add_metadata
+from esphome.components.runtime_image import IMAGE_FORMATS
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_BUFFER_SIZE, CONF_ID, CONF_ON_ERROR, CONF_TYPE, CONF_URL
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_BUFFER_SIZE,
+    CONF_FORMAT,
+    CONF_ID,
+    CONF_ON_ERROR,
+    CONF_TYPE,
+    CONF_URL,
+)
 from esphome.core import ID, Lambda
 from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj, TemplateArgsType
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
@@ -31,7 +39,6 @@ ReleaseImageAction = online_image_ns.class_(
     "OnlineImageReleaseAction", automation.Action, cg.Parented.template(OnlineImage)
 )
 
-
 ONLINE_IMAGE_SCHEMA = (
     runtime_image.runtime_image_schema(OnlineImage)
     .extend(
@@ -39,6 +46,8 @@ ONLINE_IMAGE_SCHEMA = (
             # Online Image specific options
             cv.GenerateID(CONF_HTTP_REQUEST_ID): cv.use_id(HttpRequestComponent),
             cv.Required(CONF_URL): cv.url,
+            # AUTO (Content-Type detection) is online_image specific; not in the shared registry
+            cv.Required(CONF_FORMAT): cv.one_of(*IMAGE_FORMATS, "AUTO", upper=True),
             cv.Optional(CONF_BUFFER_SIZE, default=65536): cv.int_range(256, 65536),
             cv.Optional(CONF_REQUEST_HEADERS): cv.All(
                 cv.Schema({cv.string: cv.templatable(cv.string)})

esphome/components/online_image/online_image.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 #include "online_image.h"
 #include "esphome/components/runtime_image/image_decoder.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include <algorithm>
 
 static const char *const TAG = "online_image";
+static const char *const CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER_NAME = "content-type";
 static const char *const ETAG_HEADER_NAME = "etag";
 static const char *const IF_NONE_MATCH_HEADER_NAME = "if-none-match";
 static const char *const LAST_MODIFIED_HEADER_NAME = "last-modified";
@@ -62,7 +64,8 @@ void OnlineImage::update() {
 
   // Add Accept header based on image format
   const char *accept_mime_type;
-  switch (this->get_format()) {
+  runtime_image::ImageFormat format = this->get_format();
+  switch (format) {
 #ifdef USE_RUNTIME_IMAGE_BMP
     case runtime_image::BMP:
       accept_mime_type = "image/bmp,*/*;q=0.8";
@@ -89,8 +92,8 @@ void OnlineImage::update() {
     headers.push_back(http_request::Header{header.first, header.second.value()});
   }
 
-  this->downloader_ = this->parent_->get(this->url_, headers, {ETAG_HEADER_NAME, LAST_MODIFIED_HEADER_NAME});
-
+  this->downloader_ =
+      this->parent_->get(this->url_, headers, {ETAG_HEADER_NAME, LAST_MODIFIED_HEADER_NAME, CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER_NAME});
   if (this->downloader_ == nullptr) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Download failed.");
     this->end_connection_();
@@ -115,17 +118,54 @@ void OnlineImage::update() {
 
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Starting download");
   size_t total_size = this->downloader_->content_length;
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Content-Length: %zu", total_size);
+
+  if (format == runtime_image::AUTO) {
+    // Try to auto-detect format from Content-Type header
+    auto content_type_header = this->downloader_->get_response_header(CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER_NAME);
+    const char *content_type = content_type_header.c_str();
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Content-Type: %s", content_type);
+    // Includes aliases seen from real servers (older IIS, CDNs, S3)
+    if (str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/bmp") ||
+        str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/x-ms-bmp") ||
+        str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/x-bmp")) {
+      format = runtime_image::BMP;
+    } else if (str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/jpeg") ||
+               str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/jpg")) {
+      format = runtime_image::JPEG;
+    } else if (str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/png") ||
+               str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/x-png")) {
+      format = runtime_image::PNG;
+    } else if (str_contains_ignore_case(content_type, "image/")) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported image type: '%s'", content_type);
+      this->end_connection_();
+      this->download_error_callback_.call();
+      return;
+    } else {
+      // TODO: implement auto-detection in runtime_image by sniffing the first few bytes of the image data
+      if (content_type_header.empty()) {
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Server sent no Content-Type header; cannot determine image format. Set `format:` explicitly");
+      } else {
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Could not determine image format from Content-Type: '%s'. Set `format:` explicitly",
+                 content_type);
+      }
+      this->end_connection_();
+      this->download_error_callback_.call();
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Using image format: %d", format);
 
   // Initialize decoder with the known format
-  if (!this->begin_decode(total_size)) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to initialize decoder for format %d", this->get_format());
+  if (!this->begin_decode(total_size, format)) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to initialize decoder for format %d", format);
     this->end_connection_();
     this->download_error_callback_.call();
     return;
   }
 
   // JPEG requires the complete image in the download buffer before decoding
-  if (this->get_format() == runtime_image::JPEG && total_size > this->download_buffer_.size()) {
+  if (format == runtime_image::JPEG && total_size > this->download_buffer_.size()) {
     this->download_buffer_.resize(total_size);
   }
 

esphome/components/ota/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
+from esphome.config_helpers import (
+    filter_source_files_from_defines,
+    filter_source_files_from_platform,
+)
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ESPHOME,
@@ -171,24 +174,17 @@ _filter_backend_source_files = filter_source_files_from_platform(
 )
 
 
+# USE_OTA_SIGNED_VERIFICATION_MULTI_KEY is set only on ESP32/IDF;
+# USE_OTA_PARTITIONS is set by the esphome OTA platform when
+# allow_partition_access is enabled.
+_filter_define_source_files = filter_source_files_from_defines(
+    {
+        "ota_signature_esp_idf.cpp": "USE_OTA_SIGNED_VERIFICATION_MULTI_KEY",
+        "ota_bootloader_esp_idf.cpp": "USE_OTA_PARTITIONS",
+        "ota_partitions_esp_idf.cpp": "USE_OTA_PARTITIONS",
+    }
+)
+
+
 def FILTER_SOURCE_FILES() -> list[str]:
-    files = _filter_backend_source_files()
-    # ota_signature_esp_idf.cpp implements multi-key OTA signature verification,
-    # compiled only when the esp32 component enables it (external RSA signed
-    # OTA sets USE_OTA_SIGNED_VERIFICATION_MULTI_KEY). The define is set only on
-    # ESP32/IDF, so this also excludes the file on every other platform. Filter
-    # it out otherwise so the (otherwise fully #ifdef'd-out) file isn't opened
-    # and parsed on every build.
-    if not any(
-        define.name == "USE_OTA_SIGNED_VERIFICATION_MULTI_KEY"
-        for define in CORE.defines
-    ):
-        files.append("ota_signature_esp_idf.cpp")
-    # ota_bootloader_esp_idf.cpp and ota_partitions_esp_idf.cpp are fully
-    # #ifdef'd on USE_OTA_PARTITIONS (set by the esphome OTA platform when
-    # allow_partition_access is enabled). Filter them out otherwise for the
-    # same reason as above.
-    if not any(define.name == "USE_OTA_PARTITIONS" for define in CORE.defines):
-        files.append("ota_bootloader_esp_idf.cpp")
-        files.append("ota_partitions_esp_idf.cpp")
-    return files
+    return _filter_backend_source_files() + _filter_define_source_files()

esphome/components/ota/ota_backend.h

@@ -66,6 +66,19 @@ enum OTAResponseTypes {
  */
 bool version_is_older(const char *candidate, const char *reference);
 
+// 64 KiB flash block; the erase granularity the ESP-IDF backend erases ahead with.
+static constexpr size_t OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_SIZE = 64 * 1024;
+
+/** Target erased watermark for lazy block erase-ahead.
+ *
+ * Rounds the write end offset up to a block boundary, clamped to the partition
+ * size. Platform-independent so the arithmetic is host-testable.
+ */
+constexpr size_t next_erase_end(size_t write_end, size_t partition_size) {
+  const size_t rounded = (write_end + OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_SIZE - 1) & ~(OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_SIZE - 1);
+  return rounded < partition_size ? rounded : partition_size;
+}
+
 enum OTAState {
   OTA_COMPLETED = 0,
   OTA_STARTED,

esphome/components/ota/ota_backend_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 #include <esp_ota_ops.h>
-#include <esp_task_wdt.h>
+#include <sdkconfig.h>
 #include <spi_flash_mmap.h>
 #ifdef USE_OTA_DOWNGRADE_PROTECTION
 #include <esp_app_desc.h>
@@ -60,27 +60,38 @@ OTAResponseTypes IDFOTABackend::begin(size_t image_size, ota::OTAType ota_type)
     return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_NO_UPDATE_PARTITION;
   }
 
-  // esp_ota_begin() erases the destination region, which blocks loopTask and
-  // scales with the erase size -- a fixed watchdog overruns on large OTA slots.
-  // An unknown size (0, e.g. web_server uploads) erases the whole partition, so
-  // budget against the bytes actually erased. ~10ms/KiB (conservative
-  // ~100 KiB/s erase) over a 15s floor; panic stays on so a stuck erase still
-  // resets rather than hanging forever.
-  size_t erase_size = image_size;
-  if (erase_size == 0 || erase_size > this->partition_->size) {
-    erase_size = this->partition_->size;
+  // Both lazy-erase paths below replace esp_ota_begin()'s blocking full erase.
+  // Size check replaces the one that erase performed (0 = unknown size,
+  // e.g. web_server uploads).
+  if (image_size != 0 && image_size > this->partition_->size) {
+    return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_ESP32_NOT_ENOUGH_SPACE;
   }
-  const uint32_t erase_budget_ms = 15000 + (erase_size >> 10) * 10;
-  watchdog::WatchdogManager watchdog(erase_budget_ms);
-  esp_err_t err = esp_ota_begin(this->partition_, image_size, &this->update_handle_);
+  this->written_ = 0;
+  esp_err_t err;
+#ifdef USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+  this->erased_end_ = 0;
+  // Unlike esp_ota_begin(), esp_ota_resume() does not reject a running app in
+  // ESP_OTA_IMG_PENDING_VERIFY; that state is unreachable here because the app
+  // was marked valid at boot (esp32/hal.cpp) or just above under USE_OTA_ROLLBACK.
+  // erase_size 0 (!= OTA_WITH_SEQUENTIAL_WRITES) means no erase; erase_ahead_() handles it
+  err = esp_ota_resume(this->partition_, 0, 0, &this->update_handle_);
+#if defined(CONFIG_BOOTLOADER_APP_ROLLBACK_ENABLE) && ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 5, 0)
+  // esp_ota_begin() does this on IDF 5.5+; esp_ota_resume() does not. Prevents
+  // booting a half-written slot after a crash mid-OTA. Not available on the
+  // 5.3.3/5.4.2 backports, whose esp_ota_begin() did not invalidate either.
+  if (err == ESP_OK) {
+    esp_ota_invalidate_inactive_ota_data_slot();
+  }
+#endif
+#else
+  err = esp_ota_begin(this->partition_, OTA_WITH_SEQUENTIAL_WRITES, &this->update_handle_);
+#endif
 
   if (err != ESP_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_ota_begin failed (err=0x%X)", err);
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "OTA begin failed (err=0x%X)", err);
     esp_ota_abort(this->update_handle_);
     this->update_handle_ = 0;
-    if (err == ESP_ERR_INVALID_SIZE) {
-      return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_ESP32_NOT_ENOUGH_SPACE;
-    } else if (err == ESP_ERR_FLASH_OP_TIMEOUT || err == ESP_ERR_FLASH_OP_FAIL) {
+    if (err == ESP_ERR_FLASH_OP_TIMEOUT || err == ESP_ERR_FLASH_OP_FAIL) {
       return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_WRITING_FLASH;
     } else if (err == ESP_ERR_OTA_PARTITION_CONFLICT) {
       // This error appears with 1 factory and 1 ota partition
@@ -120,6 +131,17 @@ OTAResponseTypes IDFOTABackend::write(uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
   if (!this->is_app_or_bootloader_update_()) {
     return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_OTA_TYPE;
   }
+#endif
+  // Overflow can only happen on unknown-size uploads (web_server); known
+  // sizes were rejected in begin().
+  if (this->written_ + len > this->partition_->size) {
+    return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_ESP32_NOT_ENOUGH_SPACE;
+  }
+#ifdef USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+  OTAResponseTypes erase_result = this->erase_ahead_(len);
+  if (erase_result != OTA_RESPONSE_OK) {
+    return erase_result;
+  }
 #endif
   esp_err_t err = esp_ota_write(this->update_handle_, data, len);
   this->md5_.add(data, len);
@@ -127,14 +149,40 @@ OTAResponseTypes IDFOTABackend::write(uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_ota_write failed (err=0x%X)", err);
     if (err == ESP_ERR_OTA_VALIDATE_FAILED) {
       return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_MAGIC;
+    } else if (err == ESP_ERR_INVALID_SIZE) {
+      // Sequential-writes fallback: IDF's lazy erase reports overflow here
+      return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_ESP32_NOT_ENOUGH_SPACE;
     } else if (err == ESP_ERR_FLASH_OP_TIMEOUT || err == ESP_ERR_FLASH_OP_FAIL) {
       return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_WRITING_FLASH;
     }
     return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_UNKNOWN;
   }
+  this->written_ += len;
   return OTA_RESPONSE_OK;
 }
 
+#ifdef USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+OTAResponseTypes IDFOTABackend::erase_ahead_(size_t len) {
+  const size_t end = this->written_ + len;
+  if (this->erased_end_ >= end) {
+    return OTA_RESPONSE_OK;
+  }
+  // Round up to a block boundary, clamped to the partition end; IDF splits the
+  // range into 64 KiB block erases where aligned, sector erases elsewhere.
+  const size_t erase_to = next_erase_end(end, this->partition_->size);
+  // A block erase is one uninterruptible flash op (typically ~150 ms, seconds
+  // on aged flash) and the transfer loop may not have fed the WDT for ~1s.
+  watchdog::WatchdogManager watchdog(15000);
+  esp_err_t err = esp_partition_erase_range(this->partition_, this->erased_end_, erase_to - this->erased_end_);
+  if (err != ESP_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_partition_erase_range failed (err=0x%X)", err);
+    return err == ESP_ERR_INVALID_SIZE ? OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_ESP32_NOT_ENOUGH_SPACE : OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_WRITING_FLASH;
+  }
+  this->erased_end_ = erase_to;
+  return OTA_RESPONSE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
 OTAResponseTypes IDFOTABackend::end() {
   if (this->md5_set_) {
     this->md5_.calculate();
@@ -226,6 +274,10 @@ void IDFOTABackend::abort() {
   // or not an update is in flight.
   esp_ota_abort(this->update_handle_);
   this->update_handle_ = 0;
+  this->written_ = 0;
+#ifdef USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+  this->erased_end_ = 0;
+#endif
 }
 
