Fail the ccache prune on any delete error other than not found

Fail CI Status when the ccache prune job fails
Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/integration-debug-rerun' into integration-ccache-seed
2026-10-27 08:22:25 +00:00 · 2026-10-26 15:58:56 -10:00 · 2026-10-26 14:24:36 -10:00 · 2026-10-26 13:59:08 -10:00 · 2026-10-26 13:58:52 -10:00 · 2026-10-26 13:34:03 -10:00
1055 changed files with 22421 additions and 13774 deletions
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ runs:
  steps:
    - name: Set up Python ${{ inputs.python-version }}
      id: python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
      with:
        python-version: ${{ inputs.python-version }}
    - name: Restore Python virtual environment
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ runs:
      # detects the activated venv via ``VIRTUAL_ENV`` so the venv layout
      # downstream jobs rely on is preserved.
      if: steps.cache-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@1c37ad07a6a961277cf70c0d37d6f313000f5884 # v10.3.0
+      uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@07a047e608db84b3d8c06cd9a7c7dcc9c355c18e # v10.3.2
      with:
        enable-cache: true
        # Pull request saves land in per-PR scopes nothing else can
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ jobs:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"
      - name: Set up uv
        # ``--system`` (below) installs into the setup-python interpreter;
        # no venv is created or restored by this workflow.
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@1c37ad07a6a961277cf70c0d37d6f313000f5884 # v10.3.0
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@07a047e608db84b3d8c06cd9a7c7dcc9c355c18e # v10.3.2
        with:
          enable-cache: true
          # Pull-request-only workflow: a save could never be shared and
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"
      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Log in to the GitHub container registry
        if: steps.tag.outputs.push == 'true'
-        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@81c6f93d4bc991e510b342a00b419b3bb4efc5c6 # v4.7.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"
      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@594f3bf4285d9ea8dc53c9a0c9c4092420091003 # v4.4.0

      - name: Log in to the GitHub container registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@81c6f93d4bc991e510b342a00b419b3bb4efc5c6 # v4.7.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
        run: echo key="${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements_dev.txt', 'requirements_test.txt', '.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
      - name: Set up Python ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
        id: python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
      - name: Restore Python virtual environment
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
        # detects the activated venv via ``VIRTUAL_ENV`` so downstream jobs
        # that ``. venv/bin/activate`` see an identical layout.
        if: steps.cache-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@1c37ad07a6a961277cf70c0d37d6f313000f5884 # v10.3.0
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@07a047e608db84b3d8c06cd9a7c7dcc9c355c18e # v10.3.2
        with:
          enable-cache: true
          # Pull request saves land in per-PR scopes nothing else can
@@ -406,6 +406,11 @@ jobs:
      # Registry libraries (noise-c, libsodium, ArduinoJson, lvgl) the host builds
      # download, shared per xdist worker by tests/integration/conftest.py
      INTEGRATION_LIBRARY_CACHE_PATH: ~/.esphome-integration-tests/pio_components
+      # The host build's ccache (get_build_env() in esphome/host/toolchain.py)
+      INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH: ~/.cache/esphome/host/ccache
+      # Only a full matrix run saves the ccache seed: a partial run would
+      # trim it to the few tests it ran
+      INTEGRATION_CCACHE_SAVE: ${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-run-all == 'true' && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'ci-cache-write')) }}
    steps:
      - name: Check out code from GitHub
        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
@@ -422,7 +427,7 @@ jobs:
          version: 1.2
      - name: Set up Python 3.13
        id: python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.13"
      - name: Restore integration library cache
@@ -432,6 +437,54 @@ jobs:
        with:
          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_LIBRARY_CACHE_PATH }}
          key: integration-libraries-v1-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/json/__init__.py', 'esphome/components/noise/__init__.py', 'esphome/components/lvgl/__init__.py', 'esphome/components/improv_base/__init__.py') }}
+      # A full run saves one ccache slice per bucket and restores only its own; a
+      # partial run groups tests differently, so it restores all of them. One step
+      # per slice of INTEGRATION_TESTS_SPLIT_BUCKETS in script/determine-jobs.py.
+      - name: Restore integration ccache (slice 1/5)
+        if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-run-all != 'true' || strategy.job-index == 0
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH }}
+          key: integration-ccache-v1-0-${{ github.run_id }}
+          restore-keys: integration-ccache-v1-0-
+      - name: Restore integration ccache (slice 2/5)
+        if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-run-all != 'true' || strategy.job-index == 1
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH }}
+          key: integration-ccache-v1-1-${{ github.run_id }}
+          restore-keys: integration-ccache-v1-1-
+      - name: Restore integration ccache (slice 3/5)
+        if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-run-all != 'true' || strategy.job-index == 2
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH }}
+          key: integration-ccache-v1-2-${{ github.run_id }}
+          restore-keys: integration-ccache-v1-2-
+      - name: Restore integration ccache (slice 4/5)
+        if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-run-all != 'true' || strategy.job-index == 3
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH }}
+          key: integration-ccache-v1-3-${{ github.run_id }}
+          restore-keys: integration-ccache-v1-3-
+      - name: Restore integration ccache (slice 5/5)
+        if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-run-all != 'true' || strategy.job-index == 4
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH }}
+          key: integration-ccache-v1-4-${{ github.run_id }}
+          restore-keys: integration-ccache-v1-4-
+      - name: Mark the restored ccache as unused
+        # A hit refreshes an entry's mtime, so the trim before the save keeps
+        # exactly what this run used; the zeroed statistics cover this run only
+        run: |
+          dir="${INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH/#\~/$HOME}"
+          if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
+            find "$dir" -type f -exec touch -m -d 2000-01-01 {} +
+          fi
+          echo "CCACHE_DIR=$dir" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          CCACHE_DIR="$dir" ccache -z
      - name: Restore Python virtual environment
        id: cache-venv
        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
@@ -441,7 +494,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Set up uv
        # Only needed on cache miss to populate the venv.
        if: steps.cache-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@1c37ad07a6a961277cf70c0d37d6f313000f5884 # v10.3.0
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@07a047e608db84b3d8c06cd9a7c7dcc9c355c18e # v10.3.2
        with:
          enable-cache: true
          # Pull request saves land in per-PR scopes nothing else can
@@ -462,6 +515,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Register matcher
        run: echo "::add-matcher::.github/workflows/matchers/pytest.json"
      - name: Run integration tests
+        id: integration
        env:
          # JSON array of test paths; parsed into a bash array below to avoid
          # shell word-splitting / glob hazards.
@@ -477,6 +531,32 @@ jobs:
          # A hung test fails after 30 min: the 15 min shared build lock wait plus a cold compile
          pytest -vv --no-cov --tb=native --durations=30 -n auto --dist worksteal --timeout=1800 \
            --junitxml=junit-integration.xml "${test_files[@]}"
+      - name: Re-run the failed tests with debug symbols
+        # The first run builds without -g. A crash in the re-run prints a gdb
+        # backtrace of its core; exit 1 keeps the job red when the re-run passes.
+        if: failure() && steps.integration.outcome == 'failure'
+        timeout-minutes: 30
+        env:
+          ESPHOME_INTEGRATION_DEBUG_SYMBOLS: "1"
+          ESPHOME_INTEGRATION_CORE_DIR: /tmp/esphome-cores
+        run: |
+          . venv/bin/activate
+          # The image's package lists usually suffice; refresh them only if not
+          if ! command -v gdb >/dev/null &&
+            ! sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive timeout -k 15 90 apt-get install -y -qq gdb; then
+            sudo timeout -k 15 300 apt-get update -qq &&
+              sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive timeout -k 15 300 apt-get install -y -qq gdb ||
+              echo "::warning::gdb install failed; no backtraces"
+          fi
+          {
+            mkdir -p "$ESPHOME_INTEGRATION_CORE_DIR" &&
+              echo "$ESPHOME_INTEGRATION_CORE_DIR/core.%p" | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern &&
+              ulimit -c unlimited
+          } || echo "::warning::core dumps not enabled; no backtraces"
+          # Under the step limit, so a hung test still reports before Actions kills the step
+          pytest -vv --no-cov --tb=native -n auto --dist worksteal --timeout=600 \
+            --lf --lfnf=none tests/integration || true
+          exit 1
      - name: Upload test artifacts
        # Tests that compare rendered output write the image they actually got here, so a
        # failure can be looked at without reproducing the whole build locally.
@@ -499,10 +579,19 @@ jobs:
          if-no-files-found: error
          # A full cron period of margin for the weekly refresh
          retention-days: 14
+      - name: Trim the integration ccache to this run
+        # Restored entries this run did not hit are stale; dropping them keeps
+        # the seed at one full run's working set instead of growing per save
+        if: success() && env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_SAVE == 'true'
+        run: ccache --evict-older-than 1d
      - name: Print ccache statistics
-        # esphome stores the host build's ccache under the machine-global
-        # cache dir (see get_build_env() in esphome/host/toolchain.py).
-        run: CCACHE_DIR="$HOME/.cache/esphome/host/ccache" ccache -s
+        run: ccache -s
+      - name: Save integration ccache slice
+        if: success() && env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_SAVE == 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_CCACHE_PATH }}
+          key: integration-ccache-v1-${{ strategy.job-index }}-${{ github.run_id }}
      - name: Save integration library cache
        # Bucket 0 only; the others would race the same immutable key.
        if: success() && (github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'ci-cache-write')) && strategy.job-index == 0 && steps.library-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
@@ -511,6 +600,41 @@ jobs:
          path: ${{ env.INTEGRATION_LIBRARY_CACHE_PATH }}
          key: ${{ steps.library-cache.outputs.cache-primary-key }}

+  integration-ccache-prune:
+    name: Prune replaced integration ccache slices
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    needs:
+      - determine-jobs
+      - integration-tests
+    # Dev only: a pull request's saves stay in its own scope and expire unused.
+    # A separate job so no test code runs with the cache write scope.
+    if: >-
+      !cancelled() &&
+      github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev' &&
+      needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-run-all == 'true'
+    permissions:
+      actions: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Delete the slices this run replaced
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          GH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
+        run: |
+          entries=$(gh cache list --ref refs/heads/dev --key integration-ccache-v1- --limit 100 --json id,key)
+          # A slice whose bucket failed did not save; its older entry stays
+          for key in $(jq -r --arg run "-$GITHUB_RUN_ID" '.[].key | select(endswith($run))' <<<"$entries"); do
+            prefix="${key%-"$GITHUB_RUN_ID"}-"
+            jq -r --arg p "$prefix" --argjson run "$GITHUB_RUN_ID" \
+              '.[] | select((.key | startswith($p)) and (.key | ltrimstr($p) | tonumber) < $run) | .id' <<<"$entries" |
+              while read -r id; do
+                if ! out=$(gh api -X DELETE "repos/$GH_REPO/actions/caches/$id" 2>&1); then
+                  # An overlapping dev run may have deleted it already; any other error fails the job
+                  grep -q 'HTTP 404' <<<"$out" || { echo "$out" >&2; exit 1; }
+                  echo "::notice::cache $id already gone"
+                fi
+              done
+          done
+
  import-time:
    name: Check import esphome.__main__ time
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
@@ -630,7 +754,7 @@ jobs:
            apt-get install -y libc6-dbg

      - name: Run CodSpeed benchmarks
-        uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@821a40cd6c80e3cfe387caf55668287addd808da # v5.5.0
+        uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@78102a468f96d8e0ccb92d0ec49425753fc42062 # v5.6.0
        with:
          run: |
            . venv/bin/activate
@@ -1457,7 +1581,7 @@ jobs:
          ref: main
          path: device-builder
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.13"
      - name: Set up uv
@@ -1466,7 +1590,7 @@ jobs:
        # install step (order-of-magnitude faster on cold boots,
        # with its own wheel cache). actions/setup-python still
        # provides the interpreter.
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@1c37ad07a6a961277cf70c0d37d6f313000f5884 # v10.3.0
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@07a047e608db84b3d8c06cd9a7c7dcc9c355c18e # v10.3.2
        with:
          enable-cache: true
          # Pull request saves land in per-PR scopes nothing else can
@@ -1799,6 +1923,7 @@ jobs:
      - pytest
      - codecov-empty-upload
      - integration-tests
+      - integration-ccache-prune
      - import-time
      - cpp-unit-tests
      - clang-tidy-single
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ jobs:

      # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
      - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@6f2ac81f5cd81fe351a197ba0b00d91d03cd2aee # v4.39.0
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@9b3254085494b55a0f7c4c2b3d2d52cc712ce370 # v4.39.1
        with:
          languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
          build-mode: ${{ matrix.build-mode }}
@@ -84,6 +84,6 @@ jobs:
          exit 1

      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@6f2ac81f5cd81fe351a197ba0b00d91d03cd2aee # v4.39.0
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@9b3254085494b55a0f7c4c2b3d2d52cc712ce370 # v4.39.1
        with:
          category: "/language:${{matrix.language}}"
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.x"
      - name: Build
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"

@@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ jobs:
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@594f3bf4285d9ea8dc53c9a0c9c4092420091003 # v4.4.0

      - name: Log in to docker hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@81c6f93d4bc991e510b342a00b419b3bb4efc5c6 # v4.7.0
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}
      - name: Log in to the GitHub container registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@81c6f93d4bc991e510b342a00b419b3bb4efc5c6 # v4.7.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -206,13 +206,13 @@ jobs:

      - name: Log in to docker hub
        if: matrix.registry == 'dockerhub'
-        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@81c6f93d4bc991e510b342a00b419b3bb4efc5c6 # v4.7.0
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}
      - name: Log in to the GitHub container registry
        if: matrix.registry == 'ghcr'
-        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f # v4.6.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@81c6f93d4bc991e510b342a00b419b3bb4efc5c6 # v4.7.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
          token: ${{ steps.generate-token.outputs.token }}

      - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
          path: lib/home-assistant

      - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.14"

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
        # setup-python interpreter so subsequent ``prek`` /
        # ``script/run-in-env.py`` steps find the deps without a
        # ``uv run`` prefix.
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@1c37ad07a6a961277cf70c0d37d6f313000f5884 # v10.3.0
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@07a047e608db84b3d8c06cd9a7c7dcc9c355c18e # v10.3.2
        with:
          enable-cache: true
          # Pin uv version so the action does not have to fetch the
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1

      - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@6d4fd22b20465ccc0f7354476588e8df7c9ca0e0 # v7.1.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.13"

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ci:
 repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
    # Ruff version.
-    rev: v0.17.1
+    rev: v0.17.2
    hooks:
      # Run the linter.
      - id: ruff
@@ -217,9 +217,10 @@ file does, and it is the authority when they disagree. The most useful starting
        the helper's arguments instead of writing a loop. 7-byte BCD RTC calendars use `time::decode_bcd_calendar<LAYOUT>`
        and `encode_bcd_calendar<LAYOUT>` with `EPSON_BCD_CALENDAR`, `DS_BCD_CALENDAR` or `PCF_BCD_CALENDAR`.
    *   **Bus helpers:** UART drains with `read_available(on_byte)` and `discard_available()`, text lines with
-        `LineReader<N>`; I2C has `update_register`, `write_registers` (PROGMEM `I2CRegValue` table), `check_chip_id`
-        and `read_bytes_16_le`. `if (!this->status_comm_result(ok)) return;` sets or clears the warning.
-        A child sensor that skips repeated values is `SUB_SENSOR_WITH_DEDUP(name, type)`.
+        `LineReader<N>`, fixed-length binary frames with `FrameReader<N, HEADER...>`; I2C has `update_register`,
+        `write_registers` (PROGMEM `I2CRegValue` table), `check_chip_id` and `read_bytes_16_le`.
+        `if (!this->status_comm_result(ok)) return;` sets or clears the warning. A child sensor that skips repeated
+        values is `SUB_SENSOR_WITH_DEDUP(name, type)`.
    *   **An unset float is `NAN`**, not `optional<float>`; the optional costs 4 to 8 bytes of padding per member.
    *   **`PollingComponent` first runs `update()`** after a random share of the interval; call `this->update()` at the
        end of `setup()` when the entities need a state at boot.
@@ -443,12 +444,16 @@ file does, and it is the authority when they disagree. The most useful starting
          uses `button.ApplyButton` (`switch.ApplySwitch`, `number.ApplyNumber`, `select.ApplySelect`) in its schema
          and `apply=` on the `sub_*` call. The body is a call on the hub with `entity` and `state`, `value` or
          `index`/`option` in scope; on a switch, number or select `publish="before"` or `"after"` publishes the state.
+          `publish="momentary"` is only for legacy action switches (restart, factory reset): it publishes off and runs
+          the body only when turned on. Never use it for a new entity; an action is a button.
          ```python
          switches = switch.sub_switches(config, parent=hub)
          await switches(CONF_BLUETOOTH, None, apply="set_bluetooth(state)", publish="after")
          ```
          Restore an owned or standalone switch in `setup()` with `sw->restore()`, or `restore(default)`
          to still drive a state when the restore mode is disabled.
+          A hub that applies its switches' restored states itself reads `sw->get_initial_write_state()`, which
+          already applies `inverted`.