 }  // namespace esphome::ota

esphome/components/ota/ota_backend_esp_idf.h

@@ -5,8 +5,18 @@
 #include "esphome/components/md5/md5.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 
+#include <esp_idf_version.h>
 #include <esp_ota_ops.h>
 
+// esp_ota_resume() (IDF 5.4.2+, backported to 5.3.3) provides a no-erase OTA
+// handle, letting write() block-erase 64 KiB ahead of the write cursor
+// (~4x faster than the per-sector lazy erase of OTA_WITH_SEQUENTIAL_WRITES,
+// used as fallback on older IDF).
+#if ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 4, 2) || \
+    (ESP_IDF_VERSION >= ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 3, 3) && ESP_IDF_VERSION < ESP_IDF_VERSION_VAL(5, 4, 0))
+#define USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+#endif
+
 namespace esphome::ota {
 
 #ifdef USE_OTA_PARTITIONS
@@ -54,6 +64,9 @@ class IDFOTABackend final {
 #endif
 
  private:
+#ifdef USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+  OTAResponseTypes erase_ahead_(size_t len);
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_OTA_SIGNED_VERIFICATION_MULTI_KEY
   // Accept an image signed by any key the running app trusts (up to 3 blocks),
   // so rotation and backup keys work. Fails closed. Covers app and bootloader.
@@ -62,7 +75,11 @@ class IDFOTABackend final {
   // Keep md5_ first since its digest_ is alignas(32) on DMA-SHA variants; md5_set_ stays last so buf_ packs tightly.
   md5::MD5Digest md5_{};
   esp_ota_handle_t update_handle_{0};
-  const esp_partition_t *partition_;
+  const esp_partition_t *partition_{nullptr};
+  size_t written_{0};  // Bytes handed to esp_ota_write()
+#ifdef USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+  size_t erased_end_{0};  // Erased up to this partition offset; must stay >= written_
+#endif
   char expected_bin_md5_[32];
   bool md5_set_{false};
 #ifdef USE_OTA_PARTITIONS

esphome/components/ota/ota_bootloader_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 #include "ota_backend_esp_idf.h"
 
+#include "esphome/components/watchdog/watchdog.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_OTA_PARTITIONS
@@ -69,12 +70,20 @@ OTAResponseTypes IDFOTABackend::setup_bootloader_staging_() {
     return OTA_RESPONSE_ERROR_BOOTLOADER_VERIFY;
   }
   // Erase full size of the bootloader partition in the staging partition
-  // to avoid copying old data to the bootloader partition later
+  // to avoid copying old data to the bootloader partition later. Up to
+  // ESP_BOOTLOADER_SIZE of blocking erase; widen the WDT for its duration.
+  watchdog::WatchdogManager watchdog(15000);
   esp_err_t err = esp_partition_erase_range(this->partition_, 0, this->bootloader_part_->size);
   if (err != ESP_OK) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "esp_partition_erase_range failed (err=0x%X)", err);
     // No critical error, don't return
   }
+#ifdef USE_OTA_BLOCK_ERASE_AHEAD
+  if (err == ESP_OK) {
+    // Skip re-erasing the pre-erased staging region in erase_ahead_()
+    this->erased_end_ = this->bootloader_part_->size;
+  }
+#endif
   err = esp_ota_set_final_partition(this->update_handle_, this->bootloader_part_, false);
   if (err != ESP_OK) {
     esp_ota_abort(this->update_handle_);

esphome/components/ota/ota_signature_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ bool rsa_pss_verify(uint8_t *block, const uint8_t *digest) {
 bool IDFOTABackend::verify_signed_image_(const esp_partition_t *incoming) {
   // Verification re-hashes the full image (after esp_ota_end already did one
   // pass), which can approach the task WDT budget on a large app. Extend it for
-  // the duration, mirroring the erase budget in begin().
+  // the duration, scaled to the image size over a 15 s floor.
   const uint32_t verify_budget_ms = 15000 + (incoming->size >> 10) * 10;
   watchdog::WatchdogManager watchdog(verify_budget_ms);
 

esphome/components/runtime_image/__init__.py

@@ -58,6 +58,18 @@ class Format:
         """Add defines and libraries needed for this format."""
 
 
+class AUTOFormat(Format):
+    """AUTO format - detect from MIME type."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__("AUTO", None)
+
+    def actions(self) -> None:
+        # dict.fromkeys dedupes the JPG/JPEG alias so each format runs once
+        for image_format in dict.fromkeys(IMAGE_FORMATS.values()):
+            image_format.actions()
+
+
 class BMPFormat(Format):
     """BMP format decoder configuration."""
 
@@ -102,18 +114,25 @@ class PNGFormat(Format):
         cg.add_library("pngle", "1.1.0")
 
 
-# Registry of available formats
+# Decodable formats only; platforms that support runtime detection accept
+# "AUTO" in their own schema and get_format() resolves it
+_JPEG_FORMAT = JPEGFormat()
 IMAGE_FORMATS = {
     "BMP": BMPFormat(),
-    "JPEG": JPEGFormat(),
+    "JPEG": _JPEG_FORMAT,
+    "JPG": _JPEG_FORMAT,  # Alias for JPEG
     "PNG": PNGFormat(),
-    "JPG": JPEGFormat(),  # Alias for JPEG
 }
 
+AUTO_FORMAT = AUTOFormat()
+
 
 def get_format(format_name: str) -> Format | None:
     """Get a format instance by name."""
-    return IMAGE_FORMATS.get(format_name.upper())
+    name = format_name.upper()
+    if name == "AUTO":
+        return AUTO_FORMAT
+    return IMAGE_FORMATS.get(name)
 
 
 def enable_format(format_name: str) -> Format | None:

esphome/components/runtime_image/image_format.h

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ namespace esphome::runtime_image {
  * @brief Image format types that can be decoded dynamically.
  */
 enum ImageFormat {
-  /** Automatically detect from data. Not implemented yet. */
+  /** Format is supplied per decode, e.g. detected from the Content-Type header
+   *  by online_image; sniffing the image data is not implemented. */
   AUTO,
   /** JPEG format. */
   JPEG,

esphome/components/runtime_image/runtime_image.cpp

@@ -171,22 +171,27 @@ void RuntimeImage::draw(int x, int y, display::Display *display, Color color_on,
   // If no image is loaded and no placeholder, nothing to draw
 }
 
-bool RuntimeImage::begin_decode(size_t expected_size) {
+bool RuntimeImage::begin_decode(size_t expected_size, ImageFormat format) {
   if (this->is_decoding()) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Decoding already in progress");
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (format == AUTO && this->format_ != AUTO) {
+    // Fall back to the configured format before the reuse check below
+    format = this->format_;
+  }
+
   // An idle decoder for a different format cannot be reused
-  if (this->decoder_ != nullptr && this->decoder_->get_format() != this->format_) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Decoder format mismatch: current: %d, new: %d", this->decoder_->get_format(), this->format_);
+  if (this->decoder_ != nullptr && this->decoder_->get_format() != format) {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Decoder format mismatch: current: %d, new: %d", this->decoder_->get_format(), format);
     this->decoder_ = nullptr;
   }
 
   if (!this->decoder_) {
-    this->decoder_ = this->create_decoder_(this->format_);
+    this->decoder_ = this->create_decoder_(format);
     if (!this->decoder_) {
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create decoder for format %d", this->format_);
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to create decoder for format %d", format);
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -364,6 +369,9 @@ std::unique_ptr<ImageDecoder> RuntimeImage::create_decoder_(ImageFormat format)
     case PNG:
       return make_unique<PngDecoder>(this);
 #endif
+    case AUTO:
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Image format could not be determined; set `format:` explicitly in the configuration");
+      return nullptr;
     default:
       ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Unsupported image format: %d", format);
       return nullptr;

esphome/components/runtime_image/runtime_image.h

@@ -62,9 +62,10 @@ class RuntimeImage : public image::Image {
    * @brief Begin decoding an image.
    *
    * @param expected_size Optional hint about the expected data size.
+   * @param format The image format to decode (defaults to AUTO, which uses the value set at construction).
    * @return true if decoder was successfully initialized.
    */
-  bool begin_decode(size_t expected_size = 0);
+  bool begin_decode(size_t expected_size = 0, ImageFormat format = AUTO);
 
   /**
    * @brief Feed data to the decoder.
@@ -103,6 +104,7 @@ class RuntimeImage : public image::Image {
   /**
    * @brief Get the image format.
    */
+  /// Configured format; a format resolved per decode lives on the active decoder
   ImageFormat get_format() const { return this->format_; }
 
   /**

esphome/components/sensor/__init__.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import mqtt, web_server, zigbee
 from esphome.components.const import CONF_B_CONSTANT
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_defines
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ABOVE,
@@ -1303,3 +1304,8 @@ def _lstsq(a, b):
 @coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.CORE)
 async def to_code(config):
     cg.add_global(sensor_ns.using)
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_defines(
+    {"filter.cpp": "USE_SENSOR_FILTER"}
+)

esphome/components/text_sensor/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import mqtt, web_server
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_defines
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_DEVICE_CLASS,
@@ -256,3 +257,8 @@ async def text_sensor_state_to_code(config, condition_id, template_arg, args):
     templ = await cg.templatable(config[CONF_STATE], args, cg.std_string)
     cg.add(var.set_state(templ))
     return var
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_defines(
+    {"filter.cpp": "USE_TEXT_SENSOR_FILTER"}
+)

esphome/components/uptime/sensor/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import sensor, time
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_defines
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TIME_ID,
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
     STATE_CLASS_TOTAL_INCREASING,
     UNIT_SECOND,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE
 
 uptime_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("uptime")
 UptimeSecondsSensor = uptime_ns.class_(
@@ -62,9 +62,6 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add(var.set_time(time_id))
 
 
-def FILTER_SOURCE_FILES() -> list[str]:
-    # uptime_timestamp_sensor.cpp is fully #ifdef'd on USE_TIME; skip it
-    # when no time component is configured.
-    if not any(define.name == "USE_TIME" for define in CORE.defines):
-        return ["uptime_timestamp_sensor.cpp"]
-    return []
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_defines(
+    {"uptime_timestamp_sensor.cpp": "USE_TIME"}
+)

esphome/components/web_server/list_entities.h

@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ class ListEntitiesIterator final : public ComponentIterator {
 #undef ENTITY_TYPE_
 #undef ENTITY_CONTROLLER_TYPE_
   // NOLINTEND(bugprone-macro-parentheses)
-  bool completed() { return this->state_ == IteratorState::NONE; }
 
  protected:
   const WebServer *web_server_;

esphome/components/web_server/web_server.cpp

@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ void DeferredUpdateEventSource::process_deferred_queue_() {
 
 void DeferredUpdateEventSource::loop() {
   process_deferred_queue_();
-  if (!this->entities_iterator_.completed())
-    this->entities_iterator_.advance();
+  // One step per loop; refusals retry next pass
+  this->entities_iterator_.try_advance(1);
 }
 
 void DeferredUpdateEventSource::deferrable_send_state(void *source, const char *event_type,
@@ -321,12 +321,6 @@ void DeferredUpdateEventSourceList::on_client_connect_(DeferredUpdateEventSource
 #endif
 
     source->entities_iterator_.begin(ws->include_internal_);
-
-    // just dump them all up-front and take advantage of the deferred queue
-    //     on second thought that takes too long, but leaving the commented code here for debug purposes
-    // while(!source->entities_iterator_.completed()) {
-    //  source->entities_iterator_.advance();
-    //}
   });
 }
 

esphome/components/web_server_idf/web_server_idf.cpp

@@ -935,8 +935,8 @@ void AsyncEventSourceResponse::process_buffer_() {
 void AsyncEventSourceResponse::loop() {
   process_buffer_();
   process_deferred_queue_();
-  if (!this->entities_iterator_.completed())
-    this->entities_iterator_.advance();
+  // One step per loop; refusals retry next pass
+  this->entities_iterator_.try_advance(1);
 }
 
 bool AsyncEventSourceResponse::try_send_nodefer(const char *message, size_t message_len, const char *event, uint32_t id,

esphome/components/web_server_idf/web_server_idf.h

@@ -117,12 +117,6 @@ class AsyncWebServerRequest {
   /// Write URL (without query string) to buffer, returns StringRef pointing to buffer.
   /// URL is decoded (e.g., %20 -> space).
   StringRef url_to(std::span<char, URL_BUF_SIZE> buffer) const;
-  // Remove before 2026.9.0
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use url_to() instead. Removed in 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  std::string url() const {
-    char buffer[URL_BUF_SIZE];
-    return std::string(this->url_to(buffer));
-  }
   // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-identifier-naming)
   size_t contentLength() const { return this->req_->content_len; }
 

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.cpp

@@ -618,8 +618,6 @@ static const char *eap_phase2_to_str(esp_eap_ttls_phase2_types type) {
 }
 #endif
 
-float WiFiComponent::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::WIFI; }
-
 void WiFiComponent::setup() {
   this->wifi_pre_setup_();
 
@@ -931,10 +929,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::loop() {
 
 WiFiComponent::WiFiComponent() { global_wifi_component = this; }
 
-#ifdef USE_WIFI_11KV_SUPPORT
-void WiFiComponent::set_btm(bool btm) { this->btm_ = btm; }
-void WiFiComponent::set_rrm(bool rrm) { this->rrm_ = rrm; }
-#endif
 network::IPAddresses WiFiComponent::get_ip_addresses() {
   if (this->has_sta())
     return this->wifi_sta_ip_addresses();
@@ -1327,8 +1321,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::disable() {
   this->wifi_mode_(false, false);
 }
 
-bool WiFiComponent::is_disabled() { return this->state_ == WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_DISABLED; }
-
 void WiFiComponent::start_scanning() {
   this->action_started_ = millis();
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Starting scan");
@@ -2196,7 +2188,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::retry_connect() {
   }
 }
 