        - **Other codegen helpers:** `uart.new_uart_component(config, *ctor_args)` (and `i2c.new_i2c_component`,
          `spi.new_spi_component`, `modbus.new_modbus_client_component`, `ble_client.new_ble_node_component`)
@@ -196,7 +196,6 @@ esphome/components/ens160_base/* @latonita @vincentscode
 esphome/components/ens160_i2c/* @latonita
 esphome/components/ens160_spi/* @latonita
 esphome/components/ens210/* @itn3rd77
-esphome/components/entity_transport/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/epaper_spi/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/es7210/* @kahrendt
 esphome/components/es7243/* @Chorty
@@ -1305,10 +1305,7 @@ def upload_program(
                f"{option_string} is only supported with the esphome OTA platform; "
                "the web_server OTA path can only update the firmware image."
            )
-        binary = CORE.firmware_bin
-        if getattr(args, "file", None) is not None:
-            binary = Path(args.file)
-        return _upload_via_web_server(config, network_devices, binary)
+        return _upload_via_web_server(config, network_devices, _app_ota_image(args))

    return _upload_via_native_api(config, network_devices, args)

@@ -1364,6 +1361,16 @@ def _esphome_ota_conf(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType | None:
    return next(iter(esphome_ota_items(config)), None)


+def _app_ota_image(args: ArgsProtocol) -> Path:
+    """The file an app update sends: ``--file`` or the build output, as the
+    target platform's ota_image hook picks it."""
+    binary = CORE.firmware_bin
+    if (file := getattr(args, "file", None)) is not None:
+        binary = Path(file)
+    ota_image = platform_hooks.get_platform_hook(CORE.target_platform, "ota_image")
+    return ota_image(binary) if ota_image is not None else binary
+
+
 def _upload_via_native_api(
    config: ConfigType, network_devices: list[str], args: ArgsProtocol
 ) -> tuple[int, str | None]:
@@ -1413,27 +1420,27 @@ def _upload_via_native_api(
                f"flash a build with the option enabled, and then retry {option_string}."
            )

-    binary = CORE.firmware_bin
    ota_type = espota2.OTA_TYPE_UPDATE_APP
+    file = getattr(args, "file", None)
    if getattr(args, "partition_table", False):
        # Fail fast if the resolved ESPHome OTA config does not enable allow_partition_access.
        # The device-side handshake also rejects this with "Device only supports app updates",
        # but checking here surfaces the misconfiguration before opening a network connection.
        check_partition_access("--partition-table")
-        binary = CORE.partition_table_bin
+        binary = Path(file) if file is not None else CORE.partition_table_bin
        ota_type = espota2.OTA_TYPE_UPDATE_PARTITION_TABLE
    elif getattr(args, "bootloader", False):
        check_partition_access("--bootloader")
        if (
-            getattr(args, "file", None) is None
+            file is None
            and (native := native_backend())
            and (hint := getattr(native, "missing_image_hint", lambda: None)())
        ):
            raise EsphomeError(hint)
-        binary = CORE.bootloader_bin
+        binary = Path(file) if file is not None else CORE.bootloader_bin
        ota_type = espota2.OTA_TYPE_UPDATE_BOOTLOADER
-    if getattr(args, "file", None) is not None:
-        binary = Path(args.file)
+    else:
+        binary = _app_ota_image(args)

    if ota_type == espota2.OTA_TYPE_UPDATE_PARTITION_TABLE:
        _validate_partition_table_binary(binary)
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 import logging
+import math
 import string
 from typing import Any

 import esphome.codegen as cg
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_ABOVE,
    CONF_ALL,
    CONF_ANY,
    CONF_AUTOMATION_ID,
+    CONF_BELOW,
    CONF_CONDITION,
    CONF_COUNT,
    CONF_ELSE,
@@ -363,6 +366,25 @@ class ApplyField:
        return ApplyCall(target, ((self.conf_key, self.type_, self.const_fn),))


+def _in_range_low(config: ConfigType, value: float) -> str:
+    return "-INFINITY" if math.isnan(value) else str(cg.safe_exp(value))
+
+
+def _in_range_high(config: ConfigType, value: float) -> str:
+    # With no lower bound, an unset upper bound stays NaN so the check is false, as before.
+    if math.isnan(value):
+        return "NAN" if math.isnan(config[CONF_ABOVE]) else "INFINITY"
+    return str(cg.safe_exp(value))
+
+
+# ``above <= state <= below`` on the parent's float ``state``; register with ``IN_RANGE_DEFAULTS``.
+IN_RANGE_CHECK = ApplyCall(
+    "state >= {} && {parent}->state <= {}",
+    ((CONF_ABOVE, cg.float_, _in_range_low), (CONF_BELOW, cg.float_, _in_range_high)),
+)
+IN_RANGE_DEFAULTS = {CONF_ABOVE: math.nan, CONF_BELOW: math.nan}
+
+
@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ApplyBytes:
    """A byte payload key forwarded as ``target``, whose ``{}`` stands for ``data, len``.
@@ -691,7 +713,11 @@ async def _render_check(


 def register_apply_condition(
-    name: str, schema: cv.Schema, check: str | ApplyCall, id_key: str = CONF_ID
+    name: str,
+    schema: cv.Schema,
+    check: str | ApplyCall,
+    id_key: str = CONF_ID,
+    defaults: ConfigType | None = None,
 ) -> None:
    """Register a condition that is one expression on its parent, with no C++ class.

@@ -700,6 +726,7 @@ def register_apply_condition(
    against config values, all of which must be present. Write ``== false`` to negate.
    A ``cg.std_string`` constant stays in flash on ESP8266 and supports only ``==`` or ``!=``
    against a ``std::string`` or ``StringRef`` member; other string types are plain literals.
+    ``defaults`` fills absent keys at code generation only, so the validated config is unchanged.
    Generates one static predicate and an ``ApplyCondition`` templated on it.
    """
    call = check if isinstance(check, ApplyCall) else ApplyCall(check)
@@ -714,6 +741,8 @@ def register_apply_condition(
        template_arg: cg.TemplateArguments,
        args: TemplateArgsType,
    ) -> MockObj:
+        if defaults:
+            config = {**defaults, **config}
        parent = await _apply_parent(config, id_key)
        lambda_args = _apply_lambda_args(args)
        values = _apply_values(config, members)
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import re
 import textwrap

 from esphome.build_helpers import pch
+from esphome.build_helpers.ccache import CCACHE_PCH_MIN_VERSION
 from esphome.components.esp32 import (
    KEY_SRC_CMAKE,
    get_esp32_variant,
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ from esphome.framework_helpers import (
    get_project_link_flags,
 )
 from esphome.helpers import get_bool_env, mkdir_p, write_file_if_changed
+from esphome.platformio.library import lex_build_flags

 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -153,6 +155,47 @@ def has_discovered_components() -> bool:
    return bool(get_available_components())


+_KEY_WARNED_BUILD_FLAGS = "warned_build_flags"
+
+
+def _lexed_build_flags() -> list[str]:
+    """Shell-lex the build flag entries as the other generators do, so an
+    entry holding several flags is classified flag by flag. Warns once per
+    entry about a flag that native ESP-IDF builds do not pass on."""
+    warned: set[tuple[str, str]] = CORE.data.setdefault(KEY_ESP32, {}).setdefault(
+        _KEY_WARNED_BUILD_FLAGS, set()
+    )
+    flags: list[str] = []
+    for entry in sorted(CORE.build_flags):
+        tokens = lex_build_flags(entry, "esphome build_flags")
+        for token in tokens:
+            if (
+                (token, entry) not in warned
+                and not get_project_compile_flags([token])
+                and not get_project_link_flags([token])
+            ):
+                warned.add((token, entry))
+                _LOGGER.warning(
+                    "Build flag '%s'%s is ignored: native ESP-IDF builds only "
+                    "pass -D, -W and -Wl, flags",
+                    token,
+                    "" if token == entry else f" in '{entry}'",
+                )
+        flags += tokens
+    return flags
+
+
+def _cmake_args(flags: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+    """Quote each flag as a CMake argument so quotes, backslashes and $
+    survive."""
+    return [
+        '"{}"'.format(
+            flag.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', '\\"').replace("$", "\\$")
+        )
+        for flag in flags
+    ]
+
+
 def _cmake_quote(value: str) -> str:
    """Quote a cmake arg value for a set() line. add_cmake_arg rejects
    whitespace, quotes, and '$', so only backslashes need escaping."""
@@ -293,18 +336,24 @@ def get_project_cmakelists(
    # esphome__micro-mp3) rather than just src/. Required so suppressions
    # like ``-Wno-error=maybe-uninitialized`` actually silence warnings in
    # third-party components we don't author.
-    project_compile_opts = get_project_compile_flags()
+    # CMake keeps only the first copy of a repeated option; drop all but the
+    # last copy instead so the last definition wins, as on the command line.
+    project_compile_opts = list(
+        reversed(
+            dict.fromkeys(reversed(get_project_compile_flags(_lexed_build_flags())))
+        )
+    )
    extra_compile_options = "\n".join(
-        f'idf_build_set_property(COMPILE_OPTIONS "{flag}" APPEND)'
-        for flag in project_compile_opts
+        f"idf_build_set_property(COMPILE_OPTIONS {flag} APPEND)"
+        for flag in _cmake_args(project_compile_opts)
    )

    # Flags registered via cg.add_cxx_build_flag() go on CXX_COMPILE_OPTIONS
    # (not COMPILE_OPTIONS) because GCC warns when a C++-only flag such as
    # -Wno-volatile is passed on a C compile.
    cxx_compile_options = "\n".join(
-        f'idf_build_set_property(CXX_COMPILE_OPTIONS "{flag}" APPEND)'
-        for flag in get_project_cxx_compile_flags()
+        f"idf_build_set_property(CXX_COMPILE_OPTIONS {flag} APPEND)"
+        for flag in _cmake_args(get_project_cxx_compile_flags())
    )

    cpp_standard_options = (
@@ -460,7 +509,7 @@ def get_component_cmakelists() -> str:
    # Extract linker options (-Wl, flags). Compile flags (-D, -W) are
    # emitted project-wide via idf_build_set_property in
    # get_project_cmakelists so they reach every component, not just src/.
-    link_opts = get_project_link_flags()
+    link_opts = _cmake_args(get_project_link_flags(_lexed_build_flags()))
    link_opts_str = "\n    ".join(link_opts) if link_opts else ""
    src_cmake = "\n".join(CORE.data[KEY_ESP32].get(KEY_SRC_CMAKE, []))

@@ -515,7 +564,7 @@ target_link_options(${{COMPONENT_LIB}} PUBLIC
 # Where CMake puts the .gch of the src component; ccache reads the checksum
 # next to it in place of the .gch
 _PCH_SUM_PATH = "build/esp-idf/src/CMakeFiles/__idf_src.dir/cmake_pch.hxx.gch.sum"
-# Where the Windows gate records its choice
+# Where the CMake gate records its choice
 _PCH_CHOICE_VAR = "ESPHOME_PCH"


@@ -531,16 +580,32 @@ def _pch_cmake_block() -> str:
    block = f"""target_precompile_headers(${{COMPONENT_LIB}} PRIVATE
 {headers}
 )"""
-    if not pch.pch_needs_gcc_check():
+    if pch.pch_forced():
        return f"\n# ESPHome precompiled header\n{block}\n"
-    # Before the first configure only CMake knows the compiler version
-    return f"""
-# ESPHome precompiled header, unless GCC bug 14940 keeps it from loading
-if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" AND ({pch.PCH_WINDOWS_CMAKE_OLD_GCC}))
+    # Only CMake knows the compiler version before the first configure, and
+    # the ccache IDF found is the one the build runs
+    gcc_gate = ""
+    if pch.pch_needs_gcc_check():
+        gcc_gate = f"""if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU" AND ({pch.PCH_WINDOWS_CMAKE_OLD_GCC}))
  message(STATUS "ESPHome: GCC ${{CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION}} cannot load a precompiled header on Windows; compiling without it")
-  set({_PCH_CHOICE_VAR} OFF CACHE BOOL "ESPHome precompiled header in use" FORCE)
-else()
-  set({_PCH_CHOICE_VAR} ON CACHE BOOL "ESPHome precompiled header in use" FORCE)
+  set(_esphome_pch OFF)
+endif()
+"""
+    min_ccache = ".".join(map(str, CCACHE_PCH_MIN_VERSION))
+    return f"""
+# ESPHome precompiled header, unless a check below rules it out
+set(_esphome_pch ON)
+{gcc_gate}if(CCACHE_ENABLE AND CCACHE_FOUND)
+  execute_process(COMMAND "${{CCACHE_FOUND}}" --version OUTPUT_VARIABLE _esphome_ccache ERROR_QUIET)
+  if(_esphome_ccache MATCHES "ccache version ([0-9.]+)")
+    if(CMAKE_MATCH_1 VERSION_LESS {min_ccache})
+      message(STATUS "ESPHome: ccache ${{CMAKE_MATCH_1}} can reuse stale objects with a precompiled header; compiling without it (upgrade ccache to {min_ccache} or newer, or set ESPHOME_PCH_ENABLE=1 to force)")
+      set(_esphome_pch OFF)
+    endif()
+  endif()
+endif()
+set({_PCH_CHOICE_VAR} ${{_esphome_pch}} CACHE BOOL "ESPHome precompiled header in use" FORCE)
+if(_esphome_pch)
 {textwrap.indent(block, "  ")}
 endif()
 """
@@ -557,10 +622,10 @@ def write_pch_checksum() -> None:

    if not pch.pch_enabled():
        return
-    # The gate's choice, cached by configure
-    if pch.pch_needs_gcc_check() and get_cmake_cache_value(_PCH_CHOICE_VAR) != "ON":
-        return
-    pch.log_pch_in_use()
+    # Written whatever the gate chose last time: a build tree without that
+    # choice, or a reconfigure that turns the pch on, must not see a stale sum
+    if pch.pch_forced() or get_cmake_cache_value(_PCH_CHOICE_VAR) == "ON":
+        pch.log_pch_in_use()
    checksum = pch.pch_checksum(
        CORE.relative_src_path(),
        pch.PCH_DEFAULT_HEADERS,
@@ -3,21 +3,68 @@ resolution, and default ``CCACHE_*`` values."""

 from __future__ import annotations

+import functools
 import logging
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
+import re

-from esphome.framework_helpers import strip_win_long_path_prefix, tool_version_runs
+from esphome.framework_helpers import (
+    strip_win_long_path_prefix,
+    tool_version_probe,
+    tool_version_runs,
+)
 from esphome.helpers import FALSY_ENV_STRINGS, TRUTHY_ENV_STRINGS

 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)


+# Before 4.7 ccache stores a pch consumer whose header is newer than one
+# second without that header, so a later build reuses it after the header
+# changed (#21621)
+CCACHE_PCH_MIN_VERSION = (4, 7)
+
+_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r"ccache version (\d+(?:\.\d+)*)")
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def _ccache_probe(ccache: str) -> str | Exception:
+    """``ccache --version``, run once per binary per process."""
+    return tool_version_probe(ccache)
+
+
 def _ccache_runs(ccache: str) -> bool:
    """Return True when the ``ccache`` found on PATH actually runs."""
    return tool_version_runs(
        ccache,
        "Ignoring ccache at %s because it failed to run; compiling without ccache",
+        probe=_ccache_probe,
+    )
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def _ccache_too_old_for_pch(ccache: str) -> bool:
+    output = _ccache_probe(ccache)
+    if not isinstance(output, str) or (found := _VERSION_RE.search(output)) is None:
+        return False
+    if tuple(map(int, found[1].split("."))) >= CCACHE_PCH_MIN_VERSION:
+        return False
+    _LOGGER.info(
+        "ccache %s at %s can reuse stale objects with a precompiled header; "
+        "compiling without it (upgrade ccache to %s or newer, or set "
+        "ESPHOME_PCH_ENABLE=1 to force)",
+        found[1],
+        ccache,
+        ".".join(map(str, CCACHE_PCH_MIN_VERSION)),
+    )
+    return True
+
+
+def ccache_breaks_pch() -> bool:
+    """Whether the ccache this build uses is too old for a precompiled header.
+    ESP-IDF builds check the ccache IDF finds in CMake instead (build_gen.espidf)."""
+    return (ccache := resolve_ccache_path()) is not None and _ccache_too_old_for_pch(
+        ccache
    )


@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ import re
 import subprocess
 import sys

-from esphome.build_helpers.ccache import effective_ccache_basedir, parse_enable_env
+from esphome.build_helpers.ccache import (
+    ccache_breaks_pch,
+    effective_ccache_basedir,
+    parse_enable_env,
+)
 from esphome.const import PLATFORM_NRF52
 from esphome.helpers import write_file_if_changed

@@ -117,9 +121,16 @@ def pch_needs_gcc_check() -> bool:
    return sys.platform == "win32" and parse_enable_env("ESPHOME_PCH_ENABLE") is None


+def _ccache_rules_out_pch() -> bool:
+    """An old ccache, unless ``ESPHOME_PCH_ENABLE=1`` forces the pch on.
+    ESP-IDF runs the same check in CMake (build_gen.espidf)."""
+    return not pch_forced() and ccache_breaks_pch()
+
+
 def pch_usable(cxx: Sequence[Path | str]) -> bool:
-    """The knob plus the host rule; ``ESPHOME_PCH_ENABLE=1`` skips the rule."""
-    if not pch_enabled():
+    """The knob plus the ccache and host rules; ``ESPHOME_PCH_ENABLE=1``
+    skips the rules."""
+    if not pch_enabled() or _ccache_rules_out_pch():
        return False
    if not pch_needs_gcc_check():
        return True
@@ -162,7 +173,11 @@ def pch_script_enabled() -> bool:
    """Whether this PlatformIO build takes the pch script."""
    from esphome.core import CORE

-    return pch_enabled() and CORE.target_platform not in PCH_SCRIPT_EXCLUDED_PLATFORMS
+    return (
+        pch_enabled()
+        and CORE.target_platform not in PCH_SCRIPT_EXCLUDED_PLATFORMS
+        and not _ccache_rules_out_pch()
+    )


 def pch_header_text(include_headers: Iterable[str]) -> str:
@@ -33,9 +33,35 @@ _CACHE_VERSION = 1
 _LAMBDA_KEY = "__esphome_lambda__"


+_CACHE_SUFFIX = ".validated.json"
+
+
 def compiled_config_path(config_filename: str) -> Path:
    """Path to the cached validated config alongside the storage sidecar."""
-    return CORE.data_dir / "storage" / f"{config_filename}.validated.json"
+    return CORE.data_dir / "storage" / f"{config_filename}{_CACHE_SUFFIX}"
+
+
+def invalidate_compiled_config() -> None:
+    """Drop every cache in the storage dir after a change to a file the
+    mtime check cannot see, such as secrets.yaml or an include; other
+    configurations may share that file."""
+    storage = compiled_config_path(CORE.config_filename).parent
+    try:
+        caches = [p for p in storage.iterdir() if p.name.endswith(_CACHE_SUFFIX)]
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        return
+    except OSError as err:
+        raise EsphomeError(
+            f"Could not list the validated config caches in {storage}: {err}"
+        ) from err
+    for path in caches:
+        try:
+            path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        except OSError as err:
+            # A stale cache would present the old key on the next upload
+            raise EsphomeError(
+                f"Could not remove the validated config cache {path}: {err}"
+            ) from err


 def save_compiled_config(config: ConfigType) -> None:
@@ -297,9 +297,7 @@ void ADE7880::init_device_() {
 void ADE7880::reset_device_() {
  if (this->reset_pin_ != nullptr) {
    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Reset device using RESET pin");
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(false);
-    delay(1);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
+    pulse_reset(this->reset_pin_, {.low_ms = 1});
  } else {
    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Reset device using SWRST command");
    this->write_u16_register16_(CONFIG, CONFIG_SWRST);
@@ -14,80 +14,80 @@ ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "aic3204");
    return; \
  }

+static constexpr i2c::I2CRegValue AIC3204_INIT[] PROGMEM = {
+    // Set register page to 0
+    {AIC3204_PAGE_CTRL, 0x00},
+    // Initiate SW reset (PLL is powered off as part of reset)
+    {AIC3204_SW_RST, 0x01},
+    // *** Program clock settings ***
+    // Default is CODEC_CLKIN is from MCLK pin. Don't need to change this.
+    // MDAC*NDAC*FOSR*48Khz = mClk (24.576 MHz when the XMOS is expecting 48kHz audio)
+    // (See page 51 of https://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slaa557/slaa557.pdf)
+    // We do need MDAC*DOSR/32 >= the resource compute level for the processing block
+    // So here 2*128/32 = 8, which is equal to processing block 1 's resource compute
+    // See page 5 of https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa404c/slaa404c.pdf for the workflow
+    // for determining these settings.
+    // Power up NDAC and set to 2
+    {AIC3204_NDAC, 0x82},
+    // Power up MDAC and set to 2
+    {AIC3204_MDAC, 0x82},
+    // Program DOSR = 128
+    {AIC3204_DOSR, 0x80},
+    // Set Audio Interface Config: I2S, 32 bits, DOUT always driving
+    {AIC3204_CODEC_IF, 0x30},
+    // For I2S Firmware only, set SCLK/MFP3 pin as Audio Data In
+    {AIC3204_SCLK_MFP3, 0x02},
+    {AIC3204_AUDIO_IF_4, 0x01},
+    {AIC3204_AUDIO_IF_5, 0x01},
+    // Program the DAC processing block to be used - PRB_P1
+    {AIC3204_DAC_SIG_PROC, 0x01},
+    // *** Select Page 1 ***
+    {AIC3204_PAGE_CTRL, 0x01},
+    // Enable the internal AVDD_LDO:
+    {AIC3204_LDO_CTRL, 0x09},
+    // *** Program Analog Blocks ***
+    // Disable Internal Crude AVdd in presence of external AVdd supply or before powering up internal AVdd LDO
+    {AIC3204_PWR_CFG, 0x08},
+    // Enable Master Analog Power Control
+    {AIC3204_LDO_CTRL, 0x01},
+    // Page 125: Common mode control register, set d6 to 1 to make the full chip common mode = 0.75 v
+    // We are using the internal AVdd regulator with a nominal output of 1.72 V (see LDO_CTRL_REGISTER on page 123)
+    // Page 86 says to only set the common mode voltage to 0.9 v if AVdd >= 1.8... but it isn't on our hardware
+    // We also adjust the HPL and HPR gains to -2dB gian later in this config flow compensate (see page 47)
+    // (All pages refer to the TLV320AIC3204 Application Reference Guide)
+    {AIC3204_CM_CTRL, 0x40},
+    // *** Set PowerTune Modes ***
+    // Set the Left & Right DAC PowerTune mode to PTM_P3/4. Use Class-AB driver.
+    {AIC3204_PLAY_CFG1, 0x00},
+    {AIC3204_PLAY_CFG2, 0x00},
+    // Set the REF charging time to 40ms
+    {AIC3204_REF_STARTUP, 0x01},
+    // HP soft stepping settings for optimal pop performance at power up
+    // Rpop used is 6k with N = 6 and soft step = 20usec. This should work with 47uF coupling
+    // capacitor. Can try N=5,6 or 7 time constants as well. Trade-off delay vs “pop” sound.
+    {AIC3204_HP_START, 0x25},
+    // Route Left DAC to HPL
+    {AIC3204_HPL_ROUTE, 0x08},
+    // Route Right DAC to HPR
+    {AIC3204_HPR_ROUTE, 0x08},
+    // Route Left DAC to LOL
+    {AIC3204_LOL_ROUTE, 0x08},
+    // Route Right DAC to LOR
+    {AIC3204_LOR_ROUTE, 0x08},
+    // Unmute HPL and set gain to -2dB (see comment before configuring the AIC3204_CM_CTRL register)
+    {AIC3204_HPL_GAIN, 0x3e},
+    // Unmute HPR and set gain to -2dB (see comment before configuring the AIC3204_CM_CTRL register)
+    {AIC3204_HPR_GAIN, 0x3e},
+    // Unmute LOL and set gain to 0dB
+    {AIC3204_LOL_DRV_GAIN, 0x00},
+    // Unmute LOR and set gain to 0dB
+    {AIC3204_LOR_DRV_GAIN, 0x00},
+    // Power up HPL and HPR, LOL and LOR drivers
+    {AIC3204_OP_PWR_CTRL, 0x3C},
+};
+
 void AIC3204::setup() {
-  // Set register page to 0
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_PAGE_CTRL, 0x00), "Set page 0 failed");
-  // Initiate SW reset (PLL is powered off as part of reset)
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_SW_RST, 0x01), "Software reset failed");
-  // *** Program clock settings ***
-  // Default is CODEC_CLKIN is from MCLK pin. Don't need to change this.
-  // MDAC*NDAC*FOSR*48Khz = mClk (24.576 MHz when the XMOS is expecting 48kHz audio)
-  // (See page 51 of https://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slaa557/slaa557.pdf)
-  // We do need MDAC*DOSR/32 >= the resource compute level for the processing block
-  // So here 2*128/32 = 8, which is equal to processing block 1 's resource compute
-  // See page 5 of https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa404c/slaa404c.pdf for the workflow
-  // for determining these settings.
-
-  // Power up NDAC and set to 2
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_NDAC, 0x82), "Set NDAC failed");
-  // Power up MDAC and set to 2
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_MDAC, 0x82), "Set MDAC failed");
-  // Program DOSR = 128
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_DOSR, 0x80), "Set DOSR failed");
-  // Set Audio Interface Config: I2S, 32 bits, DOUT always driving
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_CODEC_IF, 0x30), "Set CODEC_IF failed");
-  // For I2S Firmware only, set SCLK/MFP3 pin as Audio Data In
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_SCLK_MFP3, 0x02), "Set SCLK/MFP3 failed");
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_AUDIO_IF_4, 0x01), "Set AUDIO_IF_4 failed");
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_AUDIO_IF_5, 0x01), "Set AUDIO_IF_5 failed");
-  // Program the DAC processing block to be used - PRB_P1
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_DAC_SIG_PROC, 0x01), "Set DAC_SIG_PROC failed");
-
-  // *** Select Page 1 ***
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_PAGE_CTRL, 0x01), "Set page 1 failed");
-  // Enable the internal AVDD_LDO:
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_LDO_CTRL, 0x09), "Set LDO_CTRL failed");
-  // *** Program Analog Blocks ***
-  // Disable Internal Crude AVdd in presence of external AVdd supply or before powering up internal AVdd LDO
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_PWR_CFG, 0x08), "Set PWR_CFG failed");
-  // Enable Master Analog Power Control
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_LDO_CTRL, 0x01), "Set LDO_CTRL failed");
-  // Page 125: Common mode control register, set d6 to 1 to make the full chip common mode = 0.75 v
-  // We are using the internal AVdd regulator with a nominal output of 1.72 V (see LDO_CTRL_REGISTER on page 123)
-  // Page 86 says to only set the common mode voltage to 0.9 v if AVdd >= 1.8... but it isn't on our hardware
-  // We also adjust the HPL and HPR gains to -2dB gian later in this config flow compensate (see page 47)
-  // (All pages refer to the TLV320AIC3204 Application Reference Guide)
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_CM_CTRL, 0x40), "Set CM_CTRL failed");
-  // *** Set PowerTune Modes ***
-  // Set the Left & Right DAC PowerTune mode to PTM_P3/4. Use Class-AB driver.
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_PLAY_CFG1, 0x00), "Set PLAY_CFG1 failed");
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_PLAY_CFG2, 0x00), "Set PLAY_CFG2 failed");
-  // Set the REF charging time to 40ms
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_REF_STARTUP, 0x01), "Set REF_STARTUP failed");
-  // HP soft stepping settings for optimal pop performance at power up
-  // Rpop used is 6k with N = 6 and soft step = 20usec. This should work with 47uF coupling
-  // capacitor. Can try N=5,6 or 7 time constants as well. Trade-off delay vs “pop” sound.
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_HP_START, 0x25), "Set HP_START failed");
-  // Route Left DAC to HPL
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_HPL_ROUTE, 0x08), "Set HPL_ROUTE failed");
-  // Route Right DAC to HPR
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_HPR_ROUTE, 0x08), "Set HPR_ROUTE failed");
-  // Route Left DAC to LOL
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_LOL_ROUTE, 0x08), "Set LOL_ROUTE failed");
-  // Route Right DAC to LOR
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_LOR_ROUTE, 0x08), "Set LOR_ROUTE failed");
-
-  // Unmute HPL and set gain to -2dB (see comment before configuring the AIC3204_CM_CTRL register)
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_HPL_GAIN, 0x3e), "Set HPL_GAIN failed");
-  // Unmute HPR and set gain to -2dB (see comment before configuring the AIC3204_CM_CTRL register)
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_HPR_GAIN, 0x3e), "Set HPR_GAIN failed");
-  // Unmute LOL and set gain to 0dB
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_LOL_DRV_GAIN, 0x00), "Set LOL_DRV_GAIN failed");
-  // Unmute LOR and set gain to 0dB
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_LOR_DRV_GAIN, 0x00), "Set LOR_DRV_GAIN failed");
-
-  // Power up HPL and HPR, LOL and LOR drivers
-  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(AIC3204_OP_PWR_CTRL, 0x3C), "Set OP_PWR_CTRL failed");
+  ERROR_CHECK(this->write_registers(AIC3204_INIT), "Failed to initialize");

  // Wait for 2.5 sec for soft stepping to take effect before attempting power-up
  this->set_timeout(2500, [this]() {
@@ -90,6 +90,10 @@ class AirtonClimate : public climate_ir::ClimateIR {
  bool set_display_state(bool state);
  bool set_vertical_direction_state(VerticalDirection direction);
  void send_settings();
+  void control_vertical_direction(VerticalDirection direction) {
+    if (this->set_vertical_direction_state(direction))
+      this->send_settings();
+  }
  void set_setting(AirtonSetting setting, bool state) {
    const bool changed = setting == AirtonSetting::AIRTON_SETTING_DISPLAY ? this->set_display_state(state)
                                                                          : this->set_sleep_mode_state(state);
@@ -9,18 +9,16 @@ from ..climate import (
    CONF_VERTICAL_DIRECTION,
    VERTICAL_DIRECTIONS,
    AirtonClimate,
-    airton_ns,
+    VerticalDirection,
 )

 CODEOWNERS = ["@Procsiab"]

-VerticalDirectionSelect = airton_ns.class_("VerticalDirectionSelect", select.Select)
-
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
    {
        cv.GenerateID(CONF_AIRTON_ID): cv.use_id(AirtonClimate),
        cv.Optional(CONF_VERTICAL_DIRECTION): select.select_schema(
-            VerticalDirectionSelect,
+            select.ApplySelect,
            entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
        ),
    }
@@ -34,4 +32,6 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
        CONF_VERTICAL_DIRECTION,
        hub.set_vertical_direction_select,
        options=list(VERTICAL_DIRECTIONS),
+        # The options are in the order of the enum; the hub publishes the state
+        apply=f"control_vertical_direction(static_cast<{VerticalDirection}>(index))",
    )
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
-#include "../airton.h"
-
-namespace esphome::airton {
-
-class VerticalDirectionSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<AirtonClimate> {
- protected:
-  // The options are in the order of the enum, so the index is the direction; the parent publishes the state
-  void control(size_t index) override {
-    if (this->parent_->set_vertical_direction_state(static_cast<VerticalDirection>(index)))
-      this->parent_->send_settings();
-  }
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::airton
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from esphome import automation
 from esphome.automation import maybe_simple_id
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import mqtt, web_server
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
    CONF_CODE,
@@ -10,11 +9,11 @@ from esphome.const import (
    CONF_ID,
    CONF_MQTT_ID,
    CONF_ON_STATE,
-    CONF_WEB_SERVER,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority, entity_helpers
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import (
    entity_duplicate_validator,
+    mqtt_component_class,
    queue_entity_register,
    setup_entity,
 )
@@ -44,12 +43,12 @@ AlarmControlPanelState = alarm_control_panel_ns.enum("AlarmControlPanelState")


 _ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_SCHEMA = (
-    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(web_server.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
+    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(entity_helpers.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
    .extend(cv.MQTT_COMMAND_COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
    .extend(
        {
            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(
-                mqtt.MQTTAlarmControlPanelComponent
+                mqtt_component_class("MQTTAlarmControlPanelComponent")
            ),
            cv.Optional(CONF_ON_STATE): automation.validate_automation({}),
            cv.Optional(CONF_ON_TRIGGERED): automation.validate_automation({}),
@@ -166,11 +165,7 @@ _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS = (
@setup_entity("alarm_control_panel")
 async def setup_alarm_control_panel_core_(var, config):
    await automation.build_callback_automations(var, config, _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS)
-    if web_server_config := config.get(CONF_WEB_SERVER):
-        await web_server.add_entity_config(var, web_server_config)
-    if mqtt_id := config.get(CONF_MQTT_ID):
-        mqtt_ = cg.new_Pvariable(mqtt_id, var)
-        await mqtt.register_mqtt_component(mqtt_, config)
+    await entity_helpers.setup_entity_integrations(var, config)


 async def register_alarm_control_panel(var, config):
@@ -11,7 +11,52 @@ ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "apds9960");
    this->mark_failed(LOG_STR("Setting up APDS9960 registers failed")); \
    return; \
  }
-#define APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(reg, value) APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(reg, value));
+
+static constexpr i2c::I2CRegValue APDS9960_TIMING[] PROGMEM = {
+    // ATime (ADC integration time, 2.78ms increments, 0x81) -> 0xDB (103ms)
+    {0x81, 0xDB},
+    // WTime (Wait time, 0x83) -> 0xF6 (27ms)
+    {0x83, 0xF6},
+    // PPulse (0x8E) -> 0x87 (16us, 8 pulses)
+    {0x8E, 0x87},
+    // POffset UR (0x9D) -> 0 (no offset)
+    {0x9D, 0x00},
+    // POffset DL (0x9E) -> 0 (no offset)
+    {0x9E, 0x00},
+    // Config 1 (0x8D) -> 0x60 (no wtime factor)
+    {0x8D, 0x60},
+};
+
+static constexpr i2c::I2CRegValue APDS9960_INTERRUPT_GESTURE[] PROGMEM = {
+    // Pers (0x8C) -> 0x11 (2 consecutive proximity or ALS for interrupt)
+    {0x8C, 0x11},
+    // Config 2 (0x90) -> 0x01 (no saturation interrupts or LED boost)
+    {0x90, 0x01},
+    // Config 3 (0x9F) -> 0x00 (enable all photodiodes, no SAI)
+    {0x9F, 0x00},
+    // GPenTh (0xA0, gesture enter threshold) -> 0x28 (also 0x32)
+    {0xA0, 0x28},
+    // GPexTh (0xA1, gesture exit threshold) -> 0x1E
+    {0xA1, 0x1E},
+    // GConf 1 (0xA2, gesture config 1) -> 0x40 (4 gesture events for interrupt (GFIFO 3), 1 for exit)
+    {0xA2, 0x40},
+};
+
+static constexpr i2c::I2CRegValue APDS9960_GESTURE_OFFSETS[] PROGMEM = {
+    // GOffsetU (0xA4) -> 0x00 (no offset)
+    {0xA4, 0x00},
+    // GOffsetD (0xA5) -> 0x00 (no offset)
+    {0xA5, 0x00},
+    // GOffsetL (0xA7) -> 0x00 (no offset)
+    {0xA7, 0x00},
+    // GOffsetR (0xA9) -> 0x00 (no offset)
+    {0xA9, 0x00},
+    // GPulse (0xA6) -> 0xC9 (32 µs, 10 pulses)
+    {0xA6, 0xC9},
+    // GConf 3 (0xAA, gesture config 3) -> 0x00 (all photodiodes active during gesture, all gesture dimensions enabled)
+    // 0x00 -> all dimensions, 0x01 -> up down, 0x02 -> left right
+    {0xAA, 0x00},
+};

 void APDS9960::setup() {
  uint8_t id;
@@ -25,83 +70,27 @@ void APDS9960::setup() {
    return;
  }

-  // ATime (ADC integration time, 2.78ms increments, 0x81) -> 0xDB (103ms)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x81, 0xDB);
-  // WTime (Wait time, 0x83) -> 0xF6 (27ms)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x83, 0xF6);
-  // PPulse (0x8E) -> 0x87 (16us, 8 pulses)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x8E, 0x87);
-  // POffset UR (0x9D) -> 0 (no offset)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x9D, 0x00);
-  // POffset DL (0x9E) -> 0 (no offset)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x9E, 0x00);
-  // Config 1 (0x8D) -> 0x60 (no wtime factor)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x8D, 0x60);
+  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->write_registers(APDS9960_TIMING));

-  // Control (0x8F) ->
-  uint8_t val = 0;
-  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->read_byte(0x8F, &val));
-  val &= 0b00111111;
-  // led drive, 0 -> 100mA, 1 -> 50mA, 2 -> 25mA, 3 -> 12.5mA
-  val |= (this->led_drive_ & 0b11) << 6;
+  // Control (0x8F): led drive (0 -> 100mA, 1 -> 50mA, 2 -> 25mA, 3 -> 12.5mA),
+  // proximity gain (0 -> 1x, 1 -> 2X, 2 -> 4X, 3 -> 8X), ambient light gain (0 -> 1x, 1 -> 4x, 2 -> 16x, 3 -> 64x)
+  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->update_register(
+      0x8F, 0b11001111,
+      (this->led_drive_ & 0b11) << 6 | (this->proximity_gain_ & 0b11) << 2 | (this->ambient_gain_ & 0b11)));

-  val &= 0b11110011;
-  // proximity gain, 0 -> 1x, 1 -> 2X, 2 -> 4X, 3 -> 8X
-  val |= (this->proximity_gain_ & 0b11) << 2;
+  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->write_registers(APDS9960_INTERRUPT_GESTURE));

-  val &= 0b11111100;
-  // ambient light gain, 0 -> 1x, 1 -> 4x, 2 -> 16x, 3 -> 64x
-  val |= (this->ambient_gain_ & 0b11) << 0;
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x8F, val);
+  // GConf 2 (0xA3): gesture gain (0 -> 1x, 1 -> 2x, 2 -> 4x, 3 -> 8x),
+  // gesture led drive (0 -> 100mA, 1 -> 50mA, 2 -> 25mA, 3 -> 12.5mA), gesture wait time
+  // (0 -> 0ms, 1 -> 2.8ms, 2 -> 5.6ms, 3 -> 8.4ms, 4 -> 14.0ms, 5 -> 22.4 ms, 6 -> 30.8ms, 7 -> 39.2 ms)
+  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->update_register(
+      0xA3, 0b01111111,
+      (this->gesture_gain_ & 0b11) << 5 | (this->gesture_led_drive_ & 0b11) << 3 | (this->gesture_wait_time_ & 0b111)));