-void WiFiComponent::set_reboot_timeout(uint32_t reboot_timeout) { this->reboot_timeout_ = reboot_timeout; }
 void WiFiComponent::set_power_save_mode(WiFiPowerSaveMode power_save) {
   this->power_save_ = power_save;
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) && defined(USE_WIFI_RUNTIME_POWER_SAVE)
@@ -2204,8 +2195,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::set_power_save_mode(WiFiPowerSaveMode power_save) {
 #endif
 }
 
-void WiFiComponent::set_passive_scan(bool passive) { this->passive_scan_ = passive; }
-
 bool WiFiComponent::is_captive_portal_active_() {
 #ifdef USE_CAPTIVE_PORTAL
   return captive_portal::global_captive_portal != nullptr && captive_portal::global_captive_portal->is_active();
@@ -2324,33 +2313,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::save_fast_connect_settings_(const bssid_t &bssid, uint8_t ch
 }
 #endif
 
-void WiFiAP::set_ssid(const std::string &ssid) { this->ssid_ = CompactString(ssid.c_str(), ssid.size()); }
-void WiFiAP::set_ssid(const char *ssid) { this->ssid_ = CompactString(ssid, strlen(ssid)); }
-void WiFiAP::set_bssid(const bssid_t &bssid) { this->bssid_ = bssid; }
-void WiFiAP::clear_bssid() { this->bssid_ = {}; }
-void WiFiAP::set_password(const std::string &password) {
-  this->password_ = CompactString(password.c_str(), password.size());
-}
-void WiFiAP::set_password(const char *password) { this->password_ = CompactString(password, strlen(password)); }
-#ifdef USE_WIFI_WPA2_EAP
-void WiFiAP::set_eap(optional<EAPAuth> eap_auth) { this->eap_ = std::move(eap_auth); }
-#endif
-void WiFiAP::set_channel(uint8_t channel) { this->channel_ = channel; }
-void WiFiAP::clear_channel() { this->channel_ = 0; }
-#ifdef USE_WIFI_MANUAL_IP
-void WiFiAP::set_manual_ip(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) { this->manual_ip_ = manual_ip; }
-#endif
-void WiFiAP::set_hidden(bool hidden) { this->hidden_ = hidden; }
-const bssid_t &WiFiAP::get_bssid() const { return this->bssid_; }
-bool WiFiAP::has_bssid() const { return this->bssid_ != bssid_t{}; }
-#ifdef USE_WIFI_WPA2_EAP
-const optional<EAPAuth> &WiFiAP::get_eap() const { return this->eap_; }
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_WIFI_MANUAL_IP
-const optional<ManualIP> &WiFiAP::get_manual_ip() const { return this->manual_ip_; }
-#endif
-bool WiFiAP::get_hidden() const { return this->hidden_; }
-
 WiFiScanResult::WiFiScanResult(const bssid_t &bssid, const char *ssid, size_t ssid_len, uint8_t channel, int8_t rssi,
                                bool with_auth, bool is_hidden)
     : bssid_(bssid),

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <span>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #ifdef USE_LIBRETINY
@@ -261,38 +262,38 @@ class WiFiAP {
   friend class WiFiScanResult;
 
  public:
-  void set_ssid(const std::string &ssid);
-  void set_ssid(const char *ssid);
+  void set_ssid(const std::string &ssid) { this->ssid_ = CompactString(ssid.c_str(), ssid.size()); }
+  void set_ssid(const char *ssid) { this->set_ssid(StringRef(ssid)); }
   void set_ssid(StringRef ssid) { this->ssid_ = CompactString(ssid.c_str(), ssid.size()); }
-  void set_bssid(const bssid_t &bssid);
-  void clear_bssid();
-  void set_password(const std::string &password);
-  void set_password(const char *password);
+  void set_bssid(const bssid_t &bssid) { this->bssid_ = bssid; }
+  void clear_bssid() { this->bssid_ = {}; }
+  void set_password(const std::string &password) { this->password_ = CompactString(password.c_str(), password.size()); }
+  void set_password(const char *password) { this->set_password(StringRef(password)); }
   void set_password(StringRef password) { this->password_ = CompactString(password.c_str(), password.size()); }
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_WPA2_EAP
-  void set_eap(optional<EAPAuth> eap_auth);
+  void set_eap(optional<EAPAuth> eap_auth) { this->eap_ = std::move(eap_auth); }
 #endif  // USE_WIFI_WPA2_EAP
-  void set_channel(uint8_t channel);
-  void clear_channel();
+  void set_channel(uint8_t channel) { this->channel_ = channel; }
+  void clear_channel() { this->channel_ = 0; }
   void set_priority(int8_t priority) { priority_ = priority; }
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_MANUAL_IP
-  void set_manual_ip(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip);
+  void set_manual_ip(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) { this->manual_ip_ = manual_ip; }
 #endif
-  void set_hidden(bool hidden);
+  void set_hidden(bool hidden) { this->hidden_ = hidden; }
   StringRef get_ssid() const { return this->ssid_.ref(); }
   StringRef get_password() const { return this->password_.ref(); }
-  const bssid_t &get_bssid() const;
-  bool has_bssid() const;
+  const bssid_t &get_bssid() const { return this->bssid_; }
+  bool has_bssid() const { return this->bssid_ != bssid_t{}; }
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_WPA2_EAP
-  const optional<EAPAuth> &get_eap() const;
+  const optional<EAPAuth> &get_eap() const { return this->eap_; }
 #endif  // USE_WIFI_WPA2_EAP
   uint8_t get_channel() const { return this->channel_; }
   bool has_channel() const { return this->channel_ != 0; }
   int8_t get_priority() const { return priority_; }
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_MANUAL_IP
-  const optional<ManualIP> &get_manual_ip() const;
+  const optional<ManualIP> &get_manual_ip() const { return this->manual_ip_; }
 #endif
-  bool get_hidden() const;
+  bool get_hidden() const { return this->hidden_; }
 
  protected:
   CompactString ssid_;
@@ -442,6 +443,7 @@ class WiFiComponent final : public Component {
   void set_sta(const WiFiAP &ap);
   // Returns a copy of the currently selected AP configuration
   WiFiAP get_sta() const;
+  // init_sta/add_sta kept out of line: inlining them into the generated setup() grows flash
   void init_sta(size_t count);
   void add_sta(const WiFiAP &ap);
   void clear_sta();
@@ -461,7 +463,7 @@ class WiFiComponent final : public Component {
 
   void enable();
   void disable();
-  bool is_disabled();
+  bool is_disabled() { return this->state_ == WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_DISABLED; }
   void start_scanning();
   void check_scanning_finished();
   void start_connecting(const WiFiAP &ap);
@@ -472,7 +474,7 @@ class WiFiComponent final : public Component {
 
   void retry_connect();
 
-  void set_reboot_timeout(uint32_t reboot_timeout);
+  void set_reboot_timeout(uint32_t reboot_timeout) { this->reboot_timeout_ = reboot_timeout; }
 
   bool is_connected() const { return this->connected_; }
 
@@ -492,7 +494,7 @@ class WiFiComponent final : public Component {
   void set_phy_mode(WiFi8266PhyMode phy_mode) { this->phy_mode_ = phy_mode; }
 #endif
 
-  void set_passive_scan(bool passive);
+  void set_passive_scan(bool passive) { this->passive_scan_ = passive; }
 
   void save_wifi_sta(const std::string &ssid, const std::string &password);
   void save_wifi_sta(const char *ssid, const char *password);
@@ -506,7 +508,7 @@ class WiFiComponent final : public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
   void restart_adapter();
   /// WIFI setup_priority.
-  float get_setup_priority() const override;
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::WIFI; }
   /// Reconnect WiFi if required.
   void loop() override;
 
@@ -515,8 +517,8 @@ class WiFiComponent final : public Component {
   bool is_ap_active() const { return this->ap_started_; }
 
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_11KV_SUPPORT
-  void set_btm(bool btm);
-  void set_rrm(bool rrm);
+  void set_btm(bool btm) { this->btm_ = btm; }
+  void set_rrm(bool rrm) { this->rrm_ = rrm; }
 #endif
 
   network::IPAddress get_dns_address(int num);
@@ -550,9 +552,6 @@ class WiFiComponent final : public Component {
   void set_sta_priority(bssid_t bssid, int8_t priority);
 
   network::IPAddresses wifi_sta_ip_addresses();
-  // Remove before 2026.9.0
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use wifi_ssid_to() instead. Removed in 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  std::string wifi_ssid();
   /// Write SSID to buffer without heap allocation.
   /// Returns pointer to buffer, or empty string if not connected.
   const char *wifi_ssid_to(std::span<char, SSID_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer);

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp8266.cpp

@@ -944,16 +944,6 @@ bssid_t WiFiComponent::wifi_bssid() {
   }
   return bssid;
 }
-std::string WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid() {
-  struct station_config conf {};
-  if (!wifi_station_get_config(&conf)) {
-    return "";
-  }
-  // conf.ssid is uint8[32], not null-terminated if full
-  auto *ssid_s = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(conf.ssid);
-  size_t len = strnlen(ssid_s, sizeof(conf.ssid));
-  return {ssid_s, len};
-}
 const char *WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid_to(std::span<char, SSID_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer) {
   struct station_config conf {};
   if (!wifi_station_get_config(&conf)) {

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -1237,18 +1237,6 @@ bssid_t WiFiComponent::wifi_bssid() {
   std::copy(info.bssid, info.bssid + 6, bssid.begin());
   return bssid;
 }
-std::string WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid() {
-  wifi_ap_record_t info{};
-  esp_err_t err = esp_wifi_sta_get_ap_info(&info);
-  if (err != ESP_OK) {
-    // Very verbose only: this is expected during dump_config() before connection is established (PR #9823)
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "esp_wifi_sta_get_ap_info failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(err));
-    return "";
-  }
-  auto *ssid_s = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(info.ssid);
-  size_t len = strnlen(ssid_s, sizeof(info.ssid));
-  return {ssid_s, len};
-}
 const char *WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid_to(std::span<char, SSID_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer) {
   wifi_ap_record_t info{};
   esp_err_t err = esp_wifi_sta_get_ap_info(&info);

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_libretiny.cpp

@@ -762,7 +762,6 @@ bssid_t WiFiComponent::wifi_bssid() {
   }
   return bssid;
 }
-std::string WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid() { return WiFi.SSID().c_str(); }
 const char *WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid_to(std::span<char, SSID_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer) {
 #ifdef USE_BK72XX
   LinkStatusTypeDef link_status{};

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_pico_w.cpp

@@ -265,7 +265,6 @@ bssid_t WiFiComponent::wifi_bssid() {
     bssid[i] = raw_bssid[i];
   return bssid;
 }
-std::string WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid() { return WiFi.SSID().c_str(); }
 const char *WiFiComponent::wifi_ssid_to(std::span<char, SSID_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer) {
   // TODO: Find direct CYW43 API to avoid Arduino String allocation
   String ssid = WiFi.SSID();

esphome/config_helpers.py

@@ -151,6 +151,31 @@ def filter_source_files_from_platform(
     return filter_source_files
 
 
+def filter_source_files_from_defines(
+    files_map: dict[str, str | tuple[str, ...]],
+) -> Callable[[], list[str]]:
+    """Helper to build a FILTER_SOURCE_FILES function from a define mapping.
+
+    Args:
+        files_map: Dict mapping filename to the define name (or tuple of
+            define names) that keeps the file in the build; the file is
+            excluded when none of its defines is set for the current config.
+
+    Returns:
+        Function that returns the files to exclude for the current config.
+    """
+
+    def filter_source_files() -> list[str]:
+        defines = {define.name for define in CORE.defines}
+        return [
+            filename
+            for filename, needed in files_map.items()
+            if defines.isdisjoint((needed,) if isinstance(needed, str) else needed)
+        ]
+
+    return filter_source_files
+
+
 def get_logger_level() -> str:
     """Get the configured logger level.
 

esphome/core/component_iterator.cpp

@@ -22,23 +22,23 @@ void ComponentIterator::advance_platform_() {
   this->at_ = 0;
 }
 
-void ComponentIterator::advance() {
+bool ComponentIterator::advance_step_() {
   switch (this->state_) {
     case IteratorState::NONE:
       // not started
-      return;
+      return false;
     case IteratorState::BEGIN:
       if (this->on_begin()) {
         advance_platform_();
+        return true;
       }
-      break;
+      return false;
 
 // Entity iterator cases (generated from entity_types.h)
 // NOLINTBEGIN(bugprone-macro-parentheses)
 #define ENTITY_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper) \
   case IteratorState::upper: \
-    this->process_platform_item_(App.get_##plural(), &ComponentIterator::on_##singular); \
-    break;
+    return this->process_platform_item_(App.get_##plural(), &ComponentIterator::on_##singular);
 #define ENTITY_CONTROLLER_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper, callback) \
   ENTITY_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper)
 #include "esphome/core/entity_types.h"
@@ -48,26 +48,29 @@ void ComponentIterator::advance() {
 
 #ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
     case IteratorState::SERVICE:
-      this->process_platform_item_(api::global_api_server->get_user_services(), &ComponentIterator::on_service);
-      break;
+      return this->process_platform_item_(api::global_api_server->get_user_services(), &ComponentIterator::on_service);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_CAMERA
     case IteratorState::CAMERA: {
       camera::Camera *camera_instance = camera::Camera::instance();
-      if (camera_instance != nullptr && (!camera_instance->is_internal() || this->include_internal_)) {
-        this->on_camera(camera_instance);
+      if (camera_instance != nullptr && (!camera_instance->is_internal() || this->include_internal_) &&
+          !this->on_camera(camera_instance)) {
+        return false;
       }
       advance_platform_();
-    } break;
+      return true;
+    }
 #endif
 
     case IteratorState::MAX:
       if (this->on_end()) {
         this->state_ = IteratorState::NONE;
+        return true;
       }
-      return;
+      return false;
   }
+  return false;
 }
 
 bool ComponentIterator::on_end() { return true; }

esphome/core/component_iterator.h

@@ -30,7 +30,23 @@ class RadioFrequency;
 class ComponentIterator {
  public:
   void begin(bool include_internal = false);
-  void advance();
+  /// Run up to max_steps iteration steps; stops early when iteration
+  /// completes or a callback refuses (that step is retried on the next
+  /// call). Inline so an idle (completed) iterator costs one compare, no call.
+  ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE void try_advance(size_t max_steps) {
+    size_t steps = 0;
+    while (steps < max_steps && !this->completed()) {
+      this->yield_requested_ = false;
+      if (!this->advance_step_())
+        break;
+      steps++;
+      if (this->yield_requested_)
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  // Remove before 2027.3.0
+  ESPDEPRECATED("Use try_advance() instead. Removed in 2027.3.0", "2026.8.1")
+  void advance() { this->try_advance(1); }
   bool completed() const { return this->state_ == IteratorState::NONE; }
   virtual bool on_begin();
 // Pure virtual entity callbacks (generated from entity_types.h)
@@ -73,23 +89,34 @@ class ComponentIterator {
 #endif
     MAX,
   };
+  /// End the current try_advance() pass after this step; lets callbacks
+  /// that write directly to the socket cap direct writes per pass.
+  void yield_after_step_() { this->yield_requested_ = true; }
+
   uint16_t at_{0};  // Supports up to 65,535 entities per type
   IteratorState state_{IteratorState::NONE};
-  bool include_internal_{false};
+  bool yield_requested_ : 1 {false};
+  bool include_internal_ : 1 {false};
 
   template<typename Container>
-  void process_platform_item_(const Container &items,
+  bool process_platform_item_(const Container &items,
                               bool (ComponentIterator::*on_item)(typename Container::value_type)) {
     if (this->at_ >= items.size()) {
       this->advance_platform_();
-    } else {
-      typename Container::value_type item = items[this->at_];
-      if ((item->is_internal() && !this->include_internal_) || (this->*on_item)(item)) {
-        this->at_++;
-      }
+      return true;
     }
+    typename Container::value_type item = items[this->at_];
+    if ((item->is_internal() && !this->include_internal_) || (this->*on_item)(item)) {
+      this->at_++;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
   }
 
+  /// One iteration step; false if no progress was made (callback refused
+  /// or iterator not running).
+  bool advance_step_();
+
   void advance_platform_();
 };
 

esphome/core/defines.h

@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@
 #define USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
 #define USE_AREAS
 #define USE_BINARY_SENSOR
+#define USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER
 #define USE_BINARY_SENSOR_FILTER
+#define USE_BINARY_SENSOR_MULTI_CLICK_TRIGGER
 #define USE_BLE_DEVICE_IRK
 #define USE_BUTTON
 #define USE_CAMERA
@@ -281,6 +283,7 @@
 // ESP32-specific feature flags
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 #define USE_ESP32_CRASH_HANDLER
+#define USE_ESP32_INTERNAL_GPIO
 #define USE_MQTT_IDF_ENQUEUE
 #define USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
 #define ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE 768

esphome/core/entity_base.cpp

@@ -80,24 +80,6 @@ const char *EntityBase::get_device_class_to([[maybe_unused]] std::span<char, MAX
 #endif
 }
 
-#ifndef USE_ESP8266
-// Deprecated device class accessors — not available on ESP8266 (rodata is RAM)
-StringRef EntityBase::get_device_class_ref() const {
-#ifdef USE_ENTITY_DEVICE_CLASS
-  return StringRef(entity_device_class_lookup(this->device_class_idx_));
-#else
-  return StringRef(entity_device_class_lookup(0));
-#endif
-}
-std::string EntityBase::get_device_class() const {
-#ifdef USE_ENTITY_DEVICE_CLASS
-  return std::string(entity_device_class_lookup(this->device_class_idx_));
-#else
-  return std::string(entity_device_class_lookup(0));
-#endif
-}
-#endif  // !USE_ESP8266
-
 // Entity unit of measurement (from index)
 StringRef EntityBase::get_unit_of_measurement_ref() const {
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_UNIT_OF_MEASUREMENT
@@ -106,10 +88,6 @@ StringRef EntityBase::get_unit_of_measurement_ref() const {
   return StringRef(entity_uom_lookup(0));
 #endif
 }
-std::string EntityBase::get_unit_of_measurement() const {
-  return std::string(this->get_unit_of_measurement_ref().c_str());
-}
-
 // Entity icon — buffer-based API for PROGMEM safety on ESP8266
 const char *EntityBase::get_icon_to([[maybe_unused]] std::span<char, MAX_ICON_LENGTH> buffer) const {
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
@@ -129,24 +107,6 @@ const char *EntityBase::get_icon_to([[maybe_unused]] std::span<char, MAX_ICON_LE
 #endif
 }
 
-#ifndef USE_ESP8266
-// Deprecated icon accessors — not available on ESP8266 (rodata is RAM)
-StringRef EntityBase::get_icon_ref() const {
-#ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
-  return StringRef(entity_icon_lookup(this->icon_idx_));
-#else
-  return StringRef(entity_icon_lookup(0));
-#endif
-}
-std::string EntityBase::get_icon() const {
-#ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
-  return std::string(entity_icon_lookup(this->icon_idx_));
-#else
-  return std::string(entity_icon_lookup(0));
-#endif
-}
-#endif  // !USE_ESP8266
-
 // Calculate Object ID Hash directly from name using snake_case + sanitize
 void EntityBase::calc_object_id_() {
   this->object_id_hash_ = fnv1_hash_object_id(this->name_.c_str(), this->name_.size());

esphome/core/entity_base.h

@@ -109,60 +109,14 @@ class EntityBase {
   // On ESP8266: copies from PROGMEM to buffer, returns buffer pointer.
   const char *get_device_class_to(std::span<char, MAX_DEVICE_CLASS_LENGTH> buffer) const;
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP8266
-  // On ESP8266, rodata is RAM. Device classes are in PROGMEM and cannot be accessed
-  // directly as const char*. Use get_device_class_to() with a stack buffer instead.
-  template<typename T = int> StringRef get_device_class_ref() const {
-    static_assert(sizeof(T) == 0, "get_device_class_ref() unavailable on ESP8266 (rodata is RAM). "
-                                  "Use get_device_class_to() with a stack buffer.");
-    return StringRef("");
-  }
-  template<typename T = int> std::string get_device_class() const {
-    static_assert(sizeof(T) == 0, "get_device_class() unavailable on ESP8266 (rodata is RAM). "
-                                  "Use get_device_class_to() with a stack buffer.");
-    return "";
-  }
-#else
-  // Deprecated: use get_device_class_to() instead. Device classes are in PROGMEM.
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use get_device_class_to() instead. Will be removed in ESPHome 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  StringRef get_device_class_ref() const;
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use get_device_class_to() instead. Will be removed in ESPHome 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  std::string get_device_class() const;
-#endif
   // Get unit of measurement as StringRef (from packed index)
   StringRef get_unit_of_measurement_ref() const;
-  /// Get the unit of measurement as std::string (deprecated, prefer get_unit_of_measurement_ref())
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use get_unit_of_measurement_ref() instead for better performance (avoids string copy). Will be "
-                "removed in ESPHome 2026.9.0",
-                "2026.3.0")
-  std::string get_unit_of_measurement() const;
 
   // Get this entity's icon into a stack buffer.
   // On ESP32: returns pointer to PROGMEM string directly (buffer unused).
   // On ESP8266: copies from PROGMEM to buffer, returns buffer pointer.
   const char *get_icon_to(std::span<char, MAX_ICON_LENGTH> buffer) const;
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP8266
-  // On ESP8266, rodata is RAM. Icons are in PROGMEM and cannot be accessed
-  // directly as const char*. Use get_icon_to() with a stack buffer instead.
-  template<typename T = int> StringRef get_icon_ref() const {
-    static_assert(sizeof(T) == 0,
-                  "get_icon_ref() unavailable on ESP8266 (rodata is RAM). Use get_icon_to() with a stack buffer.");
-    return StringRef("");
-  }
-  template<typename T = int> std::string get_icon() const {
-    static_assert(sizeof(T) == 0,
-                  "get_icon() unavailable on ESP8266 (rodata is RAM). Use get_icon_to() with a stack buffer.");
-    return "";
-  }
-#else
-  // Deprecated: use get_icon_to() instead. Icons are in PROGMEM.
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use get_icon_to() instead. Will be removed in ESPHome 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  StringRef get_icon_ref() const;
-  ESPDEPRECATED("Use get_icon_to() instead. Will be removed in ESPHome 2026.9.0", "2026.3.0")
-  std::string get_icon() const;
-#endif
-
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   // Get this entity's device id
   uint32_t get_device_id() const {

esphome/core/helpers.cpp

@@ -723,23 +723,6 @@ bool base64_decode_int32_vector(const std::string &base64, std::vector<int32_t>
 
 // Colors
 
-float gamma_correct(float value, float gamma) {
-  if (value <= 0.0f)
-    return 0.0f;
-  if (gamma <= 0.0f)
-    return value;
-
-  return powf(value, gamma);  // NOLINT - deprecated, removal 2026.9.0
-}
-float gamma_uncorrect(float value, float gamma) {
-  if (value <= 0.0f)
-    return 0.0f;
-  if (gamma <= 0.0f)
-    return value;
-
-  return powf(value, 1 / gamma);  // NOLINT - deprecated, removal 2026.9.0
-}
-
 void rgb_to_hsv(float red, float green, float blue, int &hue, float &saturation, float &value) {
   float max_color_value = std::max({red, green, blue});
   float min_color_value = std::min({red, green, blue});

esphome/core/helpers.h

@@ -1646,15 +1646,6 @@ bool base64_decode_int32_vector(const std::string &base64, std::vector<int32_t>
 /// @name Colors
 ///@{
 
-/// Applies gamma correction of \p gamma to \p value.
-// Remove before 2026.9.0
-ESPDEPRECATED("Use LightState::gamma_correct_lut() instead. Removed in 2026.9.0.", "2026.3.0")
-float gamma_correct(float value, float gamma);
-/// Reverts gamma correction of \p gamma to \p value.
-// Remove before 2026.9.0
-ESPDEPRECATED("Use LightState::gamma_uncorrect_lut() instead. Removed in 2026.9.0.", "2026.3.0")
-float gamma_uncorrect(float value, float gamma);
-
 /// Convert \p red, \p green and \p blue (all 0-1) values to \p hue (0-360), \p saturation (0-1) and \p value (0-1).
 void rgb_to_hsv(float red, float green, float blue, int &hue, float &saturation, float &value);
 /// Convert \p hue (0-360), \p saturation (0-1) and \p value (0-1) to \p red, \p green and \p blue (all 0-1).

esphome/core/log.cpp

@@ -60,16 +60,6 @@ void HOT esp_log_vprintf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const char *form
 #endif
 }
 
-#ifdef USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH
-// Remove before 2026.9.0
-void HOT esp_log_vprintf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const __FlashStringHelper *format, va_list args) {
-#ifdef USE_LOGGER
-  ESPHOME_DEBUG_ASSERT(logger::global_logger != nullptr);
-  logger::global_logger->log_vprintf_(static_cast<uint8_t>(level), tag, line, format, args);
-#endif
-}
-#endif
-
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 int HOT esp_idf_log_vprintf_(const char *format, va_list args) {  // NOLINT
 #ifdef USE_LOGGER

esphome/core/log.h

@@ -68,11 +68,6 @@ void esp_log_printf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const char *format, .
 void esp_log_printf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const __FlashStringHelper *format, ...);
 #endif
 void esp_log_vprintf_(int level, const char *tag, int line, const char *format, va_list args);  // NOLINT
-#ifdef USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH
-// Remove before 2026.9.0
-__attribute__((deprecated("Use esp_log_printf_() instead. Removed in 2026.9.0."))) void esp_log_vprintf_(
-    int level, const char *tag, int line, const __FlashStringHelper *format, va_list args);
-#endif
 #if defined(USE_ESP32)
 int esp_idf_log_vprintf_(const char *format, va_list args);  // NOLINT
 #endif

esphome/external_files.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from esphome.const import CONF_FILE, CONF_TYPE, CONF_URL, __version__
 from esphome.core import CORE, EsphomeError, TimePeriodSeconds
 from esphome.happy_eyeballs import ensure_happy_eyeballs
 from esphome.helpers import write_file
+from esphome.net_retry import fetch_with_retry
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -157,8 +158,17 @@ def has_remote_file_changed(
             }
             if etag := _read_etag(local_file_path):
                 headers[IF_NONE_MATCH] = etag
-            response = requests.head(
-                url, headers=headers, timeout=timeout, allow_redirects=True
+            # Retried so allow_stale=False consumers don't hard-fail on a
+            # healed flake. Only connection-level failures retry: HEAD
+            # never raises on HTTP status (servers rejecting HEAD with
+            # 405/501 must fall through to the GET), so 5xx is handled by
+            # the GET's own retry.
+            response = fetch_with_retry(
+                url,
+                lambda: requests.head(
+                    url, headers=headers, timeout=timeout, allow_redirects=True
+                ),
+                what="Revalidation",
             )
 
             _LOGGER.debug(
@@ -293,7 +303,7 @@ def download_content(
     _LOGGER.info("Downloading %s", url)
     _LOGGER.debug("Saving to %s", path)
 
-    try:
+    def _fetch() -> tuple[requests.Response, bytes]:
         req = requests.get(
             url,
             timeout=timeout,
@@ -304,7 +314,10 @@ def download_content(
         # and mid-stream connection errors all surface here as
         # RequestException subclasses, so this needs the same fall-back
         # treatment as the request itself.
-        data = req.content
+        return req, req.content
+
+    try:
+        req, data = fetch_with_retry(url, _fetch)
     except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
         if path.exists():
             # Memoized so a flaky host warns once per run, not per consumer.

esphome/framework_helpers.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from esphome.happy_eyeballs import ensure_happy_eyeballs
 from esphome.helpers import ProgressBar, rmtree
+from esphome.net_retry import NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS, is_transient_download_error
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import requests
@@ -29,8 +30,9 @@ _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 _MIRROR_ATTEMPTS = 3
 
 # Passes over the whole mirror list when a transient network error is in
-# the mix; matches git.py's _NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS (3 tries, 2s/4s backoff).
-_MIRROR_SWEEP_ATTEMPTS = 3
+# the mix; shares net_retry's policy (3 tries, 2s/4s backoff), which in
+# turn matches git.py's _NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS.
+_MIRROR_SWEEP_ATTEMPTS = NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS
 
 
 def get_project_link_flags() -> list[str]:
@@ -903,30 +905,6 @@ def _spent_attempts_error(e: Exception, attempts: int) -> Exception:
     return err
 