-  // Pers (0x8C) -> 0x11 (2 consecutive proximity or ALS for interrupt)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x8C, 0x11);
-  // Config 2 (0x90) -> 0x01 (no saturation interrupts or LED boost)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x90, 0x01);
-  // Config 3 (0x9F) -> 0x00 (enable all photodiodes, no SAI)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x9F, 0x00);
-  // GPenTh (0xA0, gesture enter threshold) -> 0x28 (also 0x32)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA0, 0x28);
-  // GPexTh (0xA1, gesture exit threshold) -> 0x1E
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA1, 0x1E);
-
-  // GConf 1 (0xA2, gesture config 1) -> 0x40 (4 gesture events for interrupt (GFIFO 3), 1 for exit)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA2, 0x40);
-
-  // GConf 2 (0xA3, gesture config 2) ->
-  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->read_byte(0xA3, &val));
-  val &= 0b10011111;
-  // gesture gain, 0 -> 1x, 1 -> 2x, 2 -> 4x, 3 -> 8x
-  val |= (this->gesture_gain_ & 0b11) << 5;
-
-  val &= 0b11100111;
-  // gesture led drive, 0 -> 100mA, 1 -> 50mA, 2 -> 25mA, 3 -> 12.5mA
-  val |= (this->gesture_led_drive_ & 0b11) << 3;
-
-  val &= 0b11111000;
-  // gesture wait time
-  // 0 -> 0ms, 1 -> 2.8ms, 2 -> 5.6ms, 3 -> 8.4ms
-  // 4 -> 14.0ms, 5 -> 22.4 ms, 6 -> 30.8ms, 7 -> 39.2 ms
-  val |= (this->gesture_wait_time_ & 0b111) << 0;
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA3, val);
-
-  // GOffsetU (0xA4) -> 0x00 (no offset)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA4, 0x00);
-  // GOffsetD (0xA5) -> 0x00 (no offset)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA5, 0x00);
-  // GOffsetL (0xA7) -> 0x00 (no offset)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA7, 0x00);
-  // GOffsetR (0xA9) -> 0x00 (no offset)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA9, 0x00);
-  // GPulse (0xA6) -> 0xC9 (32 µs, 10 pulses)
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xA6, 0xC9);
-
-  // GConf 3 (0xAA, gesture config 3) -> 0x00 (all photodiodes active during gesture, all gesture dimensions enabled)
-  // 0x00 -> all dimensions, 0x01 -> up down, 0x02 -> left right
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0xAA, 0x00);
+  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->write_registers(APDS9960_GESTURE_OFFSETS));

  // Enable (0x80) ->
-  val = 0;
+  uint8_t val = 0;
  val |= (0b1) << 0;  // power on
  val |= (this->is_color_enabled_() & 0b1) << 1;
  val |= (this->is_proximity_enabled_() & 0b1) << 2;
@@ -109,7 +98,7 @@ void APDS9960::setup() {
  val |= 0b0 << 4;                                  // color interrupt disabled
  val |= 0b0 << 5;                                  // proximity interrupt disabled
  val |= (this->is_gesture_enabled_() & 0b1) << 6;  // proximity is required for gestures
-  APDS9960_WRITE_BYTE(0x80, val);
+  APDS9960_ERROR_CHECK(this->write_byte(0x80, val));
 }
 bool APDS9960::is_color_enabled_() const {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
@@ -174,14 +174,10 @@ def _register_provisioning_source(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:

 CONF_SUPPORTS_RESPONSE = "supports_response"

-# Enum values in api::enums namespace
-enums_ns = api_ns.namespace("enums")
-SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONS = {
-    "none": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_NONE,
-    "optional": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONAL,
-    "only": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_ONLY,
-    "status": enums_ns.SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_STATUS,
-}
+SupportsResponseType = api_ns.namespace("enums").enum("SupportsResponseType")
+SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_OPTIONS = SupportsResponseType.options(
+    "none", "optional", "only", "status", prefix="SUPPORTS_RESPONSE_"
+)


 def _auto_detect_supports_response(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
@@ -1555,8 +1555,17 @@ void APIConnection::on_water_heater_command_request(const WaterHeaterCommandRequ
 // Event is a special case - unlike other entities with simple state fields,
 // events store their state in a member accessed via obj->get_last_event_type()
 void APIConnection::send_event(event::Event *event) {
-  this->send_message_smart_(event, EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, EventResponse::ESTIMATED_SIZE,
-                            event->get_last_event_type_index());
+  const uint8_t type_index = event->get_last_event_type_index();
+  const size_t size_before = this->deferred_batch_.size();
+  if (this->deferred_batch_.contains(event, EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE)) {
+    // Sending now would overtake the older event of this entity that still waits in the batch
+    this->schedule_message_(event, EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, EventResponse::ESTIMATED_SIZE, type_index);
+  } else {
+    this->send_message_smart_(event, EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, EventResponse::ESTIMATED_SIZE, type_index);
+  }
+  // Events are rare, so a queued one sends the batch now rather than after batch_delay
+  if (this->deferred_batch_.size() > size_before)
+    this->make_batch_due_now_();
 }
 uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, StringRef event_type, APIConnection *conn,
                                                uint32_t remaining_size) {
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@

 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #ifdef USE_API
+#include "api_deferred_batch.h"
 #include "api_frame_helper.h"
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
 #include "api_frame_helper_noise.h"
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@
 #include "esphome/core/string_ref.h"

 #include <functional>
-#include <limits>
 #include <vector>

 namespace esphome {
@@ -656,73 +656,6 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnectionBase {
  // Function pointer type for message encoding
  using MessageCreatorPtr = uint16_t (*)(EntityBase *, APIConnection *, uint32_t remaining_size);

-  // Generic batching mechanism for both state updates and entity info
-  struct DeferredBatch {
-    // Sentinel value for unused aux_data_index
-    static constexpr uint8_t AUX_DATA_UNUSED = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();
-
-    struct BatchItem {
-      EntityBase *entity;                       // 4 bytes - Entity pointer
-      uint16_t message_type;                    // 2 bytes - Message type for protocol and dispatch
-      uint8_t estimated_size;                   // 1 byte - Estimated message size (max 255 bytes)
-      uint8_t aux_data_index{AUX_DATA_UNUSED};  // 1 byte - For events: index into entity's event_types
-    };
-
-    std::vector<BatchItem> items;
-    uint32_t batch_start_time{0};
-
-    // No pre-allocation - log connections never use batching, and for
-    // connections that do, buffers are released after initial sync anyway
-
-    // Add item to the batch (with deduplication)
-    void add_item(EntityBase *entity, uint16_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size,
-                  uint8_t aux_data_index = AUX_DATA_UNUSED) {
-      // Dedup: O(n) scan but optimized for RAM over performance
-      // Skip deduplication for events - they are edge-triggered, every occurrence matters
-#ifdef USE_EVENT
-      if (message_type != EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE)
-#endif
-      {
-        for (const auto &item : this->items) {
-          if (item.entity == entity && item.message_type == message_type)
-            return;  // Already queued
-        }
-      }
-      this->items.push_back({entity, message_type, estimated_size, aux_data_index});
-    }
-    // Add item to the front of the batch (for high priority messages like ping)
-    void add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, uint16_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size) {
-      // Swap to front avoids expensive vector::insert which shifts all elements
-      this->items.push_back({entity, message_type, estimated_size, AUX_DATA_UNUSED});
-      if (this->items.size() > 1) {
-        std::swap(this->items.front(), this->items.back());
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Clear all items
-    void clear() {
-      items.clear();
-      batch_start_time = 0;
-    }
-
-    // Remove processed items from the front — noinline to keep memmove out of warm callers
-    void remove_front(size_t count) __attribute__((noinline)) { items.erase(items.begin(), items.begin() + count); }
-
-    bool empty() const { return items.empty(); }
-    size_t size() const { return items.size(); }
-    const BatchItem &operator[](size_t index) const { return items[index]; }
-
-    // Release excess capacity - only releases if items already empty
-    void release_buffer() {
-      // Safe to call: batch is processed before release_buffer is called,
-      // and if any items remain (partial processing), we must not clear them.
-      // Use swap trick since shrink_to_fit() is non-binding and may be ignored.
-      if (items.empty()) {
-        std::vector<BatchItem>().swap(items);
-      }
-    }
-  };
-
  // DeferredBatch here (16 bytes, 4-byte aligned)
  DeferredBatch deferred_batch_;

@@ -795,6 +728,10 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnectionBase {
  static constexpr size_t MAX_BATCH_PACKET_SIZE = 1390;  // MTU

  bool schedule_batch_();
+  // Sends the batch on the next loop, so a queued event does not wait for batch_delay; queued states go with it
+  void make_batch_due_now_() {
+    this->deferred_batch_.batch_start_time = App.get_loop_component_start_time() - this->get_batch_delay_ms_();
+  }
  void process_batch_();
  void process_batch_multi_(APIBuffer &shared_buf, size_t num_items, uint8_t header_padding, uint8_t footer_size)
      __attribute__((noinline));
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#ifdef USE_API
+#include "api_pb2.h"
+#include "esphome/core/entity_base.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace esphome::api {
+
+// Generic batching mechanism for both state updates and entity info
+struct DeferredBatch {
+  // Sentinel value for unused aux_data_index
+  static constexpr uint8_t AUX_DATA_UNUSED = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();
+
+  struct BatchItem {
+    EntityBase *entity;                       // 4 bytes - Entity pointer
+    uint16_t message_type;                    // 2 bytes - Message type for protocol and dispatch
+    uint8_t estimated_size;                   // 1 byte - Estimated message size (max 255 bytes)
+    uint8_t aux_data_index{AUX_DATA_UNUSED};  // 1 byte - For events: index into entity's event_types
+  };
+
+  std::vector<BatchItem> items;
+  uint32_t batch_start_time{0};
+
+  // No pre-allocation - log connections never use batching, and for
+  // connections that do, buffers are released after initial sync anyway
+
+  // O(n) scan but optimized for RAM over performance
+  bool contains(EntityBase *entity, uint16_t message_type) const {
+    for (const auto &item : this->items) {
+      if (item.entity == entity && item.message_type == message_type)
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Add item to the batch (with deduplication)
+  void add_item(EntityBase *entity, uint16_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size,
+                uint8_t aux_data_index = AUX_DATA_UNUSED) {
+    // Skip deduplication for events - they are edge-triggered, every occurrence matters
+#ifdef USE_EVENT
+    if (message_type != EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE)
+#endif
+    {
+      if (this->contains(entity, message_type))
+        return;  // Already queued
+    }
+    this->items.push_back({entity, message_type, estimated_size, aux_data_index});
+  }
+  // Add item to the front of the batch (for high priority messages like ping)
+  void add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, uint16_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size) {
+    // Shift rather than swap, so the queued items keep their order (two events of one entity must not swap)
+    this->items.push_back({});
+    std::move_backward(this->items.begin(), this->items.end() - 1, this->items.end());
+    this->items.front() = {entity, message_type, estimated_size, AUX_DATA_UNUSED};
+  }
+
+  // Clear all items
+  void clear() {
+    items.clear();
+    batch_start_time = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Remove processed items from the front — noinline to keep memmove out of warm callers
+  void remove_front(size_t count) __attribute__((noinline)) { items.erase(items.begin(), items.begin() + count); }
+
+  bool empty() const { return items.empty(); }
+  size_t size() const { return items.size(); }
+  const BatchItem &operator[](size_t index) const { return items[index]; }
+
+  // Release excess capacity - only releases if items already empty
+  void release_buffer() {
+    // Safe to call: batch is processed before release_buffer is called,
+    // and if any items remain (partial processing), we must not clear them.
+    // Use swap trick since shrink_to_fit() is non-binding and may be ignored.
+    if (items.empty()) {
+      std::vector<BatchItem>().swap(items);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace esphome::api
+#endif  // USE_API
@@ -253,8 +253,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class APIRespondAction final : public Action<Ts...> {
 #endif

  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
-    // Extract call_id from first argument - it's always first for optional/only/status modes
-    auto args = std::make_tuple(x...);
+    // Extract call_id from first argument - it's always first for optional/only/status modes.
+    // By reference: array args are non-copyable FixedVector views.
+    auto args = std::forward_as_tuple(x...);
    uint32_t call_id = std::get<0>(args);

    bool success = this->success_.value(x...);
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class APIUnregisterServiceCallAction final : public Act

  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
    // Extract call_id from first argument - same convention as APIRespondAction
-    auto args = std::make_tuple(x...);
+    auto args = std::forward_as_tuple(x...);
    uint32_t call_id = std::get<0>(args);
    if (call_id != 0) {
      this->parent_->unregister_active_action_call(call_id);
@@ -6,19 +6,11 @@ namespace esphome::as3935_i2c {
 ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "as3935_i2c");

 void I2CAS3935Component::write_register(uint8_t reg, uint8_t mask, uint8_t bits, uint8_t start_pos) {
-  uint8_t write_reg;
-  if (!this->read_byte(reg, &write_reg)) {
-    this->mark_failed();
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "read_byte failed - increase log level for more details!");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  write_reg &= (~mask);
-  write_reg |= (bits << start_pos);
-
-  if (!this->write_byte(reg, write_reg)) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "write_byte failed - increase log level for more details!");
-    return;
+  const uint8_t value = bits << start_pos;
+  // Bits of value outside mask were ORed in before, so they stay part of the update
+  // Also called at runtime, so a transient bus error only warns, like read_register()
+  if (!this->update_register(reg, mask | value, value)) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to update register 0x%02X", reg);
  }
 }

@@ -240,17 +240,11 @@ bool AS7341Component::write_register_bit(uint8_t address, bool value, uint8_t bi
 }

 bool AS7341Component::set_register_bit(uint8_t address, uint8_t bit_position) {
-  uint8_t data;
-  this->read_byte(address, &data);
-  data |= (1 << bit_position);
-  return this->write_byte(address, data);
+  return this->update_register(address, 1 << bit_position, 1 << bit_position);
 }

 bool AS7341Component::clear_register_bit(uint8_t address, uint8_t bit_position) {
-  uint8_t data;
-  this->read_byte(address, &data);
-  data &= ~(1 << bit_position);
-  return this->write_byte(address, data);
+  return this->update_register(address, 1 << bit_position, 0);
 }

 }  // namespace esphome::as7341
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ static const char AS7341_NAME[] PROGMEM = "AS7341";
 static constexpr uint8_t AS7341_ADC_SLOTS = 6;
 static constexpr uint8_t AS7341_SMUX_LEN = 20;
 static constexpr uint8_t AS7341_SMUX_STEPS = 2;
-static const RegValue AS7341_INIT[] PROGMEM = {{0x70, 0x00}};  // CONFIG: SPM mode, INT_SEL and LED_SEL cleared
+static constexpr i2c::I2CRegValue AS7341_INIT[] PROGMEM = {
+    {0x70, 0x00}};  // CONFIG: SPM mode, INT_SEL and LED_SEL cleared
 static const uint8_t AS7341_SMUX[] PROGMEM = {
    0x30, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x42, 0x00, 0x00, 0x50, 0x00,  // step 0: F1 to F4, NIR, Clear
    0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x04, 0x00, 0x30, 0x01, 0x50, 0x00, 0x06,  // step 0, continued
@@ -150,8 +151,8 @@ static constexpr uint8_t AS7343_ADC_SLOTS = 18;
 static constexpr uint8_t AS7343_SMUX_LEN = 10;
 static const char TCS3448_NAME[] PROGMEM = "TCS3448";
 // CFG6, FD_CFG0, CFG10, CFG8, CFG20 (auto_smux, 18 channels in 3 cycles), AGC_GAIN_MAX, FD_TIME_1, FD_TIME_2
-static const RegValue AS7343_INIT[] PROGMEM = {{0xF5, 0x00}, {0xDF, 0xA1}, {0x65, 0xF2}, {0xC9, 0xC8},
-                                               {0xD6, 0x62}, {0xD7, 0x99}, {0xE0, 0x64}, {0xE2, 0x21}};
+static constexpr i2c::I2CRegValue AS7343_INIT[] PROGMEM = {{0xF5, 0x00}, {0xDF, 0xA1}, {0x65, 0xF2}, {0xC9, 0xC8},
+                                                           {0xD6, 0x62}, {0xD7, 0x99}, {0xE0, 0x64}, {0xE2, 0x21}};
 static const uint8_t AS7343_SMUX[] PROGMEM = {0x00, 0x04, 0x65, 0x02, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x30,
                                              0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x20, 0x04, 0x50, 0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x05,
                                              0x05, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x40, 0x10, 0x20, 0x00};
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ static constexpr ChipInfo as7343_chip(const char *name) {
      .gain_correction = AS7343_GAIN_CORRECTION,
      .contributions = AS7343_CONTRIBUTIONS,
      .tristimulus = AS7343_TRISTIMULUS,
-      .init_count = sizeof(AS7343_INIT) / sizeof(RegValue),
+      .init_count = sizeof(AS7343_INIT) / sizeof(i2c::I2CRegValue),
      .astep_reg = 0xD4,
      .cfg0_reg = 0xBF,
      .cfg1_reg = 0xC6,
@@ -264,12 +265,7 @@ bool AS734XComponent::select_bank_(uint8_t reg) {
 }

 bool AS734XComponent::update_bits_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t mask, bool value) {
-  uint8_t data = 0;
-  if (!this->select_bank_(reg) || !this->read_byte(reg, &data)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  data = value ? (data | mask) : (data & ~mask);
-  return this->write_byte(reg, data);
+  return this->select_bank_(reg) && this->update_register(reg, mask, value ? mask : 0);
 }

 // The exposure is applied before every measurement, so a gain, ATIME or ASTEP changed at runtime
@@ -303,9 +299,9 @@ void AS734XComponent::setup() {
    this->mark_failed(LOG_STR("Wrong chip ID"));
    return;
  }
-  const RegValue *init = pgm(chip->init);
+  const i2c::I2CRegValue *init = pgm(chip->init);
  for (uint8_t i = 0, n = pgm(chip->init_count); ok && i < n; i++) {
-    RegValue rv;
+    i2c::I2CRegValue rv;
    progmem_memcpy(&rv, &init[i], sizeof(rv));
    ok = this->select_bank_(rv.reg) && this->write_byte(rv.reg, rv.value);
  }
@@ -68,15 +68,10 @@ struct ChannelTristimulus {
  float z;
 };

-struct RegValue {
-  uint8_t reg;
-  uint8_t value;
-};
-
 /// Per-chip constants, stored in flash. The pointed-to tables are in flash too.
 struct ChipInfo {
  const char *name;
-  const RegValue *init;                      // written in order; the bank is selected per register address
+  const i2c::I2CRegValue *init;              // written in order; the bank is selected per register address
  const uint8_t *smux;                       // AS7341: SMUX RAM image per step; AS7343: the three chain images
  const uint8_t *readout;                    // per step, the ADC slot of each band (0xFF: not read in this step)
  const uint16_t *wavelengths;               // per band, WIDEBAND_NM for clear and ABSENT_NM for a missing band
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(


 def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
-    full = fv.full_config.get()
-    hub = full.get_config_for_path(full.get_path_for_id(config[CONF_AS734X_ID])[:-1])
+    hub = fv.get_declaring_config(config[CONF_AS734X_ID])
    if hub[CONF_TYPE] != "AS7341":
        return config
    for key in _BAND_KEYS:
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@ import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH, ICON_WIFI
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