 
-def _is_transient_download_error(e: Exception) -> bool:
-    """Return True when a download failure is worth retrying.
-
-    Connection-level failures and HTTP 429/5xx are transient. Other HTTP
-    errors, local errors, and exhausted-attempts EsphomeError wrappers
-    (their per-mirror retries are already spent) are permanent.
-    """
-    # Imported lazily: requests is a heavy import (~85ms) and is only
-    # needed when actually downloading, never during config validation.
-    import requests
-
-    if isinstance(e, requests.exceptions.HTTPError):
-        resp = e.response
-        return resp is not None and (resp.status_code == 429 or resp.status_code >= 500)
-    return isinstance(
-        e,
-        (
-            requests.exceptions.ConnectionError,
-            requests.exceptions.Timeout,
-            requests.exceptions.ChunkedEncodingError,
-        ),
-    )
-
-
 def _try_mirrors_once(
     urls: list[str],
     path_target: Path | None,
@@ -1131,7 +1109,7 @@ def download_from_mirrors(
         # Permanent failures (404, verification mismatch) won't heal;
         # only retry when a transient error is in the mix (as git.py does).
         transient = next(
-            ((u, e) for u, e in sweep_failures if _is_transient_download_error(e)),
+            ((u, e) for u, e in sweep_failures if is_transient_download_error(e)),
             None,
         )
         if transient is None:

esphome/helpers.py

@@ -552,7 +552,18 @@ def write_file_if_changed(path: Path, text: str) -> bool:
     """
     src_content = None
     if path.is_file():
-        src_content = read_file(path)
+        try:
+            src_content = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as err:
+            # Replace a damaged file rather than abort the regeneration that
+            # fixes it; an OSError may hide an intact file, so it still raises
+            _LOGGER.warning("Replacing damaged file %s: %s", path, err)
+            with suppress(OSError):
+                path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        except OSError as err:
+            from esphome.core import EsphomeError
+
+            raise EsphomeError(f"Error reading file {path}: {err}") from err
     if src_content == text:
         return False
     write_file(path, text)

esphome/net_retry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+"""Retry policy for HTTP downloads.
+
+Kept import-light on purpose: this module is imported at config time, so it
+must not pull in requests (a heavy import, ~85ms) at module scope.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+import logging
+import time
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# 3 tries with 2s/4s backoff, matching git.py's _NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS.
+# Callers memoize failures so a flaky host pays this once per file per run.
+NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS = 3
+
+
+def _is_permanent_dns_failure(e: BaseException) -> bool:
+    """Whether a hard socket.gaierror hides in ``e``'s exception chain.
+
+    EAI_AGAIN (flaky resolver) stays retryable; anything else is permanent
+    so offline builds fall back to their cache without sleeping first.
+    Narrower than git.py, which retries NXDOMAIN too.
+
+    Walks ``__cause__``, ``args`` (requests wraps MaxRetryError without
+    ``from``) and MaxRetryError's ``reason``, but not implicit
+    ``__context__``: an unrelated earlier attempt's resolution failure
+    must not reclassify an error it did not cause.
+    """
+    import socket
+
+    seen: set[int] = set()
+    stack: list[BaseException] = [e]
+    while stack:
+        exc = stack.pop()
+        if id(exc) in seen:
+            continue
+        if (
+            isinstance(exc, socket.gaierror)
+            and exc.errno is not None
+            and exc.errno != socket.EAI_AGAIN
+        ):
+            return True
+        seen.add(id(exc))
+        stack.extend(
+            nxt
+            for nxt in (
+                exc.__cause__,
+                getattr(exc, "reason", None),  # urllib3 MaxRetryError
+                *exc.args,
+            )
+            if isinstance(nxt, BaseException)
+        )
+    return False
+
+
+def is_transient_download_error(e: Exception) -> bool:
+    """Return True when a download failure is worth retrying.
+
+    Connection-level failures and HTTP 429/5xx are transient; hard DNS
+    failures, other HTTP errors, and local errors are permanent.
+    """
+    # Imported lazily: requests is a heavy import (~85ms) and is only
+    # needed when actually downloading, never during config validation.
+    import requests
+
+    if isinstance(e, requests.exceptions.HTTPError):
+        resp = e.response
+        return resp is not None and (resp.status_code == 429 or resp.status_code >= 500)
+    if isinstance(e, requests.exceptions.ConnectionError) and _is_permanent_dns_failure(
+        e
+    ):
+        return False
+    # SSLError (a ConnectionError subclass) stays transient on purpose: it
+    # also covers mid-handshake connection drops, not just bad certificates.
+    return isinstance(
+        e,
+        (
+            requests.exceptions.ConnectionError,
+            requests.exceptions.Timeout,
+            requests.exceptions.ChunkedEncodingError,
+            requests.exceptions.ContentDecodingError,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def fetch_with_retry[T](url: str, fetch: Callable[[], T], what: str = "Download") -> T:
+    """Run ``fetch``, retrying transient failures with 2s/4s backoff.
+
+    Permanent failures and the final attempt propagate to the caller;
+    ``what`` names the operation in the retry warning.
+    """
+    import requests
+
+    for attempt in range(1, NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS):
+        try:
+            return fetch()
+        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
+            if not is_transient_download_error(e):
+                raise
+            delay = 2**attempt
+            _LOGGER.warning(
+                "%s of %s failed: %s. Retrying in %d seconds... (attempt %d/%d)",
+                what,
+                url,
+                e,
+                delay,
+                attempt + 1,
+                NETWORK_MAX_ATTEMPTS,
+            )
+            time.sleep(delay)
+    return fetch()

esphome/writer.py

@@ -337,29 +337,12 @@ def copy_src_tree():
     else:
         try:
             existing = json.loads(build_info_json_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
-            if not isinstance(existing, dict) or (
+            if (
                 existing.get("config_hash") != config_hash
                 or existing.get("esphome_version") != __version__
             ):
-                # Non-object JSON is stale like every other damage case
                 sources_changed = True
-        except FileNotFoundError:
-            # An absent build_info.json is stale, not damaged; rebuild quietly
-            sources_changed = True
-        except (ValueError, OSError) as err:
-            # ValueError covers both JSONDecodeError and UnicodeDecodeError;
-            # unlink so the regenerating write never re-reads the bad copy.
-            # "Unreadable" not "damaged": EACCES/EISDIR land here too
-            _LOGGER.warning("Regenerating unreadable build_info.json: %s", err)
-            try:
-                # missing_ok: a concurrent clean may have removed it already
-                build_info_json_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-            except OSError as unlink_err:
-                # The later write re-reads the file, so a kept unreadable copy
-                # fails again with a misattributed error; name the real cause
-                _LOGGER.warning(
-                    "Could not remove unreadable build_info.json: %s", unlink_err
-                )
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, KeyError, OSError):
             sources_changed = True
 
     # Write build_info header and JSON metadata

requirements.txt

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pyserial==3.5
 platformio==6.1.19
 esptool==5.3.1
 click==8.3.3
-aioesphomeapi==45.13.1
+aioesphomeapi==46.0.0
 aiohappyeyeballs==2.7.1  # Happy Eyeballs for requests downloads; already pulled in by aioesphomeapi
 zeroconf==0.150.0
 puremagic==2.2.0

tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_tracker/config/scan_window_explicit.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+esphome:
+  name: scan-window-explicit
+
+esp32:
+  board: esp32dev
+  framework:
+    type: esp-idf
+
+wifi:
+  ssid: MySSID
+
+esp32_ble_tracker:
+  scan_parameters:
+    window: 30ms
+
+bluetooth_proxy:
+  active: true
+
+api:

tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_tracker/config/scan_window_raised.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+esphome:
+  name: scan-window-raised
+
+esp32:
+  board: esp32dev
+  framework:
+    type: esp-idf
+
+wifi:
+  ssid: MySSID
+
+esp32_ble_tracker:
+
+bluetooth_proxy:
+  active: true
+
+api:

tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_tracker/config/scan_window_scan_only.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+esphome:
+  name: scan-window-scan-only
+
+esp32:
+  board: esp32dev
+  framework:
+    type: esp-idf
+
+wifi:
+  ssid: MySSID
+
+esp32_ble_tracker:

tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_tracker/config/scan_window_user_set_scan_only.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+esphome:
+  name: scan-window-user-scan-only
+
+esp32:
+  board: esp32dev
+  framework:
+    type: esp-idf
+
+wifi:
+  ssid: MySSID
+
+esp32_ble_tracker:
+  scan_parameters:
+    connection_scan_window: 20ms

tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_tracker/test_scan_window_default.py

@@ -12,11 +12,12 @@ arbiter a full-duty scan would starve wifi, so the 30 ms default is kept.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections.abc import Callable
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
 from esphome import config_validation as cv
-from esphome.components.ble_device_base import to_ble_units
+from esphome.components.ble_device_base import CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW, to_ble_units
 from esphome.components.const import CONF_SCAN_PARAMETERS, CONF_WINDOW
 from esphome.components.esp32 import KEY_IDF_VERSION
 from esphome.components.esp32_ble_tracker import (
@@ -120,3 +121,103 @@ def test_short_interval_without_window_still_rejected(
     stage_esp32("5.5.5", wifi=True)
     with pytest.raises(cv.Invalid, match="needs to be smaller than scan interval"):
         _scan_params({"scan_parameters": {"interval": "20ms"}})
+
+
+# The connection-time fallback window: while a GATT connection is active the
+# scanner drops from a raised full-duty window back to this value so the
+# connection gets guaranteed airtime.
+
+
+def test_raise_arms_connection_scan_window_default(
+    stage_esp32: Callable[..., None],
+) -> None:
+    stage_esp32("5.5.5", wifi=True)
+    params = _scan_params({})
+    assert params[CONF_WINDOW] == params[CONF_INTERVAL]
+    assert to_ble_units(params[CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW]) == 48
+
+
+def test_user_connection_scan_window_survives_raise(
+    stage_esp32: Callable[..., None],
+) -> None:
+    stage_esp32("5.5.5", wifi=True)
+    params = _scan_params({"scan_parameters": {"connection_scan_window": "60ms"}})
+    assert params[CONF_WINDOW] == params[CONF_INTERVAL]
+    assert to_ble_units(params[CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW]) == 96
+
+
+def test_unraised_window_gets_no_connection_scan_window_default(
+    stage_esp32: Callable[..., None],
+) -> None:
+    stage_esp32("5.5.4", wifi=True)
+    assert CONF_CONNECTION_SCAN_WINDOW not in _scan_params({})
+
+
+def test_connection_scan_window_above_interval_rejected(
+    stage_esp32: Callable[..., None],
+) -> None:
+    stage_esp32("5.5.5", wifi=True)
+    with pytest.raises(
+        cv.Invalid, match="connection_scan_window .* needs to be smaller"
+    ):
+        _scan_params({"scan_parameters": {"connection_scan_window": "400ms"}})
+
+
+def test_connection_scan_window_above_window_rejected(
+    stage_esp32: Callable[..., None],
+) -> None:
+    """A connection window above the (post-raise) window would widen the scan
+    during connections; the reject runs after the raise so a fallback below a
+    raised window still validates (covered by the survives-raise test)."""
+    stage_esp32("5.5.5", wifi=True)
+    with pytest.raises(
+        cv.Invalid, match="connection_scan_window .* needs to be smaller"
+    ):
+        _scan_params(
+            {"scan_parameters": {"window": "30ms", "connection_scan_window": "300ms"}}
+        )
+
+
+def test_connection_scan_window_truncation_collapse_rejected(
+    stage_esp32: Callable[..., None],
+) -> None:
+    """A connection window that truncates into the interval's 0.625 ms unit
+    would silently program a full-duty scan during connections."""
+    stage_esp32("5.5.5", wifi=True)
+    with pytest.raises(cv.Invalid, match="connection_scan_window .* both truncate"):
+        _scan_params(
+            {
+                "scan_parameters": {
+                    "interval": "320.5ms",
+                    "connection_scan_window": "320.2ms",
+                }
+            }
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("config_file", "window_call", "connection_call", "warns"),
+    [
+        # Raised window with GATT clients: the injected fallback is emitted.
+        ("scan_window_raised.yaml", "set_scan_window(512)", True, False),
+        # Explicit window: nothing injected.
+        ("scan_window_explicit.yaml", "set_scan_window(48)", False, False),
+        # Scan-only build compiles the path out: the injected default is
+        # dropped silently, a user-set value warns.
+        ("scan_window_scan_only.yaml", "set_scan_window(512)", False, False),
+        ("scan_window_user_set_scan_only.yaml", "set_scan_window(512)", False, True),
+    ],
+)
+def test_connection_scan_window_codegen(
+    generate_main: Callable[[str | Path], str],
+    component_config_path: Callable[[str], Path],
+    caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture,
+    config_file: str,
+    window_call: str,
+    connection_call: bool,
+    warns: bool,
+) -> None:
+    main_cpp = generate_main(component_config_path(config_file))
+    assert window_call in main_cpp
+    assert ("set_connection_scan_window(48)" in main_cpp) == connection_call
+    assert ("'connection_scan_window' has no effect" in caplog.text) == warns

tests/component_tests/modbus_client/test_modbus_client.py

@@ -16,7 +16,13 @@ from esphome.components.modbus_client import (
     CONFIG_SCHEMA,
     MODBUS_CLIENT_SEND_SCHEMA,
 )
-from esphome.const import CONF_ADDRESS, CONF_ID, CONF_ON_ERROR, CONF_ON_RESPONSE
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_ADDRESS,
+    CONF_CONTINUOUS,
+    CONF_ID,
+    CONF_ON_ERROR,
+    CONF_ON_RESPONSE,
+)
 from esphome.core import Lambda
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
@@ -118,6 +124,29 @@ def test_on_no_response_retry_lambda_accepted() -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_continuous_on_write_pdu_rejected() -> None:
+    """A literal write-code PDU with continuous: true is rejected at config time (reads only)."""
+    with pytest.raises(cv.Invalid, match="does not apply to a write PDU"):
+        MODBUS_CLIENT_SEND_SCHEMA(
+            {
+                CONF_ADDRESS: 0x01,
+                CONF_PDU: [0x06, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x0A],
+                CONF_CONTINUOUS: True,
+            }
+        )
+
+
+def test_continuous_on_read_pdu_accepted() -> None:
+    """A literal read-code PDU with continuous: true is fine - continuous polling applies to reads."""
+    MODBUS_CLIENT_SEND_SCHEMA(
+        {
+            CONF_ADDRESS: 0x01,
+            CONF_PDU: [0x03, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x01],
+            CONF_CONTINUOUS: True,
+        }
+    )
+
+
 # The standalone component block. The compile fixtures cover the accepted shapes end to end; these pin
 # the parts a fixture cannot express - a rejection, and a module flag whose absence breaks other
 # components rather than this one.