-from .. import CONF_AT581X_ID, AT581XComponent, at581x_ns
+from .. import CONF_AT581X_ID, AT581XComponent

 DEPENDENCIES = ["at581x"]

-RFSwitch = at581x_ns.class_("RFSwitch", switch.Switch)

 CONFIG_SCHEMA = switch.switch_schema(
-    RFSwitch,
+    switch.ApplySwitch,
    device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH,
    icon=ICON_WIFI,
 ).extend(
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = switch.switch_schema(


 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
-    at581x_component = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_AT581X_ID])
-    s = await switch.new_switch(config)
-    await cg.register_parented(s, config[CONF_AT581X_ID])
-    cg.add(at581x_component.set_rf_power_switch(s))
+    hub = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_AT581X_ID])
+    await switch.sub_switches(config, parent=hub).create(
+        config, hub.set_rf_power_switch, apply="set_rf_mode(state)", publish="before"
+    )
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#include "rf_switch.h"
-
-namespace esphome::at581x {
-
-void RFSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
-  this->publish_state(state);
-  this->parent_->set_rf_mode(state);
-}
-
-}  // namespace esphome::at581x
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
-#include "../at581x.h"
-
-namespace esphome::at581x {
-
-class RFSwitch final : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<AT581XComponent> {
- protected:
-  void write_state(bool state) override;
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::at581x
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ optional<ParseResult> ATCMiThermometer::parse_header_(const ble_device_base::Ser
    return {};
  }

-  auto raw = service_data.data;
+  const auto &raw = service_data.data;
  if (raw.size() < 13) {
    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "parse_header_(): service data too short (%zu).", raw.size());
    return {};
@@ -16,13 +16,7 @@ constexpr static const uint8_t AXS_READ_TOUCHPAD[11] = {0xb5, 0xab, 0xa5, 0x5a,
  }

 void AXS15231Touchscreen::setup() {
-  if (this->reset_pin_ != nullptr) {
-    this->reset_pin_->setup();
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(false);
-    delay(5);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
-    delay(10);
-  }
+  pulse_reset(this->reset_pin_, {.low_ms = 5, .high_after_ms = 10});
  if (this->interrupt_pin_ != nullptr) {
    this->interrupt_pin_->pin_mode(gpio::FLAG_INPUT);
    this->interrupt_pin_->setup();
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 #include "bedjet_child.h"
 #include "bedjet_const.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstring>

 namespace esphome::bedjet {

@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ void BedJetHub::upgrade_firmware() {
  auto status = this->write_bedjet_packet_(pkt);

  if (status) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] MAGIC_UPDATE button failed, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), status);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] MAGIC_UPDATE button failed, status=%d", this->get_name(), status);
  }
 }

@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ bool BedJetHub::set_fan_index(uint8_t fan_speed_index) {
  auto status = this->write_bedjet_packet_(pkt);

  if (status) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing fan speed failed, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), status);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing fan speed failed, status=%d", this->get_name(), status);
  }
  return status == 0;
 }
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ bool BedJetHub::set_target_temp(float temp_c) {
  auto status = this->write_bedjet_packet_(pkt);

  if (status) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing target temp failed, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), status);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing target temp failed, status=%d", this->get_name(), status);
  }
  return status == 0;
 }
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ bool BedJetHub::set_time_remaining(uint8_t hours, uint8_t mins) {
  auto status = this->write_bedjet_packet_(pkt);

  if (status) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing remaining runtime failed, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), status);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing remaining runtime failed, status=%d", this->get_name(), status);
  }
  return status == 0;
 }
@@ -103,11 +105,10 @@ bool BedJetHub::send_button(BedjetButton button) {
  auto status = this->write_bedjet_packet_(pkt);

  if (status) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing button %s failed, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(),
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] writing button %s failed, status=%d", this->get_name(),
             LOG_STR_ARG(bedjet_button_to_string(button)), status);
  } else {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] writing button %s success", this->get_name().c_str(),
-             LOG_STR_ARG(bedjet_button_to_string(button)));
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] writing button %s success", this->get_name(), LOG_STR_ARG(bedjet_button_to_string(button)));
  }
  return status == 0;
 }
@@ -125,9 +126,9 @@ uint16_t BedJetHub::get_time_remaining() {
 uint8_t BedJetHub::write_bedjet_packet_(BedjetPacket *pkt) {
  if (!this->is_connected()) {
    if (!this->parent_->enabled) {
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Cannot write packet: Not connected, enabled=false", this->get_name().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Cannot write packet: Not connected, enabled=false", this->get_name());
    } else {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Cannot write packet: Not connected", this->get_name().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Cannot write packet: Not connected", this->get_name());
    }
    return -1;
  }
@@ -144,16 +145,16 @@ uint8_t BedJetHub::set_notify_(const bool enable) {
    status = esp_ble_gattc_register_for_notify(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_remote_bda(),
                                               this->char_handle_status_);
    if (status) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_register_for_notify failed, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), status);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_register_for_notify failed, status=%d", this->get_name(), status);
    }
  } else {
    status = esp_ble_gattc_unregister_for_notify(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_remote_bda(),
                                                 this->char_handle_status_);
    if (status) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_unregister_for_notify failed, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), status);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] esp_ble_gattc_unregister_for_notify failed, status=%d", this->get_name(), status);
    }
  }
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] set_notify: enable=%d; result=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), enable, status);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] set_notify: enable=%d; result=%d", this->get_name(), enable, status);
  return status;
 }

@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ bool BedJetHub::discover_characteristics_() {
  if (!this->char_handle_cmd_) {
    chr = this->parent_->get_characteristic(BEDJET_SERVICE_UUID, BEDJET_COMMAND_UUID);
    if (chr == nullptr) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] No control service found at device, not a BedJet..?", this->get_name().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] No control service found at device, not a BedJet..?", this->get_name());
      result = false;
    } else {
      this->char_handle_cmd_ = chr->handle;
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ bool BedJetHub::discover_characteristics_() {
  if (!this->char_handle_status_) {
    chr = this->parent_->get_characteristic(BEDJET_SERVICE_UUID, BEDJET_STATUS_UUID);
    if (chr == nullptr) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] No status service found at device, not a BedJet..?", this->get_name().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] No status service found at device, not a BedJet..?", this->get_name());
      result = false;
    } else {
      this->char_handle_status_ = chr->handle;
@@ -204,14 +205,14 @@ bool BedJetHub::discover_characteristics_() {
  if (!this->char_handle_name_) {
    chr = this->parent_->get_characteristic(BEDJET_SERVICE_UUID, BEDJET_NAME_UUID);
    if (chr == nullptr) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] No name service found at device, not a BedJet..?", this->get_name().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] No name service found at device, not a BedJet..?", this->get_name());
      result = false;
    } else {
      this->char_handle_name_ = chr->handle;
      auto status = esp_ble_gattc_read_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(),
                                            this->char_handle_name_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
      if (status) {
-        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Unable to read name characteristic: %d", this->get_name().c_str(), status);
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Unable to read name characteristic: %d", this->get_name(), status);
      }
    }
  }
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ bool BedJetHub::discover_characteristics_() {
           "     - Status char: 0x%x\n"
           "       - config descriptor: 0x%x\n"
           "     - Name char: 0x%x",
-           this->get_name().c_str(), this->char_handle_cmd_, this->char_handle_status_, this->config_descr_status_,
+           this->get_name(), this->char_handle_cmd_, this->char_handle_status_, this->config_descr_status_,
           this->char_handle_name_);

  return result;
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
      auto result = this->discover_characteristics_();

      if (result) {
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Services complete: obtained char handles.", this->get_name().c_str());
+        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Services complete: obtained char handles.", this->get_name());
        this->node_state = espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED;
        this->set_notify_(true);

@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga

        this->dispatch_state_(true);
      } else {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Failed discovering service characteristics.", this->get_name().c_str());
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Failed discovering service characteristics.", this->get_name());
        this->parent()->set_enabled(false);
        this->status_set_warning();
        this->dispatch_state_(false);
@@ -265,15 +266,15 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
        if (param->write.status == ESP_GATT_INVALID_ATTR_LEN) {
          // This probably means that our hack for notify_en (8 bit vs 16 bit) didn't work right.
          // Should we try to fall back to BLEClient's way?
-          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Invalid attr length writing descr at handle 0x%04d, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(),
+          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Invalid attr length writing descr at handle 0x%04d, status=%d", this->get_name(),
                   param->write.handle, param->write.status);
        } else {
-          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Error writing descr at handle 0x%04d, status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(),
-                   param->write.handle, param->write.status);
+          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Error writing descr at handle 0x%04d, status=%d", this->get_name(), param->write.handle,
+                   param->write.status);
        }
        break;
      }
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Write to handle 0x%04x status=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), param->write.handle,
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Write to handle 0x%04x status=%d", this->get_name(), param->write.handle,
               param->write.status);
      break;
    }
@@ -306,9 +307,11 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
      } else if (param->read.handle == this->char_handle_name_) {
        // The data should represent the name.
        if (param->read.status == ESP_GATT_OK && param->read.value_len > 0) {
-          std::string bedjet_name(reinterpret_cast<char const *>(param->read.value), param->read.value_len);
-          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Got BedJet name: '%s'", this->get_name().c_str(), bedjet_name.c_str());
-          this->set_name_(bedjet_name);
+          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Got BedJet name: '%.*s'", this->get_name(), static_cast<int>(param->read.value_len),
+                   reinterpret_cast<const char *>(param->read.value));
+          const size_t len = std::min<size_t>(param->read.value_len, sizeof(this->name_) - 1);
+          memcpy(this->name_, param->read.value, len);
+          this->name_[len] = '\0';
        }
      }
      break;
@@ -322,8 +325,8 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
      // doesn't break anything.

      if (param->reg_for_notify.handle != this->char_handle_status_) {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Register for notify on unexpected handle 0x%04x, expecting 0x%04x",
-                 this->get_name().c_str(), param->reg_for_notify.handle, this->char_handle_status_);
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Register for notify on unexpected handle 0x%04x, expecting 0x%04x", this->get_name(),
+                 param->reg_for_notify.handle, this->char_handle_status_);
        break;
      }

@@ -335,8 +338,8 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
    case ESP_GATTC_UNREG_FOR_NOTIFY_EVT: {
      // This event is not handled by the parent BLEClient, so we need to do this either way.
      if (param->unreg_for_notify.handle != this->char_handle_status_) {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Unregister for notify on unexpected handle 0x%04x, expecting 0x%04x",
-                 this->get_name().c_str(), param->unreg_for_notify.handle, this->char_handle_status_);
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Unregister for notify on unexpected handle 0x%04x, expecting 0x%04x", this->get_name(),
+                 param->unreg_for_notify.handle, this->char_handle_status_);
        break;
      }

@@ -350,13 +353,13 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
        break;

      if (param->notify.conn_id != this->parent_->get_conn_id()) {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Received notify event for unexpected parent conn: expect %x, got %x",
-                 this->get_name().c_str(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(), param->notify.conn_id);
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Received notify event for unexpected parent conn: expect %x, got %x", this->get_name(),
+                 this->parent_->get_conn_id(), param->notify.conn_id);
        // FIXME: bug in BLEClient holding wrong conn_id.
      }

      if (param->notify.handle != this->char_handle_status_) {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Unexpected notify handle, wanted %04X, got %04X", this->get_name().c_str(),
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Unexpected notify handle, wanted %04X, got %04X", this->get_name(),
                 this->char_handle_status_, param->notify.handle);
        break;
      }
@@ -372,13 +375,13 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
      if (!this->force_refresh_ && this->codec_->compare(param->notify.value, param->notify.value_len)) {
        // If the packet is meaningfully different, trigger children as well
        this->force_refresh_ = true;
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Incoming packet indicates a significant change.", this->get_name().c_str());
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Incoming packet indicates a significant change.", this->get_name());
      }

      if (this->last_notify_ == 0 || delta > MIN_NOTIFY_THROTTLE || this->force_refresh_) {
        // Set reentrant flag to prevent processing multiple packets.
        this->processing_ = true;
-        ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "[%s] Decoding packet: last=%" PRId32 ", delta=%" PRId32 ", force=%s", this->get_name().c_str(),
+        ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "[%s] Decoding packet: last=%" PRId32 ", delta=%" PRId32 ", force=%s", this->get_name(),
                  this->last_notify_, delta, this->force_refresh_ ? "y" : "n");
        bool needs_extra = this->codec_->decode_notify(param->notify.value, param->notify.value_len);

@@ -388,7 +391,7 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
          auto status = esp_ble_gattc_read_char(this->parent_->get_gattc_if(), this->parent_->get_conn_id(),
                                                this->char_handle_status_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
          if (status) {
-            ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Unable to read extended status packet", this->get_name().c_str());
+            ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Unable to read extended status packet", this->get_name());
          }
        } else {
          this->status_packet_ready_();
@@ -397,7 +400,7 @@ void BedJetHub::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
      break;
    }
    default:
-      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "[%s] gattc unhandled event: enum=%d", this->get_name().c_str(), event);
+      ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "[%s] gattc unhandled event: enum=%d", this->get_name(), event);
      break;
  }
 }
@@ -436,7 +439,7 @@ uint8_t BedJetHub::write_notify_config_descriptor_(bool enable) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "esp_ble_gattc_write_char_descr error, status=%d", status);
    return status;
  }
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] wrote notify=%s to status config 0x%04x, for conn %d", this->get_name().c_str(),
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] wrote notify=%s to status config 0x%04x, for conn %d", this->get_name(),
           enable ? "true" : "false", handle, this->parent_->get_conn_id());
  return ESP_GATT_OK;
 }
@@ -468,7 +471,7 @@ void BedJetHub::setup_time_() {

 void BedJetHub::set_clock(uint8_t hour, uint8_t minute) {
  if (!this->is_connected()) {
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Not connected, cannot send time.", this->get_name().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Not connected, cannot send time.", this->get_name());
    return;
  }

@@ -477,7 +480,7 @@ void BedJetHub::set_clock(uint8_t hour, uint8_t minute) {
  if (status) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed setting BedJet clock: %d", status);
  } else {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] BedJet clock set to: %d:%02d", this->get_name().c_str(), hour, minute);
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] BedJet clock set to: %d:%02d", this->get_name(), hour, minute);
  }
 }

@@ -495,7 +498,7 @@ void BedJetHub::dump_config() {
                "BedJet Hub '%s'\n"
                "  ble_client.app_id: %d\n"
                "  ble_client.conn_id: %d",
-                this->get_name().c_str(), this->parent()->app_id, this->parent()->get_conn_id());
+                this->get_name(), this->parent()->app_id, this->parent()->get_conn_id());
  LOG_UPDATE_INTERVAL(this);
  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Child components (%d):", this->children_.size());
  for (auto *child : this->children_) {
@@ -513,10 +516,9 @@ void BedJetHub::dispatch_status_() {
  auto *status = this->codec_->get_status_packet();

  if (!this->is_connected()) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Not connected, will not send status.", this->get_name().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Not connected, will not send status.", this->get_name());
  } else if (status != nullptr) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Notifying %d children of latest status @%p.", this->get_name().c_str(), this->children_.size(),
-             status);
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "[%s] Notifying %d children of latest status @%p.", this->get_name(), this->children_.size(), status);
    for (auto *child : this->children_) {
      child->on_status(status);
    }
@@ -530,13 +532,13 @@ void BedJetHub::dispatch_status_() {
      // We can try to unregister for notifications now, and then re-register, hoping to clear it up...
      // But how do we know for sure which state we're in, and how do we actually clear out the buggy state?

-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Still waiting for first GATT notify event.", this->get_name().c_str());
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "[%s] Still waiting for first GATT notify event.", this->get_name());
    } else if (diff > NOTIFY_WARN_THRESHOLD) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Last GATT notify was %" PRId32 " seconds ago.", this->get_name().c_str(), diff / 1000);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Last GATT notify was %" PRId32 " seconds ago.", this->get_name(), diff / 1000);
    }

    if (this->timeout_ > 0 && diff > this->timeout_ && this->parent()->enabled) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Timed out after %" PRId32 " sec. Retrying", this->get_name().c_str(), this->timeout_);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "[%s] Timed out after %" PRId32 " sec. Retrying", this->get_name(), this->timeout_);
      // set_enabled(false) will only close the connection if state != IDLE.
      this->parent()->set_state(espbt::ClientState::CONNECTING);
      this->parent()->set_enabled(false);
@@ -119,13 +119,7 @@ class BedJetHub final : public esphome::ble_client::BLEClientNode, public Pollin
  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::BLUETOOTH; }

  /** @return The BedJet's configured name, or the MAC address if not discovered yet. */
-  std::string get_name() {
-    if (this->name_.empty()) {
-      return this->parent_->address_str();
-    } else {
-      return this->name_;
-    }
-  }
+  const char *get_name() const { return this->name_[0] == '\0' ? this->parent_->address_str() : this->name_; }

  /* BLEClient overrides */

@@ -151,9 +145,8 @@ class BedJetHub final : public esphome::ble_client::BLEClientNode, public Pollin
  uint8_t set_notify_(bool enable);
  /** Send the `BedjetPacket` to the device. */
  uint8_t write_bedjet_packet_(BedjetPacket *pkt);
-  void set_name_(const std::string &name) { this->name_ = name; }
-
-  std::string name_;
+  // Only used in log lines; longer names are truncated
+  char name_[24]{};

  uint32_t last_notify_ = 0;
  inline void status_packet_ready_();
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@ struct SpiData {

 static SpiData *spi_data = nullptr;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)

+// BDK 3.0.78 makes REG_WRITE a statement expression that yields the volatile assignment,
+// a deprecated volatile read under clang
+static inline void reg_write(uint32_t addr, uint32_t value) {
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-no-int-to-ptr) - MMIO register at a fixed address
+  *reinterpret_cast<volatile uint32_t *>(addr) = value;
+}
+
 static void set_spi_ctrl_register(uint32_t bit, bool val) {
  uint32_t value = REG_READ(SPI_CTRL);
  if (val == 0) {
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@ static void set_spi_ctrl_register(uint32_t bit, bool val) {
  } else if (val == 1) {
    value |= bit;
  }
-  REG_WRITE(SPI_CTRL, value);
+  reg_write(SPI_CTRL, value);
 }

 #ifdef BEKEN_SPI_IS_N_LIKE
@@ -80,7 +87,7 @@ static void set_spi_config_register(uint32_t bit, bool val) {
  } else if (val == 1) {
    value |= bit;
  }
-  REG_WRITE(SPI_CONFIG, value);
+  reg_write(SPI_CONFIG, value);
 }
 #endif