tests/components/binary_sensor/common.yaml

@@ -136,3 +136,19 @@ binary_sensor:
         invalid_cooldown: 2s
         then:
           - logger.log: "Click with custom cooldown"
+
+  # Test on_click and on_double_click (compiles match_interval via
+  # USE_BINARY_SENSOR_CLICK_TRIGGER)
+  - platform: template
+    id: click_triggers
+    name: "Click Triggers"
+    on_click:
+      min_length: 50ms
+      max_length: 350ms
+      then:
+        - logger.log: "Clicked"
+    on_double_click:
+      min_length: 50ms
+      max_length: 350ms
+      then:
+        - logger.log: "Double clicked"

tests/components/camera/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+from tests.testing_helpers import ComponentManifestOverride
+
+
+def override_manifest(manifest: ComponentManifestOverride) -> None:
+    # No host camera platform exists to emit USE_CAMERA; define it here so
+    # the iterator CAMERA state compiles into the test binary.
+    async def to_code_testing(config):
+        cg.add_define("USE_CAMERA")
+
+    manifest.to_code = to_code_testing

tests/components/camera/test_component_iterator_camera.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "esphome/core/component_iterator.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
+#include "esphome/components/camera/camera.h"
+
+namespace esphome::testing {
+
+class StubCamera : public camera::Camera {
+ public:
+  void add_listener(camera::CameraListener *listener) override {}
+  camera::CameraImageReader *create_image_reader() override { return nullptr; }
+  void request_image(camera::CameraRequester requester) override {}
+  void start_stream(camera::CameraRequester requester) override {}
+  void stop_stream(camera::CameraRequester requester) override {}
+};
+
+// Iterator that accepts everything except the camera, which can refuse a
+// configurable number of times. The CAMERA state is a singleton path
+// distinct from process_platform_item_; this pins the same contract:
+// a refused camera is re-offered, never skipped.
+class CameraRefusingIterator : public ComponentIterator {
+ public:
+// NOLINTBEGIN(bugprone-macro-parentheses)
+#define ENTITY_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper) \
+  bool on_##singular(type *obj) override { return true; }
+#define ENTITY_CONTROLLER_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper, callback) \
+  ENTITY_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper)
+#include "esphome/core/entity_types.h"
+#undef ENTITY_TYPE_
+#undef ENTITY_CONTROLLER_TYPE_
+  // NOLINTEND(bugprone-macro-parentheses)
+
+  bool on_camera(camera::Camera *obj) override {
+    this->camera_calls++;
+    if (this->camera_refusals > 0) {
+      this->camera_refusals--;
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  int camera_calls{0};
+  int camera_refusals{0};
+};
+
+// Far above the fixed number of iterator states
+static constexpr size_t BIG_BUDGET = 1000;
+
+class ComponentIteratorCameraTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    // Constructing a Camera installs the process-wide singleton
+    static StubCamera stub_camera;
+    ASSERT_EQ(camera::Camera::instance(), &stub_camera);
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_F(ComponentIteratorCameraTest, RefusedCameraIsReofferedNotSkipped) {
+  CameraRefusingIterator it;
+  it.camera_refusals = 2;
+  it.begin();
+  // Runs until the camera refuses, which stops the pass
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.camera_calls, 1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+  // The camera is re-offered once per call, not skipped
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.camera_calls, 2);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+  // Once accepted, the iteration completes
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.camera_calls, 3);
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome::testing
+#endif  // USE_CAMERA

tests/components/core/benchmark.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Pulls in sensor so entity iteration paths compile (USE_SENSOR);
+# tests register their own instances. Plain yaml.safe_load, no ESPHome tags.
+# An alphabetically-earlier component's sensor: block shadows this one in
+# combined builds; the tests' sensor-count ASSERT catches a capacity drop.
+sensor:
+  - platform: template
+    id: bench_sensor_a
+    name: "Bench A"
+  - platform: template
+    id: bench_sensor_b
+    name: "Bench B"

tests/components/core/test_component_iterator.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "esphome/core/component_iterator.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_SENSOR
+#include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
+#endif
+
+namespace esphome::testing {
+
+// Iterator whose begin/end callbacks can refuse a configurable number of
+// times; all entity callbacks accept (any registered entities are accepted).
+class RefusingIterator : public ComponentIterator {
+ public:
+// NOLINTBEGIN(bugprone-macro-parentheses)
+#define ENTITY_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper) \
+  bool on_##singular(type *obj) override { return true; }
+#define ENTITY_CONTROLLER_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper, callback) \
+  ENTITY_TYPE_(type, singular, plural, count, upper)
+#include "esphome/core/entity_types.h"
+#undef ENTITY_TYPE_
+#undef ENTITY_CONTROLLER_TYPE_
+  // NOLINTEND(bugprone-macro-parentheses)
+
+  bool on_begin() override { return step(this->begin_calls, this->begin_refusals); }
+  bool on_end() override { return step(this->end_calls, this->end_refusals); }
+
+  int begin_calls{0};
+  int end_calls{0};
+  int begin_refusals{0};
+  int end_refusals{0};
+
+ protected:
+  static bool step(int &calls, int &refusals) {
+    calls++;
+    if (refusals > 0) {
+      refusals--;
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+// Far above the fixed number of iterator states
+static constexpr size_t BIG_BUDGET = 1000;
+
+TEST(ComponentIterator, NotRunningMakesNoProgress) {
+  RefusingIterator it;
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.begin_calls, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.end_calls, 0);
+}
+
+TEST(ComponentIterator, CompletesInOneCallWithoutRefusals) {
+  RefusingIterator it;
+  it.begin();
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.begin_calls, 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.end_calls, 1);
+}
+
+TEST(ComponentIterator, StepBudgetIsHonored) {
+  RefusingIterator it;
+  it.begin();
+  it.try_advance(1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.begin_calls, 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.end_calls, 0);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+}
+
+TEST(ComponentIterator, RefusedStepStopsBatchAndRetriesSameStep) {
+  RefusingIterator it;
+  it.end_refusals = 3;
+  it.begin();
+  // First call runs until the refused end step, which stops the pass
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.end_calls, 1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+  // The refused step is retried once per call, not skipped
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.end_calls, 3);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+  // Once accepted, the iteration completes
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.end_calls, 4);
+}
+
+TEST(ComponentIterator, RefusedBeginStopsBatchAndRetries) {
+  RefusingIterator it;
+  it.begin_refusals = 2;
+  it.begin();
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.begin_calls, 2);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.begin_calls, 3);
+}
+
+// The deprecated advance() wrapper must keep the legacy once-per-loop
+// pattern working during the deprecation window.
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+TEST(ComponentIterator, DeprecatedAdvanceKeepsLegacyPatternWorking) {
+  RefusingIterator it;
+  it.end_refusals = 2;
+  it.begin();
+  size_t guard = 0;
+  while (!it.completed() && guard++ < BIG_BUDGET) {
+    it.advance();
+  }
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+  // Two refused end steps were retried, then accepted
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.end_calls, 3);
+}
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
+#ifdef USE_SENSOR
+// Iterator whose sensor callback can refuse or yield; pins the per-item
+// contract: a refused item is re-offered with at_ unchanged, never skipped.
+class ItemRefusingIterator : public RefusingIterator {
+ public:
+  bool on_sensor(sensor::Sensor *obj) override {
+    this->last_sensor = obj;
+    if (!step(this->sensor_calls, this->sensor_refusals))
+      return false;
+    if (this->yield_on_sensor)
+      this->yield_after_step_();
+    return true;
+  }
+  sensor::Sensor *last_sensor{nullptr};
+  int sensor_calls{0};
+  int sensor_refusals{0};
+  bool yield_on_sensor{false};
+};
+
+class ComponentIteratorSensorTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    static sensor::Sensor sensor_a;
+    static sensor::Sensor sensor_b;
+    static bool registered = false;
+    if (!registered) {
+      App.register_sensor(&sensor_a);
+      App.register_sensor(&sensor_b);
+      registered = true;
+    }
+    // StaticVector drops silently when full; fail the fixture, not the contract
+    ASSERT_EQ(App.get_sensors().size(), 2u) << "benchmark.yaml sensor count too small";
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_F(ComponentIteratorSensorTest, RefusedItemIsReofferedNotSkipped) {
+  ItemRefusingIterator it;
+  it.sensor_refusals = 2;
+  it.begin();
+  // Runs until the first sensor refuses
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.sensor_calls, 1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+  // The refused item is re-offered, not skipped
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.sensor_calls, 2);
+  sensor::Sensor *refused = it.last_sensor;
+  // Once accepted, iteration continues through the second sensor to the end
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+  EXPECT_NE(it.last_sensor, refused);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.sensor_calls, 4);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ComponentIteratorSensorTest, YieldAfterStepEndsPassAndResumes) {
+  ItemRefusingIterator it;
+  it.yield_on_sensor = true;
+  it.begin();
+  // The pass ends right after the first sensor despite a big budget
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.sensor_calls, 1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(it.completed());
+  // The next pass ends after the second sensor
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_EQ(it.sensor_calls, 2);
+  // Remaining states then run to completion in one pass
+  it.try_advance(BIG_BUDGET);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(it.completed());
+}
+#endif  // USE_SENSOR
+
+}  // namespace esphome::testing

tests/components/mitsubishi_cn105/climate/mitsubishi_cn105_climate_tests.cpp

@@ -2,10 +2,19 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include "../common.h"
 
+#include "esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/mitsubishi_cn105_climate.h"
+
 namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing {
 
+struct MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext {
+  MitsubishiCN105Component component;
+  MitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
+
+  MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext() { this->sut.set_parent(&this->component); }
+};
+
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, CelsiusTemperatureMappingAndTraitsMatchExpectedValues) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
+  MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext context;
   const auto mapping = TemperatureMapping();
 
   for (int temperature = 16; temperature <= 31; ++temperature) {
@@ -13,7 +22,7 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, CelsiusTemperatureMappingAndTraitsMatchExpecte
     EXPECT_EQ(mapping.from_mitsubishi(temperature), temperature);
   }
 
-  const auto traits = sut.traits();
+  const auto traits = context.sut.traits();
   EXPECT_EQ(traits.get_temperature_unit(), TemperatureUnit::CELSIUS);
   EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(traits.get_visual_min_temperature(), 16.0f);
   EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(traits.get_visual_max_temperature(), 31.0f);
@@ -22,10 +31,10 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, CelsiusTemperatureMappingAndTraitsMatchExpecte
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, FahrenheitTemperatureMappingAndTraitsMatchExpectedValues) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
+  MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext context;
   auto mapping = TemperatureMapping();
   mapping.set_use_fahrenheit(true);
-  sut.set_use_fahrenheit(true);
+  context.component.set_use_fahrenheit(true);
 
   const std::array cases{
       std::pair{61, 16.0f}, std::pair{62, 16.5f}, std::pair{63, 17.0f}, std::pair{64, 17.5f}, std::pair{65, 18.0f},
@@ -40,7 +49,7 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, FahrenheitTemperatureMappingAndTraitsMatchExpe
     EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(mapping.to_mitsubishi(fahrenheit), mitsubishi_celsius);
     EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(mapping.from_mitsubishi(mitsubishi_celsius), fahrenheit);
   }
-  const auto traits = sut.traits();
+  const auto traits = context.sut.traits();
   EXPECT_EQ(traits.get_temperature_unit(), TemperatureUnit::FAHRENHEIT);
   EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(traits.get_visual_min_temperature(), 61.0f);
   EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(traits.get_visual_max_temperature(), 88.0f);
@@ -63,163 +72,44 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, FahrenheitTemperatureMappingUsesLinearConversi
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, SupportedSwingModeOffLeavesTraitsEmpty) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
+  MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext context;
 
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
+  context.sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
 
-  EXPECT_FALSE(sut.traits().get_supports_swing_modes());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(context.sut.traits().get_supports_swing_modes());
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, SupportedSwingModeVerticalExposesOffAndVertical) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
+  MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext context;
 
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
+  context.sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
 
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH));
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, SupportedSwingModeHorizontalExposesOffAndHorizontal) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
+  MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext context;
 
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
+  context.sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
 
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH));
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, SupportedSwingModeBothExposesAllExpectedModes) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
+  MitsubishiCN105ClimateTestContext context;
 
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
+  context.sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
 
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH));
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesMapsVerticalSwingWhenSupported) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesMapsHorizontalSwingWhenSupported) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::AUTO;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesMapsBothSwingWhenSupported) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesMapsSwingOffWhenNoSwingActive) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_3;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesRemembersLastNonSwingPositions) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::RIGHT;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.last_non_swing_vane_mode_, MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::RIGHT);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.last_non_swing_vane_mode_, MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::RIGHT);
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesDoesNotOverwriteRememberedPositionWithUnknownValues) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH);
-
-  sut.last_non_swing_vane_mode_ = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_2;
-  sut.last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_ = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::LEFT;
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::UNKNOWN;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.last_non_swing_vane_mode_, MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::LEFT);
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesIgnoresUnsupportedVerticalSwingState) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
-}
-
-TEST(MitsubishiCN105ClimateTests, ApplyValuesIgnoresUnsupportedHorizontalSwingState) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate sut;
-
-  sut.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
-
-  sut.status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::AUTO;
-  sut.status().wide_vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING;
-
-  sut.apply_values_();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(sut.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(context.sut.traits().supports_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH));
 }
 