@@ -136,7 +143,7 @@ static void spi_set_clock(uint32_t max_hz) {
  param = REG_READ(SPI_CTRL);
  param &= ~(SPI_CKR_MASK << SPI_CKR_POSI);
  param |= (div << SPI_CKR_POSI);
-  REG_WRITE(SPI_CTRL, param);
+  reg_write(SPI_CTRL, param);
 #ifdef BEKEN_SPI_IS_N_LIKE
  const int divisor = div;
 #else
@@ -229,7 +236,7 @@ void BekenSPILEDStripLightOutput::setup() {
  value = REG_READ(SPI_CTRL);
  value &= ~CTRL_NSSMD_3;
  value |= (1 << 17);
-  REG_WRITE(SPI_CTRL, value);
+  reg_write(SPI_CTRL, value);

 #ifdef BEKEN_SPI_IS_N_LIKE
  value = GFUNC_MODE_SPI_DMA;
@@ -279,7 +286,7 @@ void BekenSPILEDStripLightOutput::setup() {
  value = REG_READ(SPI_CONFIG);
  value &= ~(0xFFF << 8);
  value |= ((dma_buffer_size & 0xFFF) << 8);
-  REG_WRITE(SPI_CONFIG, value);
+  reg_write(SPI_CONFIG, value);
 #else
  // T-like variants: No transfer-length register. The SPI controller shifts out
  // everything the DMA writes into SPI_DAT.
@@ -1,28 +1,24 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import output
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_ID
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

-from .. import CONF_BH1745_ID, BH1745Component, bh1745_ns
+from .. import CONF_BH1745_ID, BH1745Component

 DEPENDENCIES = ["bh1745"]

-BH1745InterruptPinOutput = bh1745_ns.class_(
-    "BH1745InterruptPinOutput", output.BinaryOutput
-)

 CONFIG_SCHEMA = output.BINARY_OUTPUT_SCHEMA.extend(
    {
-        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(BH1745InterruptPinOutput),
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(output.ApplyBinaryOutput),
        cv.GenerateID(CONF_BH1745_ID): cv.use_id(BH1745Component),
    }
 )


 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
-    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
-    await output.register_output(var, config)
    hub = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_BH1745_ID])
-    await cg.register_parented(var, hub)
+    await output.sub_binary_outputs(config, parent=hub).create(
+        config, None, apply="set_interrupt_state(state)"
+    )
    cg.add(hub.enable_interrupt_output())
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "esphome/components/output/binary_output.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
-
-#include "../bh1745.h"
-
-namespace esphome::bh1745 {
-
-/// Drives the BH1745 INT pin, which switches the LEDs on breakout boards such as the Pimoroni one.
-class BH1745InterruptPinOutput : public output::BinaryOutput, public Parented<BH1745Component> {
- protected:
-  void write_state(bool state) override { this->parent_->set_interrupt_state(state); }
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::bh1745
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ from esphome.core import CORE, ID, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority, entity
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import (
    SubEntities,
    entity_duplicate_validator,
+    lazy_load_setup,
    lazy_load_validator,
    mqtt_component_class,
    queue_entity_register,
@@ -621,10 +622,7 @@ async def setup_binary_sensor_core_(var, config):

    await entity_helpers.setup_entity_integrations(var, config)

-    if "zigbee" in CORE.loaded_integrations:
-        from esphome.components import zigbee
-
-        await zigbee.setup_binary_sensor(var, config)
+    await lazy_load_setup("zigbee", "setup_binary_sensor", var, config)


 async def register_binary_sensor(var, config):
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ from esphome.components.libretiny.const import (
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE
 from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj
+from esphome.stacktrace import process_crash_handler_line as process_stacktrace  # noqa: F401
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

 from .boards import BK72XX_BOARD_PINS, BK72XX_BOARDS
@@ -77,3 +78,7 @@ async def pin_to_code(config: ConfigType) -> MockObj:
 # Called by writer.py; delegates to the shared libretiny implementation.
 def copy_files() -> None:
    libretiny.copy_files()
+
+
+# Called by the OTA upload; the shared libretiny implementation.
+ota_image = libretiny.device_ota_image
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@ public ble_api.h.
 """

 import logging
+import re

 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import libretiny, wifi
+from esphome.components import libretiny
 from esphome.components.libretiny.const import (
    FAMILY_BK7231N,
    FAMILY_BK7231Q,
@@ -32,14 +33,30 @@ from esphome.components.libretiny.const import (
    FAMILY_BK7251,
 )
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_ENABLE_ON_BOOT, CONF_ID
-from esphome.core import EsphomeError
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_ENABLE_ON_BOOT,
+    CONF_ESPHOME,
+    CONF_ID,
+    CONF_PLATFORMIO_OPTIONS,
+    KEY_CORE,
+    KEY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION,
+)
+from esphome.core import CORE, EsphomeError
+import esphome.final_validate as fv
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

 DEPENDENCIES = ["bk72xx"]
 CODEOWNERS = ["@Bl00d-B0b"]
 DOMAIN = "bk72xx_ble"

+BEKEN_BDK_VERSION_OPTION = "custom_versions.beken-bdk"
+# Older BDKs lay the BLE stack out differently and can crash at boot or erase the
+# bootloader with BLE compiled in; the libretiny platform builds with this one
+MIN_BDK_VERSION = (3, 0, 78)
+# Older LibreTiny releases arm the Beken MCU sleep with wifi power save, which halts
+# the device once the station stops while BLE runs (libretiny-eu/libretiny#414)
+MIN_LIBRETINY_VERSION = (1, 14, 0)
+
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 bk72xx_ble_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("bk72xx_ble")
@@ -80,20 +97,45 @@ def _unsupported_family_message(family: str) -> str | None:
    return None


+def check_bdk_version(value: str | None) -> None:
+    """Reject a beken-bdk override older than the release the BLE stack needs."""
+    if value is None:
+        return
+    # LibreTiny appends the value to the package URL as a git ref and only builds
+    # 3.0.x releases; the 2021.06.07 tag is the pre 3.0 SDK
+    match = re.fullmatch(r"v?(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)", str(value))
+    if match is not None:
+        version = tuple(int(g) for g in match.groups())
+        if version[:2] == MIN_BDK_VERSION[:2] and version >= MIN_BDK_VERSION:
+            return
+    minimum = ".".join(str(part) for part in MIN_BDK_VERSION)
+    raise cv.Invalid(
+        f"bk72xx_ble needs beken-bdk {minimum} or a newer 3.0.x release, not "
+        f"'{value}': with BLE compiled in, an older BDK can crash at boot or erase "
+        "the bootloader"
+    )
+
+
+def check_libretiny_version(version: cv.Version) -> None:
+    """Reject a LibreTiny release older than the one whose WiFi sleep is safe with BLE."""
+    if (version.major, version.minor, version.patch) >= MIN_LIBRETINY_VERSION:
+        return
+    minimum = ".".join(str(part) for part in MIN_LIBRETINY_VERSION)
+    raise cv.Invalid(
+        f"bk72xx_ble needs LibreTiny {minimum} or newer, not {version}: older releases "
+        "arm the Beken MCU sleep with wifi power save and the device halts once the "
+        "station stops while BLE runs"
+    )
+
+
 def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> None:
    # Warn only: a hard error here would break the validate-only CI fixtures,
    # which run on a BLE 4.2 board. The hard error is raised at codegen.
    if msg := _unsupported_family_message(libretiny.get_libretiny_family()):
        _LOGGER.warning("%s (this configuration cannot compile)", msg)
-    # Any wifi power_save_mode other than NONE also arms the Beken SDK's MCU
-    # sleep. With the BLE controller running, that sleep never wakes up once the
-    # station is stopped (adapter restart after failed roams, wifi.disable): the
-    # device is dead until a power cycle (esphome#18592). Keep power save off
-    # until LibreTiny ships the SDK-side fix (libretiny-eu/libretiny#414).
-    wifi.force_power_save_off(
-        "with BLE running, the Beken SDK's MCU sleep halts the device once the "
-        "station is stopped (https://github.com/esphome/esphome/issues/18592)"
-    )
+    options = fv.full_config.get()[CONF_ESPHOME].get(CONF_PLATFORMIO_OPTIONS) or {}
+    check_bdk_version(options.get(BEKEN_BDK_VERSION_OPTION))
+    check_libretiny_version(CORE.data[KEY_CORE][KEY_FRAMEWORK_VERSION])


 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _final_validate
@@ -116,20 +158,6 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
    # so this =1 is the single CFG_SUPPORT_BLE define emitted.
    cg.add_platformio_option("custom_options.sys_config#h", ["CFG_SUPPORT_BLE=1"])

-    # Pin the Beken BDK release the BLE 5.x stack is validated against. The
-    # bundled 3.0.33 has an older BLE header/library layout — and with
-    # CFG_SUPPORT_BLE=1 the SDK runs its BLE init unconditionally during boot
-    # (the reason the libretiny platform sets =0 when BLE is unused), so a
-    # mismatched BDK can crash the device before WiFi comes up regardless of
-    # enable_on_boot. Pinning here makes a plain config build against the
-    # validated BDK without any manual platformio_options.
-    _LOGGER.warning(
-        "bk72xx_ble builds with beken-bdk 3.0.78 instead of the platform's bundled "
-        "default: the default's older BLE layout can crash the device at boot when "
-        "BLE is compiled in"
-    )
-    cg.add_platformio_option("custom_versions.beken-bdk", "3.0.78")
-
    # The BDK exposes the controller's BLE address as `common_default_bdaddr` on
    # BK7231N, but NOT on BK7238 (its BLE stack has no such symbol; the address is
    # derived from the WiFi MAC instead — the BDK's own fallback). Tell the C++
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "bl0939.h"
+#include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include <cinttypes>

@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ static const uint8_t BL0939_REG_SOFT_RESET = 0x19;
 static const uint8_t BL0939_REG_USR_WRPROT = 0x1A;
 static const uint8_t BL0939_REG_TPS_CTRL = 0x1B;

-const uint8_t BL0939_INIT[6][6] = {
+static constexpr uint8_t BL0939_INIT[6][6] PROGMEM = {
    // Reset to default
    {BL0939_WRITE_COMMAND, BL0939_REG_SOFT_RESET, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x5A, 0x33},
    // Enable User Operation Write
@@ -66,8 +67,10 @@ void BL0939::update() {
 }

 void BL0939::setup() {
-  for (auto *i : BL0939_INIT) {
-    this->write_array(i, 6);
+  uint8_t cmd[sizeof(BL0939_INIT[0])];
+  for (const auto *i : BL0939_INIT) {
+    progmem_memcpy(cmd, i, sizeof(cmd));
+    this->write_array(cmd, sizeof(cmd));
    delay(1);
  }
  this->flush();
@@ -139,49 +139,24 @@ bool BME680Component::setup_registers_() {
  this->calibration_.ambient_temperature = 25;  // prime ambient temperature

  // Config register
-  uint8_t config_register;
-  if (!this->read_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONFIG, &config_register)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  config_register &= ~0b00011100;
-  config_register |= (this->iir_filter_ & 0b111) << 2;
-  if (!this->write_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONFIG, config_register)) {
+  if (!this->update_register(BME680_REGISTER_CONFIG, 0b00011100, (this->iir_filter_ & 0b111) << 2)) {
    return false;
  }

  // Humidity control register
-  uint8_t hum_control;
-  if (!this->read_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_HUMIDITY, &hum_control)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  hum_control &= ~0b00000111;
-  hum_control |= this->humidity_oversampling_ & 0b111;
-  if (!this->write_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_HUMIDITY, hum_control)) {
+  if (!this->update_register(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_HUMIDITY, 0b00000111, this->humidity_oversampling_ & 0b111)) {
    return false;
  }

-  // Gas 1 control register
-  uint8_t gas1_control;
-  if (!this->read_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_GAS1, &gas1_control)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  gas1_control &= ~0b00011111;
-  gas1_control |= 1 << 4;
-  gas1_control |= 0;  // profile 0
-  if (!this->write_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_GAS1, gas1_control)) {
+  // Gas 1 control register: run gas, heater profile 0
+  if (!this->update_register(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_GAS1, 0b00011111, 1 << 4)) {
    return false;
  }

  const bool heat_off = this->heater_temperature_ == 0 || this->heater_duration_ == 0;

  // Gas 0 control register
-  uint8_t gas0_control;
-  if (!this->read_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_GAS0, &gas0_control)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  gas0_control &= ~0b00001000;
-  gas0_control |= heat_off << 3;
-  if (!this->write_byte(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_GAS0, gas0_control)) {
+  if (!this->update_register(BME680_REGISTER_CONTROL_GAS0, 0b00001000, heat_off << 3)) {
    return false;
  }

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "bme680_bsec.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include <string>
+#include "esphome/core/progmem.h"

 namespace esphome::bme680_bsec {
 #ifdef USE_BSEC
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "bme680_bsec.sensor");

 static constexpr uint32_t READ_TIMEOUT_ID = 0;

-static const std::string IAQ_ACCURACY_STATES[4] = {"Stabilizing", "Uncertain", "Calibrating", "Calibrated"};
+PROGMEM_STRING_TABLE(IaqAccuracyStrings, "Stabilizing", "Uncertain", "Calibrating", "Calibrated");

 std::vector<BME680BSECComponent *>
    BME680BSECComponent::instances;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
@@ -386,10 +386,11 @@ void BME680BSECComponent::publish_(const bsec_output_t *outputs, uint8_t num_out
    switch (outputs[i].sensor_id) {
      case BSEC_OUTPUT_IAQ:
      case BSEC_OUTPUT_STATIC_IAQ: {
-        uint8_t accuracy = std::min<uint8_t>(outputs[i].accuracy, std::size(IAQ_ACCURACY_STATES) - 1);
+        uint8_t accuracy = std::min<uint8_t>(outputs[i].accuracy, IaqAccuracyStrings::LAST_INDEX);
        this->queue_push_([this, signal]() { this->publish_sensor_(this->iaq_sensor_, signal); });
        this->queue_push_([this, accuracy]() {
-          this->publish_sensor_(this->iaq_accuracy_text_sensor_, IAQ_ACCURACY_STATES[accuracy]);
+          this->publish_sensor_(this->iaq_accuracy_text_sensor_,
+                                IaqAccuracyStrings::get_progmem_str(accuracy, IaqAccuracyStrings::LAST_INDEX));
        });
        this->queue_push_([this, accuracy]() { this->publish_sensor_(this->iaq_accuracy_sensor_, accuracy, true); });

@@ -435,8 +436,9 @@ void BME680BSECComponent::publish_sensor_(sensor::Sensor *sensor, float value, b
  sensor->publish_state(value);
 }

-void BME680BSECComponent::publish_sensor_(text_sensor::TextSensor *sensor, const std::string &value) {
-  if (!sensor || (sensor->has_state() && sensor->state == value)) {
+void BME680BSECComponent::publish_sensor_(text_sensor::TextSensor *sensor, ProgmemStr value) {
+  if (!sensor ||
+      (sensor->has_state() && ESPHOME_strcmp_P(sensor->state.c_str(), reinterpret_cast<ESPHOME_PGM_P>(value)) == 0)) {
    return;
  }
  sensor->publish_state(value);
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class BME680BSECComponent final : public Component, public i2c::I2CDevice {
  int64_t get_time_ns_();

  void publish_sensor_(sensor::Sensor *sensor, float value, bool change_only = false);
-  void publish_sensor_(text_sensor::TextSensor *sensor, const std::string &value);
+  void publish_sensor_(text_sensor::TextSensor *sensor, ProgmemStr value);

  void snapshot_state_();  // Fetch the current BSEC library state and save it in the bsec_state_data_ member (volatile
                           // memory)
@@ -66,9 +66,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.typed_schema(
 def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> None:
    if config[CONF_TYPE] not in _MAGNETIC_FIELDS:
        return
-    full_config = fv.full_config.get()
-    bmi270_path = full_config.get_path_for_id(config[CONF_BMI270_ID])[:-1]
-    bmi270_config = full_config.get_config_for_path(bmi270_path)
+    bmi270_config = fv.get_declaring_config(config[CONF_BMI270_ID])
    if bmi270_config.get(CONF_AUX_DEVICE) != "BMM150":
        raise cv.Invalid(
            "This sensor requires the parent bmi270's 'aux_device' to be set to 'BMM150'",
@@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ void BP1658CJ::loop() {
  this->update_ = false;
 }

-void BP1658CJ::set_channel_value_(uint8_t channel, uint16_t value) {
+void BP1658CJ::write_channel(uint8_t channel, float state) {
+  auto value = static_cast<uint16_t>(state * 0x3FF);
  if (this->pwm_amounts_[channel] != value) {
    this->update_ = true;
    this->update_channel_ = channel;
@@ -2,15 +2,12 @@

 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
-#include "esphome/components/output/float_output.h"
 #include <vector>

 namespace esphome::bp1658cj {

 class BP1658CJ final : public Component {
 public:
-  class Channel;
-
  void set_data_pin(GPIOPin *data_pin) { data_pin_ = data_pin; }
  void set_clock_pin(GPIOPin *clock_pin) { clock_pin_ = clock_pin; }
  void set_max_power_color_channels(uint8_t max_power_color_channels) {
@@ -29,23 +26,9 @@ class BP1658CJ final : public Component {
  /// Send new values if they were updated.
  void loop() override;

-  class Channel final : public output::FloatOutput {
-   public:
-    void set_parent(BP1658CJ *parent) { parent_ = parent; }
-    void set_channel(uint8_t channel) { channel_ = channel; }
-
-   protected:
-    void write_state(float state) override {
-      auto amount = static_cast<uint16_t>(state * 0x3FF);
-      this->parent_->set_channel_value_(this->channel_, amount);
-    }
-
-    BP1658CJ *parent_;
-    uint8_t channel_;
-  };
+  void write_channel(uint8_t channel, float state);

 protected:
-  void set_channel_value_(uint8_t channel, uint16_t value);
  void write_bit_(bool value);
  void write_byte_(uint8_t data);
  void write_buffer_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t size);
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import output
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_CHANNEL, CONF_ID
@@ -8,16 +7,15 @@ from . import BP1658CJ

 DEPENDENCIES = ["bp1658cj"]

-Channel = BP1658CJ.class_("Channel", output.FloatOutput)

 CONF_BP1658CJ_ID = "bp1658cj_id"
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = output.FLOAT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA.extend(
    {
        cv.GenerateID(CONF_BP1658CJ_ID): cv.use_id(BP1658CJ),
-        cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(Channel),
+        cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(output.ApplyFloatOutput),
        cv.Required(CONF_CHANNEL): cv.int_range(min=0, max=4),
    }
-).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+)


 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = output.final_validate_unique_channel(
@@ -26,8 +24,6 @@ FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = output.final_validate_unique_channel(


 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
-    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
-    await output.register_output(var, config)
-
-    await cg.register_parented(var, config[CONF_BP1658CJ_ID])
-    cg.add(var.set_channel(config[CONF_CHANNEL]))
+    await output.sub_float_outputs(config, parent=config[CONF_BP1658CJ_ID]).create(
+        config, None, config[CONF_CHANNEL], apply="write_channel(index, state)"
+    )
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from esphome.components import i2c
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL, CONF_WATCHDOG
 from esphome.core import CORE, ID, EsphomeError, Lambda, TimePeriod
+import esphome.final_validate as fv
 from esphome.types import ConfigType, TemplateArgsType

 CODEOWNERS = ["@Rapsssito"]
@@ -359,8 +360,7 @@ async def bq25186_configure_to_code(
    parent = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])

    # Options the action leaves out fall back to the component's configuration
-    path = CORE.config.get_path_for_id(config[CONF_ID])[:-1]
-    parent_config = CORE.config.get_config_for_path(path)
+    parent_config = fv.get_declaring_config(config[CONF_ID], CORE.config)
    merged = {**parent_config, **config}
    try:
        _check_watchdog(merged)
@@ -28,13 +28,10 @@ bool BQ25186Component::write_register_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t value) {
 }

 bool BQ25186Component::update_register_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t mask, uint8_t value) {
-  uint8_t reg_value;
-  if (!this->read_byte(reg, &reg_value)) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to read register 0x%02X", reg);
-    return false;
-  }
-  reg_value = (reg_value & ~mask) | (value & mask);
-  return this->write_register_(reg, reg_value);
+  if (this->update_register(reg, mask, value))
+    return true;
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to update register 0x%02X", reg);
+  return false;
 }

 uint8_t BQ25186Component::expected_register_(size_t index) const {
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ class BQ25186Component : public PollingComponent, public i2c::I2CDevice {

 protected:
  bool write_register_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t value);
+  bool update_register_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t mask, uint8_t value);
  uint8_t expected_register_(size_t index) const;
  bool config_matches_(const BQ25186StatusRegisters &regs) const;
 #ifdef USE_BQ25186_PG_GPO
  void check_pg_gpo_(const BQ25186StatusRegisters &status, bool &pending);
 #endif
-  bool update_register_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t mask, uint8_t value);

 #ifdef BQ25186_BINARY_SENSOR_COUNT
  StaticVector<BQ25186BinarySensor *, BQ25186_BINARY_SENSOR_COUNT> binary_sensors_;
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
-#ifdef USE_BUTTON
-
-#include "bq25186.h"
-#include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
-
-namespace esphome::bq25186 {
-
-/// Writes one SHIP_RST field when pressed
-class BQ25186Button final : public button::Button, public Parented<BQ25186Component> {
- public:
-  BQ25186Button(uint8_t mask, uint8_t value) : mask_(mask), value_(value) {}
-
- protected:
-  void press_action() override { this->parent_->write_ship_rst(this->mask_, this->value_); }
-
-  const uint8_t mask_;
-  const uint8_t value_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::bq25186
-
-#endif  // USE_BUTTON
@@ -14,11 +14,7 @@ void BQ25186TextSensor::on_status(const BQ25186StatusRegisters &status) {
  if (value == this->last_)
    return;
  this->last_ = value;
-  const ProgmemStr name = StatusStrings::get_progmem_str(this->first_ + value, StatusStrings::LAST_INDEX);
-  char text[32];
-  ESPHOME_strncpy_P(text, reinterpret_cast<ESPHOME_PGM_P>(name), sizeof(text));
-  text[sizeof(text) - 1] = '\0';
-  this->publish_state(text);
+  this->publish_state(StatusStrings::get_progmem_str(this->first_ + value, StatusStrings::LAST_INDEX));
 }

 }  // namespace esphome::bq25186
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import button
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
@@ -10,11 +9,10 @@ from esphome.const import (
 )
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

-from . import BQ25186_CHILD_SCHEMA, CONF_BQ25186_ID, bq25186_ns
+from . import BQ25186_CHILD_SCHEMA, CONF_BQ25186_ID

 DEPENDENCIES = ["bq25186"]

-BQ25186Button = bq25186_ns.class_("BQ25186Button", button.Button)

 # SHIP_RST: bit 7 is the software reset, bits 6:5 the shutdown, ship and hardware reset codes
 SOFTWARE_RESET_MASK = 0x80
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
    BQ25186_CHILD_SCHEMA.extend(
        {
            cv.Optional(key): button.button_schema(
-                BQ25186Button,
+                button.ApplyButton,
                entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
                icon=icon,
                device_class=device_class,
@@ -46,7 +44,6 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(


 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    buttons = button.sub_buttons(config, parent=config[CONF_BQ25186_ID])
    for key, mask, value, _, _ in _BUTTONS:
-        if (conf := config.get(key)) is not None:
-            var = await button.new_button(conf, mask, value)
-            await cg.register_parented(var, config[CONF_BQ25186_ID])
+        await buttons(key, None, apply=f"write_ship_rst({mask:#04x}, {value:#04x})")
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from esphome import automation
 from esphome.automation import maybe_simple_id
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import mqtt, web_server
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
    CONF_DEVICE_CLASS,
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
    CONF_ID,
    CONF_MQTT_ID,
    CONF_ON_PRESS,
-    CONF_WEB_SERVER,
    DEVICE_CLASS_EMPTY,
    DEVICE_CLASS_IDENTIFY,
    DEVICE_CLASS_RESTART,
@@ -21,11 +19,12 @@ from esphome.const import (
    ICON_RESTART,
    ICON_RESTART_ALERT,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, ID, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.core import CORE, ID, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority, entity_helpers
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import (
    ApplyEntity,
    SubEntities,
    entity_duplicate_validator,
+    mqtt_component_class,
    queue_entity_register,
    setup_device_class,
    setup_entity,
@@ -53,11 +52,13 @@ validate_device_class = cv.one_of(*DEVICE_CLASSES, lower=True, space="_")


 _BUTTON_SCHEMA = (
-    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(web_server.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
+    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(entity_helpers.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
    .extend(cv.MQTT_COMMAND_COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
    .extend(
        {
-            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(mqtt.MQTTButtonComponent),
+            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(
+                mqtt_component_class("MQTTButtonComponent")
+            ),
            cv.Optional(
                CONF_DEVICE_CLASS, visibility=cv.Visibility.ADVANCED
            ): validate_device_class,
@@ -135,12 +136,7 @@ async def setup_button_core_(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:

    setup_device_class(config)

-    if mqtt_id := config.get(CONF_MQTT_ID):
-        mqtt_ = cg.new_Pvariable(mqtt_id, var)
-        await mqtt.register_mqtt_component(mqtt_, config)
-
-    if web_server_config := config.get(CONF_WEB_SERVER):
-        await web_server.add_entity_config(var, web_server_config)
+    await entity_helpers.setup_entity_integrations(var, config)


 async def register_button(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:
@@ -42,10 +42,8 @@ void CAP1188Component::finish_setup_() {
  }

  // Set sensitivity
-  uint8_t sensitivity = 0;
-  this->read_byte(CAP1188_SENSITVITY, &sensitivity);
-  sensitivity = sensitivity & 0x0f;
-  this->write_byte(CAP1188_SENSITVITY, sensitivity | this->touch_threshold_);
+  // The threshold replaces the upper nibble and is ORed into the lower one, as before
+  this->update_register(CAP1188_SENSITVITY, 0xF0 | this->touch_threshold_, this->touch_threshold_);

  // Allow multiple touches
  this->write_byte(CAP1188_MULTI_TOUCH, this->allow_multiple_touches_);
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "cc1101pa.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/progmem.h"
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstring>

@@ -14,6 +15,9 @@ namespace esphome::cc1101 {
 ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "cc1101");
 static constexpr size_t TX_FIFO_SIZE = 64;

+// MDMCFG2 MOD_FORMAT values
+PROGMEM_STRING_TABLE(ModulationStrings, "2-FSK", "GFSK", "UNUSED", "ASK/OOK", "4-FSK", "UNUSED", "UNUSED", "MSK");
+
 static void split_float(float value, int mbits, uint8_t &e, uint32_t &m) {
  int e_tmp;
  float m_tmp = std::frexp(value, &e_tmp);
@@ -238,8 +242,6 @@ void CC1101Component::loop() {
 }

 void CC1101Component::dump_config() {
-  static const char *const MODULATION_NAMES[] = {"2-FSK", "GFSK",   "UNUSED", "ASK/OOK",
-                                                 "4-FSK", "UNUSED", "UNUSED", "MSK"};
  int32_t freq = static_cast<int32_t>(this->state_.FREQ2 << 16 | this->state_.FREQ1 << 8 | this->state_.FREQ0) *
                 XTAL_FREQUENCY / (1 << 16);
  float symbol_rate = (((256.0f + this->state_.DRATE_M) * (1 << this->state_.DRATE_E)) / (1 << 28)) * XTAL_FREQUENCY;
@@ -253,8 +255,9 @@ void CC1101Component::dump_config() {
                "  Symbol Rate: %.0f baud\n"
                "  Filter Bandwidth: %.1f Hz\n"
                "  Output Power: %.1f dBm",
-                this->chip_id_, freq, this->state_.CHANNR, MODULATION_NAMES[this->state_.MOD_FORMAT & 0x07],
-                symbol_rate, bw, this->output_power_effective_);
+                this->chip_id_, freq, this->state_.CHANNR,
+                LOG_STR_ARG(ModulationStrings::get_log_str(this->state_.MOD_FORMAT & 0x07, 0)), symbol_rate, bw,
+                this->output_power_effective_);
  LOG_PIN("  CS Pin: ", this->cs_);
 }

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from typing import Any

 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import mqtt, web_server
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
    CONF_ACTION_STATE_TOPIC,
@@ -49,15 +48,15 @@ from esphome.const import (
    CONF_TEMPERATURE_STEP,
    CONF_UNIT_OF_MEASUREMENT,
    CONF_VISUAL,
-    CONF_WEB_SERVER,
    UNIT_KELVIN,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority, entity_helpers
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import (
    TemperatureUnitResolver,
    convert_visual_temperatures,
    declare_fixed_temperature_unit,
    entity_duplicate_validator,
+    mqtt_component_class,
    queue_entity_register,
    setup_entity,
    setup_entity_temperature_unit,
@@ -177,11 +176,13 @@ _visual_temperatures_in_entity_unit = partial(


 _CLIMATE_SCHEMA = (
-    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(web_server.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
+    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(entity_helpers.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
    .extend(cv.MQTT_COMMAND_COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
    .extend(
        {
-            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(mqtt.MQTTClimateComponent),
+            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(
+                mqtt_component_class("MQTTClimateComponent")
+            ),
            cv.Optional(CONF_VISUAL, default={}): cv.Schema(
                {
                    cv.Optional(CONF_MIN_TEMPERATURE): cv.temperature_with_unit,
@@ -353,10 +354,8 @@ async def setup_climate_core_(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:
        cg.add(var.set_visual_max_humidity_override(max_humidity))
    setup_entity_temperature_unit(var, config)

-    if (mqtt_id := config.get(CONF_MQTT_ID)) is not None:
-        mqtt_ = cg.new_Pvariable(mqtt_id, var)
-        await mqtt.register_mqtt_component(mqtt_, config)
-
+    mqtt_ = await entity_helpers.setup_entity_integrations(var, config)
+    if mqtt_ is not None:
        if (action_state_topic := config.get(CONF_ACTION_STATE_TOPIC)) is not None:
            cg.add(mqtt_.set_custom_action_state_topic(action_state_topic))
        if (away_command_topic := config.get(CONF_AWAY_COMMAND_TOPIC)) is not None:
@@ -486,9 +485,6 @@ async def setup_climate_core_(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:

    await automation.build_callback_automations(var, config, _CALLBACK_AUTOMATIONS)

-    if web_server_config := config.get(CONF_WEB_SERVER):
-        await web_server.add_entity_config(var, web_server_config)
-

 def set_custom_fan_modes(var: MockObj, modes: list[str]) -> None:
    """Point the climate at a shared flash table of custom fan modes."""
@@ -45,9 +45,8 @@ void CopyCover::control(const cover::CoverCall &call) {
  auto position = call.get_position();
  if (position.has_value())
    call2.set_position(*position);
-  auto tilt2 = call.get_tilt();
-  if (tilt2.has_value())
-    call2.set_tilt(*tilt2);
+  if (call.get_toggle().has_value())
+    call2.set_command_toggle();
  call2.perform();
 }

@@ -21,4 +21,6 @@ void CopyLock::control(const lock::LockCall &call) {
  call2.perform();
 }

+void CopyLock::open_latch() { this->source_->open(); }
+
 }  // namespace esphome::copy
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ class CopyLock final : public lock::Lock, public Component {

 protected:
  void control(const lock::LockCall &call) override;
+  void open_latch() override;

  lock::Lock *source_;
 };
@@ -13,19 +13,10 @@ from esphome.const import (
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import inherit_property_from
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

-from .. import copy_ns
-
-CopySensor = copy_ns.class_("CopySensor", sensor.Sensor, cg.Component)
-
-
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
-    sensor.sensor_schema(CopySensor)
-    .extend(
-        {
-            cv.Required(CONF_SOURCE_ID): cv.use_id(sensor.Sensor),
-        }
-    )
-    .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = sensor.sensor_schema(sensor.Sensor).extend(
+    {
+        cv.Required(CONF_SOURCE_ID): cv.use_id(sensor.Sensor),
+    }
 )

 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = cv.All(
@@ -40,6 +31,4 @@ FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = cv.All(

 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
    var = await sensor.new_sensor(config)
-    await cg.register_component(var, config)
-
-    await cg.add_variable(var.set_source, config[CONF_SOURCE_ID])
+    sensor.follow_sensor(var, await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_SOURCE_ID]))
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#include "copy_sensor.h"
-#include "esphome/core/log.h"
-
-namespace esphome::copy {
-
-ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "copy.sensor");
-
-void CopySensor::setup() {
-  source_->add_on_state_callback([this](float value) { this->publish_state(value); });
-  if (source_->has_state())
-    this->publish_state(source_->state);
-}
-
-void CopySensor::dump_config() { LOG_SENSOR("", "Copy Sensor", this); }
-
-}  // namespace esphome::copy
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "esphome/core/component.h"
-#include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
-
-namespace esphome::copy {
-
-class CopySensor final : public sensor::Sensor, public Component {
- public:
-  void set_source(sensor::Sensor *source) { source_ = source; }
-  void setup() override;
-  void dump_config() override;
-
- protected:
-  sensor::Sensor *source_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::copy
@@ -5,19 +5,10 @@ from esphome.const import CONF_ENTITY_CATEGORY, CONF_ICON, CONF_SOURCE_ID
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import inherit_property_from
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

-from .. import copy_ns
-
-CopyTextSensor = copy_ns.class_("CopyTextSensor", text_sensor.TextSensor, cg.Component)
-
-
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
-    text_sensor.text_sensor_schema(CopyTextSensor)
-    .extend(
-        {
-            cv.Required(CONF_SOURCE_ID): cv.use_id(text_sensor.TextSensor),
-        }
-    )
-    .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = text_sensor.text_sensor_schema(text_sensor.TextSensor).extend(
+    {
+        cv.Required(CONF_SOURCE_ID): cv.use_id(text_sensor.TextSensor),
+    }
 )

 FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = cv.All(
@@ -28,6 +19,4 @@ FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = cv.All(

 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
    var = await text_sensor.new_text_sensor(config)
-    await cg.register_component(var, config)
-
-    await cg.add_variable(var.set_source, config[CONF_SOURCE_ID])
+    text_sensor.follow_text_sensor(var, await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_SOURCE_ID]))
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#include "copy_text_sensor.h"
-#include "esphome/core/log.h"
-
-namespace esphome::copy {
-
-ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "copy.text_sensor");
-
-void CopyTextSensor::setup() {
-  source_->add_on_state_callback([this](const std::string &value) { this->publish_state(value); });
-  if (source_->has_state())
-    this->publish_state(source_->state);
-}
-
-void CopyTextSensor::dump_config() { LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("", "Copy Sensor", this); }
-
-}  // namespace esphome::copy
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "esphome/core/component.h"
-#include "esphome/components/text_sensor/text_sensor.h"
-
-namespace esphome::copy {
-
-class CopyTextSensor final : public text_sensor::TextSensor, public Component {
- public:
-  void set_source(text_sensor::TextSensor *source) { source_ = source; }
-  void setup() override;
-  void dump_config() override;
-
- protected:
-  text_sensor::TextSensor *source_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::copy
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import logging
 from esphome import automation
 from esphome.automation import maybe_simple_id
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import mqtt, web_server
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
    CONF_DEVICE_CLASS,
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
    CONF_TILT_COMMAND_TOPIC,
    CONF_TILT_STATE_TOPIC,
    CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
-    CONF_WEB_SERVER,
    DEVICE_CLASS_AWNING,
    DEVICE_CLASS_BLIND,
    DEVICE_CLASS_CURTAIN,
@@ -36,9 +34,10 @@ from esphome.const import (
    DEVICE_CLASS_SHUTTER,
    DEVICE_CLASS_WINDOW,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority, entity_helpers
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import (
    entity_duplicate_validator,
+    mqtt_component_class,
    queue_entity_register,
    setup_device_class,
    setup_entity,
@@ -112,11 +111,13 @@ TRIGGERS = {


 _COVER_SCHEMA = (
-    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(web_server.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
+    cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(entity_helpers.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
    .extend(cv.MQTT_COMMAND_COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
    .extend(
        {
-            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(mqtt.MQTTCoverComponent),
+            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(
+                mqtt_component_class("MQTTCoverComponent")
+            ),
            cv.Optional(CONF_MQTT_JSON_STATE_PAYLOAD): cv.All(
                cv.requires_component("mqtt"), cv.boolean
            ),
@@ -202,10 +203,8 @@ async def setup_cover_core_(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:
            trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], var)
            await automation.build_automation(trigger, [], conf)

-    if (mqtt_id := config.get(CONF_MQTT_ID)) is not None:
-        mqtt_ = cg.new_Pvariable(mqtt_id, var)
-        await mqtt.register_mqtt_component(mqtt_, config)
-
+    mqtt_ = await entity_helpers.setup_entity_integrations(var, config)
+    if mqtt_ is not None:
        if (position_state_topic := config.get(CONF_POSITION_STATE_TOPIC)) is not None:
            cg.add(mqtt_.set_custom_position_state_topic(position_state_topic))
        if (
@@ -220,9 +219,6 @@ async def setup_cover_core_(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:
        if (tilt_command_topic := config.get(CONF_TILT_COMMAND_TOPIC)) is not None:
            cg.add(mqtt_.set_custom_tilt_command_topic(tilt_command_topic))

-    if web_server_config := config.get(CONF_WEB_SERVER):
-        await web_server.add_entity_config(var, web_server_config)
-

 async def register_cover(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:
    if not CORE.has_id(config[CONF_ID]):
@@ -28,30 +28,23 @@ void CSE7766Component::loop() {