 }  // namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing

tests/components/mitsubishi_cn105/climate/mitsubishi_cn105_swing_mode_manager_tests.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include "../common.h"
+
+#include "esphome/components/mitsubishi_cn105/mitsubishi_cn105_swing_mode_manager.h"
+
+namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing {
+
+static SwingModeManager make_swing_mode_manager(std::initializer_list<climate::ClimateSwingMode> supported_modes) {
+  SwingModeManager manager;
+  climate::ClimateSwingModeMask supported_swing_modes;
+  for (const auto mode : supported_modes)
+    supported_swing_modes.insert(mode);
+  manager.set_supported_swing_modes(supported_swing_modes);
+  return manager;
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, StatusMapsVerticalSwingWhenSupported) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER),
+            std::optional{climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, StatusMapsHorizontalSwingWhenSupported) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::AUTO, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING),
+            std::optional{climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, StatusMapsBothSwingWhenSupported) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL,
+                                          climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING),
+            std::optional{climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, StatusMapsSwingOffWhenNoSwingActive) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL,
+                                          climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH});
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_3, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER),
+      std::optional{climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, RemembersLastNonSwingPositions) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL,
+                                          climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH});
+  manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::RIGHT);
+  manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING);
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF), std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.wide_vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF), std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::RIGHT});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, UnknownValuesDoNotOverwriteRememberedPositions) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL,
+                                          climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH});
+  manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_2, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::LEFT);
+  manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::UNKNOWN);
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF), std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_2});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.wide_vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF), std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::LEFT});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, UnsupportedVerticalSwingStateIsIgnored) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::CENTER),
+            std::optional{climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, UnsupportedHorizontalSwingStateIsIgnored) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::AUTO, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING),
+            std::optional{climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF});
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, SwingModeFromReturnsNulloptWhenNoSwingModesSupported) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({});
+  EXPECT_FALSE(manager.update_and_get_swing_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING, MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING)
+                   .has_value());
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, VaneFromSwingModeReturnsNulloptWhenVerticalUnsupported) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL});
+  EXPECT_FALSE(manager.vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL).has_value());
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, WideVaneFromSwingModeReturnsNulloptWhenHorizontalUnsupported) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL});
+  EXPECT_FALSE(manager.wide_vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL).has_value());
+}
+
+TEST(SwingModeManagerTests, VaneAndWideVaneFromSwingModeMapSwingModes) {
+  auto manager = make_swing_mode_manager({climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL,
+                                          climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL), std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH), std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.wide_vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL),
+            std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING});
+  EXPECT_EQ(manager.wide_vane_from(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_BOTH), std::optional{MitsubishiCN105::WideVaneMode::SWING});
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing

tests/components/mitsubishi_cn105/common.h

@@ -64,26 +64,4 @@ class TestableMitsubishiCN105 : public MitsubishiCN105 {
   void set_current_time(uint32_t ms) { test_loop_time_ms = ms; }
 };
 
-class TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate : public MitsubishiCN105Climate {
- public:
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Climate() { this->set_parent(&this->component_); }
-
-  using MitsubishiCN105Climate::apply_values_;
-  using MitsubishiCN105Climate::last_non_swing_vane_mode_;
-  using MitsubishiCN105Climate::last_non_swing_wide_vane_mode_;
-
-  MitsubishiCN105::Status &status() { return const_cast<MitsubishiCN105::Status &>(this->component_.status()); }
-  void set_use_fahrenheit(bool value) { this->component_.set_use_fahrenheit(value); }
-
- protected:
-  MitsubishiCN105Component component_;
-};
-
-class TestableMitsubishiCN105Component : public MitsubishiCN105Component {
- public:
-  MitsubishiCN105::Status &mutable_status() { return const_cast<MitsubishiCN105::Status &>(this->status()); }
-
-  void notify_status() { this->status_callback_.call(); }
-};
-
 }  // namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing

tests/components/mitsubishi_cn105/mitsubishi_cn105_component_tests.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing {
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, PublishesVaneStateForEveryValidSnapshot) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Component hub;
+  MitsubishiCN105Component hub;
   size_t callback_count = 0;
   std::optional<VerticalVaneMode> callback_direction;
   hub.add_on_vane_state_callback([&](const VaneState &state) {
@@ -11,8 +11,9 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, PublishesVaneStateForEveryValidSnapshot) {
     callback_direction = state.vertical.direction;
   });
 
-  hub.mutable_status().room_temperature = 20.0f;
-  hub.mutable_status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4;
+  hub.set_telemetry_request_min_interval(SCHEDULER_DONT_RUN);
+  hub.set_target_temperature(20.0f);
+  hub.set_vane_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4);
   hub.publish_status();
 
   EXPECT_EQ(callback_count, 1);
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, PublishesVaneStateForEveryValidSnapshot) {
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, PublishesUnknownVaneState) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Component hub;
+  MitsubishiCN105Component hub;
   size_t status_callback_count = 0;
   size_t vane_callback_count = 0;
   std::optional<VerticalVaneMode> callback_direction;
@@ -35,15 +36,16 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, PublishesUnknownVaneState) {
     callback_direction = state.vertical.direction;
   });
 
-  hub.mutable_status().room_temperature = 20.0f;
-  hub.mutable_status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN;
+  hub.set_telemetry_request_min_interval(SCHEDULER_DONT_RUN);
+  hub.set_target_temperature(20.0f);
+  ASSERT_EQ(hub.status().vane_mode, MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN);
   hub.publish_status();
 
   EXPECT_EQ(status_callback_count, 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(vane_callback_count, 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(callback_direction, std::optional{VERTICAL_VANE_MODE_UNKNOWN});
 
-  hub.mutable_status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4;
+  hub.set_vane_mode(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_4);
   hub.publish_status();
 
   EXPECT_EQ(status_callback_count, 2);
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, PublishesUnknownVaneState) {
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, VaneCallAppliesVerticalDirection) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Component hub;
+  MitsubishiCN105Component hub;
 
   auto call = hub.make_vane_call();
   call.vertical.set_direction(VERTICAL_VANE_MODE_POSITION_5);
@@ -62,12 +64,11 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, VaneCallAppliesVerticalDirection) {
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105ComponentTests, VaneControlActionAppliesConfiguredFields) {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Component hub;
+  MitsubishiCN105Component hub;
   VaneControlAction<> action(&hub, [](VaneCall &call) { call.vertical.set_direction(VERTICAL_VANE_MODE_SWING); });
 
   action.play();
 
   EXPECT_EQ(hub.status().vane_mode, MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::SWING);
 }
-
 }  // namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing

tests/components/mitsubishi_cn105/select/mitsubishi_cn105_vane_select_vertical_tests.cpp

@@ -3,14 +3,9 @@
 
 namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing {
 
-class TestableMitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelect : public MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelect {
- public:
-  using MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelect::control;
-};
-
 struct VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTestContext {
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105Component hub;
-  TestableMitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelect select;
+  MitsubishiCN105Component hub;
+  MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelect select;
 
   VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTestContext() {
     this->select.traits.set_options({"Auto", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "Swing"});
@@ -31,13 +26,15 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTests, MapsIndexesToVaneModes) {
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_modes.size(); ++i) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(i);
-    ctx.select.control(i);
+    ctx.select.make_call().set_index(i).perform();
     EXPECT_EQ(ctx.hub.status().vane_mode, expected_modes[i]);
   }
 }
 
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTests, PublishesIncomingVaneModes) {
   VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTestContext ctx;
+  ctx.hub.set_telemetry_request_min_interval(SCHEDULER_DONT_RUN);
+  ctx.hub.set_target_temperature(20.0f);
 
   constexpr std::array modes{
       MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::AUTO,       MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_1,
@@ -48,13 +45,12 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTests, PublishesIncomingVaneModes
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < modes.size(); ++i) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(i);
-    ctx.hub.mutable_status().vane_mode = modes[i];
-    ctx.hub.notify_status();
+    ctx.hub.set_vane_mode(modes[i]);
+    ctx.hub.publish_status();
     EXPECT_EQ(ctx.select.active_index(), std::optional{i});
   }
 
-  ctx.hub.mutable_status().vane_mode = MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN;
-  ctx.hub.notify_status();
+  ctx.select.publish_vane_state(MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::UNKNOWN);
   EXPECT_EQ(ctx.select.active_index(), std::optional{modes.size() - 1});
 }
 
@@ -64,14 +60,15 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTests, ControlPublishesSelectAndC
   climate_entity.set_parent(&ctx.hub);
   climate_entity.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
 
-  ctx.hub.mutable_status().room_temperature = 20.0f;
+  ctx.hub.set_telemetry_request_min_interval(SCHEDULER_DONT_RUN);
+  ctx.hub.set_target_temperature(20.0f);
   climate_entity.setup();
 
-  ctx.select.control(6);
+  ctx.select.make_call().set_index(6).perform();
   EXPECT_EQ(ctx.select.active_index(), std::optional<size_t>{6});
   EXPECT_EQ(climate_entity.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
 
-  ctx.select.control(3);
+  ctx.select.make_call().set_index(3).perform();
   EXPECT_EQ(ctx.select.active_index(), std::optional<size_t>{3});
   EXPECT_EQ(climate_entity.swing_mode, climate::CLIMATE_SWING_OFF);
 }
@@ -82,7 +79,8 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTests, ClimateControlPublishesSel
   climate_entity.set_parent(&ctx.hub);
   climate_entity.set_supported_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL);
 
-  ctx.hub.mutable_status().room_temperature = 20.0f;
+  ctx.hub.set_telemetry_request_min_interval(SCHEDULER_DONT_RUN);
+  ctx.hub.set_target_temperature(20.0f);
   climate_entity.setup();
 
   climate_entity.make_call().set_swing_mode(climate::CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL).perform();
@@ -95,10 +93,9 @@ TEST(MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTests, ClimateControlPublishesSel
 TEST(MitsubishiCN105VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTests, BeforeInitializationDoesNotPublishSelectState) {
   VerticalVaneDirectionSelectTestContext ctx;
 
-  ctx.select.control(3);
+  ctx.select.make_call().set_index(3).perform();
 
   EXPECT_EQ(ctx.hub.status().vane_mode, MitsubishiCN105::VaneMode::POSITION_3);
   EXPECT_FALSE(ctx.select.has_state());
 }
-
 }  // namespace esphome::mitsubishi_cn105::testing

tests/components/modbus/modbus_client_hub_test.cpp

@@ -322,14 +322,14 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, ContinuousReadRequeuesOnSuccessOnly) {
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2, {.continuous = true});
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
   hub.force_send_next();
 
   // A matching successful response cycles the continuous entry back to READY.
   const uint8_t ok_response[] = {0x03, 0x04, 0x00, 0x2A, 0x01, 0x00};
   hub.receive_frame_for_test(0x02, ok_response);
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
 
   // An exception response ends the poll.
   hub.force_send_next();
@@ -346,13 +346,13 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, RetriedContinuousReadStaysContinuous) {
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2, {.continuous = true});
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
   hub.force_send_next();
 
   hub.timeout_waiting();  // no response -> device requests retry
 
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);  // the retried poll stays continuous
+  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);  // the retried poll stays continuous
 }
 
 // A one-shot duplicate downgrades a continuous poll to a one-shot (the mirror of a continuous
@@ -363,16 +363,16 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, DuplicateSendDowngradesContinuous) {
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2, {.continuous = true});
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2);  // one-shot duplicate downgrades the poll
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
   EXPECT_EQ(hub.queued(0).pending, 1u);
 
   // It runs one more cycle to serve the request, then stops - not re-queued as a poll.
   hub.force_send_next();
-  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.waiting_command().continuous);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.waiting_command().options.continuous);
   const uint8_t ok_response[] = {0x03, 0x04, 0x00, 0x2A, 0x01, 0x00};
   hub.receive_frame_for_test(0x02, ok_response);
   EXPECT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 0u);
@@ -407,16 +407,16 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, DowngradeAfterTerminalKeepsRequestAlive) {
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2, {.continuous = true});
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
 
   hub.force_send_next();
   const uint8_t exception_response[] = {0x83, 0x02};
   hub.receive_frame_for_test(0x02, exception_response);  // exception ends the poll; on_error re-sends
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(device.error_count_, 1);       // one terminal delivered so far
-  ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);      // the re-send survived the sweep instead of being erased
-  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).continuous);  // downgraded to a one-shot
-  EXPECT_EQ(hub.queued(0).pending, 1u);    // debt restored so the request runs
+  EXPECT_EQ(device.error_count_, 1);               // one terminal delivered so far
+  ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);              // the re-send survived the sweep instead of being erased
+  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);  // downgraded to a one-shot
+  EXPECT_EQ(hub.queued(0).pending, 1u);            // debt restored so the request runs
 
   // And it runs to its own terminal - a good response this time - then the entry is gone.
   hub.force_send_next();
@@ -434,18 +434,18 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, ContinuousRequestUpgradesQueuedDuplicate) {
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2);
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  ASSERT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2, {.continuous = true});
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
 
   // And it behaves as a poll from here: success cycles it back to READY.
   hub.force_send_next();
   const uint8_t ok_response[] = {0x03, 0x04, 0x00, 0x2A, 0x01, 0x00};
   hub.receive_frame_for_test(0x02, ok_response);
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
 }
 
 // The transmit order is one key with three levels: writes, then one-shot reads, then continuous
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, WritesThenOneShotReadsThenContinuousPolls) {
   EXPECT_EQ(hub.waiting_command().frame.pdu()[1], 0x02);  // then the one-shot read
   hub.timeout_waiting();
   hub.force_send_next();
-  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.waiting_command().continuous);  // and the poll takes what is left
+  EXPECT_TRUE(hub.waiting_command().options.continuous);  // and the poll takes what is left
 }
 
 // continuous is ignored for writes: the frame still sends at WRITE priority, once.
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, ContinuousIgnoredForWrites) {
   device.queue_pdu(write_pdu, {.continuous = true});
   ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);
   EXPECT_EQ(hub.queued(0).priority(), CommandPriority::WRITE);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
 }
 
 // A queued continuous poll does not count against immediate-send readiness: it ranks below every
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, ContinuousPollDoesNotBlockImmediateSend) {
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(hub.tx_buffer_empty());  // nothing queued
   device.read_holding_registers(0x100, 2, {.continuous = true});
-  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).continuous);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);
   EXPECT_TRUE(hub.tx_buffer_empty());  // a READY continuous poll still leaves room to send now
 
   device.read_holding_registers(0x200, 2);  // a one-shot does count
@@ -1878,8 +1878,8 @@ TEST(ModbusClientHubPriority, ResendFromOnResponseAbsorbsIntoCompletingCommand)
   const uint8_t ok_response[] = {0x03, 0x04, 0x00, 0x2A, 0x01, 0x00};
   hub.receive_frame_for_test(0x02, ok_response);  // handler re-sends the identical frame mid-completion
 
-  ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);      // absorbed into the same entry, not a fresh twin
-  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).continuous);  // the one-shot re-send downgraded the poll
+  ASSERT_EQ(hub.queued_frames(), 1u);              // absorbed into the same entry, not a fresh twin
+  EXPECT_FALSE(hub.queued(0).options.continuous);  // the one-shot re-send downgraded the poll
 }
 
 // An exception-flagged function code is never silently re-sendable, even though the read check

tests/components/modbus_client/common.yaml

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ button:
       # A pdu lambda can hand-assemble bytes or return a modbus::helpers::create_*_pdu() builder result.
       - modbus_client.send:
           address: 0x01
+          continuous: true
           pdu: !lambda "return modbus::helpers::create_read_pdu(modbus::FunctionCode::READ_HOLDING_REGISTERS, 0x0010, 1);"
       - modbus_client.send:
           address: !lambda "return 1;"
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ button:
           address: !lambda "return 1;"
           start_address: 0x10
           count: 2
+          continuous: true
           on_response:
             then:
               - lambda: 'ESP_LOGI("modbus_client.test", "first=%u n=%u", values[0], (unsigned) values.size());'
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ button:
             then:
               - logger.log: "typed read timeout"
       - modbus_client.read_input_registers:
+          continuous: !lambda "return false;"
           address: 0x01
           start_address: 0x20
           on_custom_response:
@@ -113,12 +116,14 @@ button:
           address: 0x01
           start_address: 0x03
           count: 16
+          continuous: true
           on_response:
             then:
               - lambda: 'ESP_LOGI("modbus_client.test", "coil0=%d n=%u", bits[0], (unsigned) bits.size());'
       - modbus_client.read_discrete_inputs:
           address: 0x01
           start_address: 0x00
+          continuous: true
           on_error:
             then:
               - lambda: 'ESP_LOGW("modbus_client.test", "fc 0x%X exception %d", request.empty() ? 0 : request[0], (int) exception_code);'

tests/components/online_image/common.yaml

@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ image:
     url: http://www.faqs.org/images/library.jpg
     format: JPG
     type: RGB565
+  - platform: online_image
+    id: online_auto_image
+    url: http://www.faqs.org/images/library.jpg
+    format: AUTO
+    type: RGB565
 
 # Check the set_url action
 esphome:

tests/components/ota/test_erase_ahead.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Pins the lazy erase-ahead arithmetic used by the ESP-IDF OTA backend: the
+// erased watermark must always cover the write end, stay 64 KiB block-aligned
+// until the clamp, and never exceed the partition.
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "esphome/components/ota/ota_backend.h"
+
+namespace esphome::ota::testing {
+
+static constexpr size_t BLOCK = 64 * 1024;
+static constexpr size_t PART = 1835008;  // 0x1C0000, a real app slot size
+
+TEST(NextEraseEnd, FirstWriteRoundsUpToOneBlock) { EXPECT_EQ(next_erase_end(1024, PART), BLOCK); }
+
+TEST(NextEraseEnd, ExactBlockBoundaryDoesNotOverErase) { EXPECT_EQ(next_erase_end(BLOCK, PART), BLOCK); }
+
+TEST(NextEraseEnd, StraddlingWriteCoversNextBlock) { EXPECT_EQ(next_erase_end(BLOCK + 1, PART), 2 * BLOCK); }
+
+TEST(NextEraseEnd, ClampsToPartitionEnd) {
+  // Partition sizes are sector multiples but not always block multiples
+  constexpr size_t part = 27 * BLOCK + 4096;
+  EXPECT_EQ(next_erase_end(27 * BLOCK + 1, part), part);
+  EXPECT_EQ(next_erase_end(part, part), part);
+}
+
+// Bootloader staging seeds erased_end_ mid-block (e.g. 0x8000); the target for
+// a write past that seed must still cover the write end.
+TEST(NextEraseEnd, MidBlockSeedStillCovered) { EXPECT_EQ(next_erase_end(0x8000 + 1024, PART), BLOCK); }
+
+TEST(NextEraseEnd, SweepAlwaysCoversWriteEndWithinPartition) {
+  for (size_t end = 1; end <= PART; end += 4093) {
+    const size_t erased = next_erase_end(end, PART);
+    ASSERT_GE(erased, end);
+    ASSERT_LE(erased, PART);
+    // Block-aligned unless clamped at the partition end
+    ASSERT_TRUE(erased == PART || erased % BLOCK == 0);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome::ota::testing

tests/components/runtime_image/test_decoder_reuse.cpp

@@ -77,18 +77,12 @@ class TestableRuntimeImage : public RuntimeImage {
       : RuntimeImage(format, image::IMAGE_TYPE_RGB, image::TRANSPARENCY_OPAQUE, nullptr, false, 0, 0) {}
 
   ImageDecoder *decoder() { return this->decoder_.get(); }
-
-  /// Simulates the state a dynamic-format producer (PR #16337) would leave behind:
-  /// a cached decoder whose format no longer matches the image's format.
-  /// TODO: once #16337 adds a public way to change the format, drive the mismatch
-  /// through it and delete this seam.
-  void plant_decoder(ImageFormat format) { this->decoder_ = this->create_decoder_(format); }
 };
 
 /// Runs one full decode session. Returns true when every stage succeeded.
-static bool decode_all(TestableRuntimeImage &img, const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+static bool decode_all(TestableRuntimeImage &img, const uint8_t *data, size_t len, ImageFormat format = AUTO) {
   std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(data, data + len);  // feed_data needs mutable bytes
-  if (!img.begin_decode(len)) {
+  if (!img.begin_decode(len, format)) {
     return false;
   }
   size_t offset = 0;
@@ -203,25 +197,51 @@ TEST(RuntimeImageDecoder, ChunkedFeedDecodesLikeDownloadLoop) {
 }
 
 TEST(RuntimeImageDecoder, FormatSwitchEvictsMismatchedDecoder) {
-  // PNG image holding a stale BMP decoder: begin_decode must evict and recreate.
-  TestableRuntimeImage png_img(PNG);
-  png_img.plant_decoder(BMP);
-  ASSERT_NE(png_img.decoder(), nullptr);
-  ASSERT_EQ(png_img.decoder()->get_format(), BMP);
+  // Drive the format switch through begin_decode()'s format parameter, the way
+  // a dynamic-format producer (online_image MIME detection) does.
+  TestableRuntimeImage img(AUTO);
 
-  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(png_img, PNG_RGB, sizeof(PNG_RGB)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(png_img.decoder()->get_format(), PNG);
-  expect_pixels(png_img, PNG_RGB_EXPECTED);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(img, BMP_24BPP, sizeof(BMP_24BPP), BMP));
+  ASSERT_NE(img.decoder(), nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(img.decoder()->get_format(), BMP);
+  expect_pixels(img, BMP_24BPP_EXPECTED);
 
-  // And the other direction: BMP image holding a stale PNG decoder.
-  TestableRuntimeImage bmp_img(BMP);
-  bmp_img.plant_decoder(PNG);
-  ASSERT_NE(bmp_img.decoder(), nullptr);
-  ASSERT_EQ(bmp_img.decoder()->get_format(), PNG);
+  // Same explicit format again: the decoder must stay warm.
+  ImageDecoder *bmp_decoder = img.decoder();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(img, BMP_8BPP, sizeof(BMP_8BPP), BMP));
+  expect_pixels(img, BMP_8BPP_EXPECTED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(img.decoder(), bmp_decoder);
 
-  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(bmp_img, BMP_24BPP, sizeof(BMP_24BPP)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(bmp_img.decoder()->get_format(), BMP);
-  expect_pixels(bmp_img, BMP_24BPP_EXPECTED);
+  // Different format: the stale decoder must be evicted and recreated.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(img, PNG_RGB, sizeof(PNG_RGB), PNG));
+  EXPECT_EQ(img.decoder()->get_format(), PNG);
+  expect_pixels(img, PNG_RGB_EXPECTED);
+
+  // And back again.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(img, BMP_24BPP, sizeof(BMP_24BPP), BMP));
+  EXPECT_EQ(img.decoder()->get_format(), BMP);
+  expect_pixels(img, BMP_24BPP_EXPECTED);
+}
+
+TEST(RuntimeImageDecoder, AutoFormatFallsBackToConfiguredAndKeepsDecoderWarm) {
+  // With a configured format, an AUTO begin_decode() must resolve to the
+  // configured format before the reuse check instead of evicting the decoder.
+  TestableRuntimeImage img(BMP);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(img, BMP_24BPP, sizeof(BMP_24BPP), AUTO));
+  ImageDecoder *first = img.decoder();
+  ASSERT_NE(first, nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(first->get_format(), BMP);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(decode_all(img, BMP_24BPP, sizeof(BMP_24BPP), AUTO));
+  expect_pixels(img, BMP_24BPP_EXPECTED);
+  EXPECT_EQ(img.decoder(), first) << "AUTO must not evict the configured-format decoder";
+}
+
+TEST(RuntimeImageDecoder, AutoWithoutConfiguredFormatFails) {
+  // Neither a configured format nor an explicit one: there is nothing to decode with.
+  TestableRuntimeImage img(AUTO);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(img.begin_decode(64));
 }
 
 TEST(RuntimeImageDecoder, ReleaseKeepsDecoderWarm) {

tests/dummy_main.cpp

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ void setup() {
 
   auto *ota = new esphome::ESPHomeOTAComponent();  // NOLINT
   ota->set_port(8266);
+  App.register_component_(ota);
 
   App.setup();
 }

tests/integration/README.md

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ This directory contains end-to-end integration tests for ESPHome, focusing on te
 - `conftest.py` - Common fixtures and utilities
 - `const.py` - Constants used throughout the integration tests
 - `types.py` - Type definitions for fixtures and functions
+- `raw_api_client.py` - Minimal plaintext api client whose reads happen only on request (for backpressure tests)
 - `state_utils.py` - State handling utilities (e.g., `InitialStateHelper`, `find_entity`, `require_entity`)
 - `fixtures/` - YAML configuration files for tests
 - `test_*.py` - Individual test files
@@ -347,6 +348,7 @@ Create C++ components in `fixtures/external_components/` for:
 - Custom entity behaviors
 - Scheduler testing
 - Memory management tests
+- Deterministic network backpressure (`sndbuf_pin_component` pins socket send buffers; assert on its log line to prove the pin took effect)
 
 ##### Log Line Monitoring
 ```python

tests/integration/fixtures/api_list_entities_backpressure.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+esphome:
+  name: api-backpressure-test
+
+host:
+
+api:
+  # Smallest queue so a non-draining client blocks the send path quickly
+  max_send_queue: 1
+  actions:
+# GENERATED_ACTIONS
+
+external_components:
+  - source:
+      type: local
+      path: EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH
+    components: [sndbuf_pin_component]
+
+# Pins the device's socket send buffers for deterministic TCP backpressure
+sndbuf_pin_component:
+  buffer_size: SERVER_SNDBUF
+
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/sndbuf_pin_component/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_BUFFER_SIZE, CONF_ID
+
+DEPENDENCIES = ["api"]
+
+sndbuf_pin_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("sndbuf_pin")
+SndbufPinComponent = sndbuf_pin_ns.class_("SndbufPinComponent", cg.Component)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(SndbufPinComponent),
+        cv.Required(CONF_BUFFER_SIZE): cv.int_range(min=1),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID], config[CONF_BUFFER_SIZE])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/sndbuf_pin_component/sndbuf_pin_component.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#include "sndbuf_pin_component.h"
+
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#include "esphome/components/api/api_server.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+namespace esphome::sndbuf_pin {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "sndbuf_pin";
+
+// Skip stdio; scan the low fd range where the listeners land
+static constexpr int FIRST_USER_FD = 3;
+static constexpr int MAX_FD_SCAN = 128;
+
+void SndbufPinComponent::setup() {
+  int pinned = 0;
+  for (int fd = FIRST_USER_FD; fd < MAX_FD_SCAN; fd++) {
+    int type = 0;
+    socklen_t len = sizeof(type);
+    if (::getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE, &type, &len) != 0 || type != SOCK_STREAM)
+      continue;
+    struct sockaddr_in addr {};
+    socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(addr);
+    if (::getsockname(fd, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr *>(&addr), &addr_len) != 0) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "fd %d: getsockname failed, errno %d", fd, errno);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (ntohs(addr.sin_port) != api::global_api_server->get_port())
+      continue;
+    if (::setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &this->buffer_size_, sizeof(this->buffer_size_)) != 0) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "fd %d: SO_SNDBUF pin failed, errno %d", fd, errno);
+      continue;
+    }
+    int applied = 0;
+    len = sizeof(applied);
+    if (::getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &applied, &len) != 0 || applied < this->buffer_size_) {
+      // Linux doubles the requested value; anything below it means clamped
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "fd %d: SO_SNDBUF readback %d below requested %d", fd, applied, this->buffer_size_);
+      continue;
+    }
+    // Tests assert on this line; accepted sockets inherit the pinned size
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "fd %d port %d: SO_SNDBUF pinned to %d (effective %d)", fd, ntohs(addr.sin_port), this->buffer_size_,
+             applied);
+    pinned++;
+  }
+  if (pinned == 0) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "api listener socket was not pinned");
+    this->mark_failed();
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome::sndbuf_pin

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/sndbuf_pin_component/sndbuf_pin_component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+
+namespace esphome::sndbuf_pin {
+
+// Test-only (host): pins SO_SNDBUF on every open TCP socket so integration
+// tests get deterministic backpressure; an explicit SO_SNDBUF also disables
+// kernel autotuning, and accepted sockets inherit it from the listener.
+class SndbufPinComponent : public Component {
+ public:
+  explicit SndbufPinComponent(int buffer_size) : buffer_size_(buffer_size) {}
+  void setup() override;
+  // After the api server so its listening socket exists
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::LATE; }
+
+ protected:
+  int buffer_size_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace esphome::sndbuf_pin