  // Read all available bytes in batches to reduce UART call overhead.
  // At 4800 baud (~480 bytes/sec) with ~122 Hz loop rate, typically ~4 bytes per call.
-  uint8_t buf[CSE7766_RAW_DATA_SIZE];
-  while (avail > 0) {
-    size_t to_read = std::min(avail, sizeof(buf));
-    if (!this->read_array(buf, to_read)) {
-      break;
-    }
-    avail -= to_read;
+  this->read_available<CSE7766_RAW_DATA_SIZE>(
+      [this](uint8_t byte) {
+        this->raw_data_[this->raw_data_index_] = byte;
+        if (!this->check_byte_()) {
+          this->raw_data_index_ = 0;
+          this->status_set_warning();
+          return;
+        }

-    for (size_t i = 0; i < to_read; i++) {
-      this->raw_data_[this->raw_data_index_] = buf[i];
-      if (!this->check_byte_()) {
-        this->raw_data_index_ = 0;
-        this->status_set_warning();
-        continue;
-      }
+        if (this->raw_data_index_ == CSE7766_RAW_DATA_SIZE - 1) {
+          this->parse_data_();
+          this->status_clear_warning();
+        }

-      if (this->raw_data_index_ == CSE7766_RAW_DATA_SIZE - 1) {
-        this->parse_data_();
-        this->status_clear_warning();
-      }
-
-      this->raw_data_index_ = (this->raw_data_index_ + 1) % CSE7766_RAW_DATA_SIZE;
-    }
-  }
+        this->raw_data_index_ = (this->raw_data_index_ + 1) % CSE7766_RAW_DATA_SIZE;
+      },
+      avail);
 }

 bool CSE7766Component::check_byte_() {
@@ -6,12 +6,7 @@ ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "cst226.touchscreen");

 void CST226Touchscreen::setup() {
  if (this->reset_pin_ != nullptr) {
-    this->reset_pin_->setup();
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
-    delay(5);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(false);
-    delay(5);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
+    pulse_reset(this->reset_pin_, {.high_before_ms = 5, .low_ms = 5});
    this->set_timeout(30, [this] { this->continue_setup_(); });
  } else {
    this->continue_setup_();
@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@ void CST328Touchscreen::setup() {
 }

 void CST328Touchscreen::reset_device_() {
-  this->reset_pin_->digital_write(false);
-  delay(5);
-  this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
+  pulse_reset(this->reset_pin_, {.low_ms = 5});
  this->set_timeout(CST328_TRANSITION_TIMEOUT, [this] { this->continue_setup_(); });
 }

@@ -52,12 +52,7 @@ void CST816Touchscreen::continue_setup_() {

 void CST816Touchscreen::setup() {
  if (this->reset_pin_ != nullptr) {
-    this->reset_pin_->setup();
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
-    delay(5);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(false);
-    delay(5);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
+    pulse_reset(this->reset_pin_, {.high_before_ms = 5, .low_ms = 5});
    this->set_timeout(30, [this] { this->continue_setup_(); });
  } else {
    this->continue_setup_();
@@ -10,14 +10,7 @@ static constexpr uint32_t REREAD_TIMEOUT_ID = 1;
 static constexpr uint32_t REREAD_DELAY_MS = 20;

 void CST9220Touchscreen::setup() {
-  if (this->reset_pin_ != nullptr) {
-    this->reset_pin_->setup();
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
-    delay(5);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(false);
-    delay(10);
-    this->reset_pin_->digital_write(true);
-  }
+  pulse_reset(this->reset_pin_, {.high_before_ms = 5, .low_ms = 10});
  // Wait for the controller to leave its bootloader before talking to it.
  this->set_timeout(30, [this] { this->continue_setup_(); });
 }
@@ -163,26 +163,21 @@ void CW2017::update() {
  if (!this->ready_)
    return;

+  bool ok = true;
  if (this->battery_level_sensor_ != nullptr) {
    uint8_t soc = 0;
-    if (this->read_byte(REG_SOC, &soc) && soc <= 100) {
+    ok = this->read_byte(REG_SOC, &soc) && soc <= 100;
+    if (ok)
      this->battery_level_sensor_->publish_state(soc);
-    } else {
-      this->status_set_warning();
-      return;
-    }
  }

-  if (this->battery_voltage_sensor_ != nullptr) {
+  if (ok && this->battery_voltage_sensor_ != nullptr) {
    uint16_t raw = 0;
-    if (this->read_byte_16(REG_VCELL, &raw)) {
+    ok = this->read_byte_16(REG_VCELL, &raw);
+    if (ok)
      this->battery_voltage_sensor_->publish_state((raw & VCELL_MASK) * VCELL_VOLTS_PER_LSB);
-    } else {
-      this->status_set_warning();
-      return;
-    }
  }
-  this->status_clear_warning();
+  this->status_comm_result(ok);
 }

 void CW2017::dump_config() {
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class CW2017 : public PollingComponent, public i2c::I2CDevice {
 public:
  explicit CW2017(const uint8_t *profile) : profile_(profile) {}

-  void set_battery_level_sensor(sensor::Sensor *sensor) { this->battery_level_sensor_ = sensor; }
-  void set_battery_voltage_sensor(sensor::Sensor *sensor) { this->battery_voltage_sensor_ = sensor; }
+  SUB_SENSOR(battery_level)
+  SUB_SENSOR(battery_voltage)

  void setup() override;
  void update() override;
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ class CW2017 : public PollingComponent, public i2c::I2CDevice {
  void wait_ready_(uint8_t attempt);

  const uint8_t *profile_;
-  sensor::Sensor *battery_level_sensor_{nullptr};
-  sensor::Sensor *battery_voltage_sensor_{nullptr};
  bool ready_{false};
  bool restart_pending_{false};
  uint8_t init_attempts_{0};
@@ -48,15 +48,14 @@ void DAC7678Output::dump_config() {
  }
 }

-void DAC7678Output::register_channel(DAC7678Channel *channel) {
-  auto c = channel->channel_;
-  this->min_channel_ = std::min(this->min_channel_, c);
-  this->max_channel_ = std::max(this->max_channel_, c);
-  channel->set_parent(this);
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Registered channel: %01u", channel->channel_);
+void DAC7678Output::register_channel(uint8_t channel) {
+  this->min_channel_ = std::min(this->min_channel_, channel);
+  this->max_channel_ = std::max(this->max_channel_, channel);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Registered channel: %01u", channel);
 }

-void DAC7678Output::set_channel_value_(uint8_t channel, uint16_t value) {
+void DAC7678Output::write_channel(uint8_t channel, float state) {
+  auto value = static_cast<uint16_t>(roundf(state * 0xFFF));
  if (channel >= std::size(this->dac_input_reg_))
    return;
  if (this->dac_input_reg_[channel] != value) {
@@ -71,10 +70,4 @@ void DAC7678Output::set_channel_value_(uint8_t channel, uint16_t value) {
  this->status_clear_warning();
 }

-void DAC7678Channel::write_state(float state) {
-  const float input_rounded = roundf(state * this->full_scale_);
-  auto input = static_cast<uint16_t>(input_rounded);
-  this->parent_->set_channel_value_(this->channel_, input);
-}
-
 }  // namespace esphome::dac7678
@@ -1,34 +1,17 @@
 #pragma once

 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
-#include "esphome/components/output/float_output.h"
 #include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"

 namespace esphome::dac7678 {

-class DAC7678Output;
-
-class DAC7678Channel final : public output::FloatOutput, public Parented<DAC7678Output> {
- public:
-  void set_channel(uint8_t channel) { channel_ = channel; }
-
- protected:
-  friend class DAC7678Output;
-
-  const uint16_t full_scale_ = 0xFFF;
-
-  void write_state(float state) override;
-
-  uint8_t channel_;
-};
-
 /// DAC7678 float output component.
 class DAC7678Output final : public Component, public i2c::I2CDevice {
 public:
  DAC7678Output() {}

-  void register_channel(DAC7678Channel *channel);
+  void register_channel(uint8_t channel);
+  void write_channel(uint8_t channel, float state);

  void set_internal_reference(const bool value) { this->internal_reference_ = value; }

@@ -37,12 +20,8 @@ class DAC7678Output final : public Component, public i2c::I2CDevice {
  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }

 protected:
-  friend DAC7678Channel;
-
  bool internal_reference_;

-  void set_channel_value_(uint8_t channel, uint16_t value);
-
  uint8_t min_channel_{0xFF};
  uint8_t max_channel_{0x00};
  uint16_t dac_input_reg_[8] = {
@@ -2,19 +2,17 @@ import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import output
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_CHANNEL, CONF_ID
-from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

-from . import DAC7678Output, dac7678_ns
+from . import DAC7678Output

 DEPENDENCIES = ["dac7678"]

-DAC7678Channel = dac7678_ns.class_("DAC7678Channel", output.FloatOutput)
 CONF_DAC7678_ID = "dac7678_id"

 CONFIG_SCHEMA = output.FLOAT_OUTPUT_SCHEMA.extend(
    {
-        cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(DAC7678Channel),
+        cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(output.ApplyFloatOutput),
        cv.GenerateID(CONF_DAC7678_ID): cv.use_id(DAC7678Output),
        cv.Required(CONF_CHANNEL): cv.int_range(min=0, max=7),
    }
@@ -26,10 +24,9 @@ FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = output.final_validate_unique_channel(
 )


-async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> MockObj:
-    paren = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_DAC7678_ID])
-    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
-    cg.add(var.set_channel(config[CONF_CHANNEL]))
-    cg.add(paren.register_channel(var))
-    await output.register_output(var, config)
-    return var
+async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    hub = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_DAC7678_ID])
+    await output.sub_float_outputs(config, parent=hub).create(
+        config, None, config[CONF_CHANNEL], apply="write_channel(index, state)"
+    )
+    cg.add(hub.register_channel(config[CONF_CHANNEL]))
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from collections.abc import Callable

 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import mqtt, time, web_server
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
    CONF_DATE,
@@ -20,12 +19,12 @@ from esphome.const import (
    CONF_TIME_ID,
    CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
    CONF_TYPE,
-    CONF_WEB_SERVER,
    CONF_YEAR,
 )
-from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority
+from esphome.core import CORE, CoroPriority, coroutine_with_priority, entity_helpers
 from esphome.core.entity_helpers import (
    entity_duplicate_validator,
+    mqtt_component_class,
    queue_entity_register,
    setup_entity,
 )
@@ -38,6 +37,10 @@ DOMAIN = "datetime"
 IS_PLATFORM_COMPONENT = True

 datetime_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("datetime")
+# Matches time.RealTimeClock by name without importing the time component
+_RealTimeClock = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("time").class_(
+    "RealTimeClock", cg.PollingComponent
+)
 DateTimeBase = datetime_ns.class_("DateTimeBase", cg.EntityBase)
 DateEntity = datetime_ns.class_("DateEntity", DateTimeBase)
 TimeEntity = datetime_ns.class_("TimeEntity", DateTimeBase)
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ DATETIME_MODES = [
 def _validate_time_present(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
    config = config.copy()
    if CONF_ON_TIME in config and CONF_TIME_ID not in config:
-        time_id = cv.use_id(time.RealTimeClock)(None)
+        time_id = cv.use_id(_RealTimeClock)(None)
        config[CONF_TIME_ID] = time_id
    return config

@@ -73,10 +76,10 @@ _DATETIME_SCHEMA = cv.ENTITY_BASE_SCHEMA.extend(
    cv.Schema(
        {
            cv.Optional(CONF_ON_VALUE): automation.validate_automation({}),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_TIME_ID): cv.use_id(time.RealTimeClock),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TIME_ID): cv.use_id(_RealTimeClock),
        }
    )
-    .extend(web_server.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
+    .extend(entity_helpers.WEBSERVER_SORTING_SCHEMA)
    .extend(cv.MQTT_COMMAND_COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
 ).add_extra(_validate_time_present)

@@ -87,7 +90,9 @@ def date_schema(class_: MockObjClass) -> cv.Schema:
    schema = cv.Schema(
        {
            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(class_),
-            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(mqtt.MQTTDateComponent),
+            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(
+                mqtt_component_class("MQTTDateComponent")
+            ),
            cv.Optional(CONF_TYPE, default="DATE"): cv.one_of("DATE", upper=True),
        }
    )
@@ -98,7 +103,9 @@ def time_schema(class_: MockObjClass) -> cv.Schema:
    schema = cv.Schema(
        {
            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(class_),
-            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(mqtt.MQTTTimeComponent),
+            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(
+                mqtt_component_class("MQTTTimeComponent")
+            ),
            cv.Optional(CONF_TYPE, default="TIME"): cv.one_of("TIME", upper=True),
            cv.Optional(CONF_ON_TIME): automation.validate_automation(
                {
@@ -115,7 +122,7 @@ def datetime_schema(class_: MockObjClass) -> cv.Schema:
        {
            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(class_),
            cv.OnlyWith(CONF_MQTT_ID, "mqtt"): cv.declare_id(
-                mqtt.MQTTDateTimeComponent
+                mqtt_component_class("MQTTDateTimeComponent")
            ),
            cv.Optional(CONF_TYPE, default="DATETIME"): cv.one_of(
                "DATETIME", upper=True
@@ -132,11 +139,7 @@ def datetime_schema(class_: MockObjClass) -> cv.Schema:

@setup_entity("datetime")
 async def setup_datetime_core_(var: MockObj, config: ConfigType) -> None:
-    if (mqtt_id := config.get(CONF_MQTT_ID)) is not None:
-        mqtt_ = cg.new_Pvariable(mqtt_id, var)
-        await mqtt.register_mqtt_component(mqtt_, config)
-    if web_server_config := config.get(CONF_WEB_SERVER):
-        await web_server.add_entity_config(var, web_server_config)
+    await entity_helpers.setup_entity_integrations(var, config)
    # The state callback carries nothing; the automation gets the value as an ESPTime.
    for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_VALUE, []):
        await automation.build_callback_automation(
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ class DemoCover final : public cover::Cover, public Component {
    }
    if (call.get_stop()) {
      this->cancel_timeout(MOVE_TIMEOUT_ID);
+      this->current_operation = cover::COVER_OPERATION_IDLE;
    }

    this->publish_state();
@@ -135,153 +135,140 @@ void DFPlayer::send_cmd_(uint8_t cmd, uint16_t argument) {
 }

 void DFPlayer::loop() {
-  // Read all available bytes in batches to reduce UART call overhead.
-  size_t avail = this->available();
-  uint8_t buf[64];
-  while (avail > 0) {
-    size_t to_read = std::min(avail, sizeof(buf));
-    if (!this->read_array(buf, to_read)) {
-      break;
-    }
-    avail -= to_read;
-    for (size_t bi = 0; bi < to_read; bi++) {
-      uint8_t byte = buf[bi];
+  this->read_available([this](uint8_t byte) {
+    if (this->read_pos_ == DFPLAYER_READ_BUFFER_LENGTH)
+      this->read_pos_ = 0;

-      if (this->read_pos_ == DFPLAYER_READ_BUFFER_LENGTH)
-        this->read_pos_ = 0;
-
-      switch (this->read_pos_) {
-        case 0:  // Start mark
-          if (byte != 0x7E)
-            continue;
-          break;
-        case 1:  // Version
-          if (byte != 0xFF) {
-            ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Expected Version 0xFF, got %#02x", byte);
-            this->read_pos_ = 0;
-            continue;
-          }
-          break;
-        case 2:  // Buffer length
-          if (byte != 0x06) {
-            ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Expected Buffer length 0x06, got %#02x", byte);
-            this->read_pos_ = 0;
-            continue;
-          }
-          break;
-        case 9:  // End byte
-#ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
-          char byte_sequence[100];
-          byte_sequence[0] = '\0';
-          for (size_t i = 0; i < this->read_pos_ + 1; ++i) {
-            snprintf(byte_sequence + strlen(byte_sequence), sizeof(byte_sequence) - strlen(byte_sequence), "%02X ",
-                     this->read_buffer_[i]);
-          }
-          ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Received byte sequence: %s", byte_sequence);
-#endif
-          if (byte != 0xEF) {
-            ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Expected end byte 0xEF, got %#02x", byte);
-            this->read_pos_ = 0;
-            continue;
-          }
-          // Parse valid received command
-          uint8_t cmd = this->read_buffer_[3];
-          uint16_t argument = (this->read_buffer_[5] << 8) | this->read_buffer_[6];
-
-          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Received message cmd: %#02x arg %#04x", cmd, argument);
-
-          switch (cmd) {
-            case 0x3A:
-              if (argument == 1) {
-                ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB loaded");
-              } else if (argument == 2) {
-                ESP_LOGI(TAG, "TF Card loaded");
-              }
-              break;
-            case 0x3B:
-              if (argument == 1) {
-                ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB unloaded");
-              } else if (argument == 2) {
-                ESP_LOGI(TAG, "TF Card unloaded");
-              }
-              break;
-            case 0x3F:
-              if (argument == 1) {
-                ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB available");
-              } else if (argument == 2) {
-                ESP_LOGI(TAG, "TF Card available");
-              } else if (argument == 3) {
-                ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB, TF Card available");
-              }
-              break;
-            case 0x40:
-              ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Nack");
-              this->ack_set_is_playing_ = false;
-              this->ack_reset_is_playing_ = false;
-              switch (argument) {
-                case 0x01:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Module is busy or uninitialized");
-                  break;
-                case 0x02:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Module is in sleep mode");
-                  break;
-                case 0x03:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Serial receive error");
-                  break;
-                case 0x04:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Checksum incorrect");
-                  break;
-                case 0x05:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Specified track is out of current track scope");
-                  this->is_playing_ = false;
-                  break;
-                case 0x06:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Specified track is not found");
-                  this->is_playing_ = false;
-                  break;
-                case 0x07:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG,
-                           "Insertion error (an inserting operation only can be done when a track is being played)");
-                  break;
-                case 0x08:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "SD card reading failed (SD card pulled out or damaged)");
-                  break;
-                case 0x09:
-                  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Entered into sleep mode");
-                  this->is_playing_ = false;
-                  break;
-                default:
-                  break;
-              }
-              break;
-            case 0x41:
-              ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Ack ok");
-              this->is_playing_ |= this->ack_set_is_playing_;
-              this->is_playing_ &= !this->ack_reset_is_playing_;
-              this->ack_set_is_playing_ = false;
-              this->ack_reset_is_playing_ = false;
-              break;
-            case 0x3C:
-              ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Playback finished (USB drive)");
-              this->is_playing_ = false;
-              this->on_finished_playback_callback_.call();
-              break;
-            case 0x3D:
-              ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Playback finished (SD card)");
-              this->is_playing_ = false;
-              this->on_finished_playback_callback_.call();
-              break;
-            default:
-              ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Received unknown cmd %#02x arg %#04x", cmd, argument);
-          }
-          this->sent_cmd_ = 0;
+    switch (this->read_pos_) {
+      case 0:  // Start mark
+        if (byte != 0x7E)
+          return;
+        break;
+      case 1:  // Version
+        if (byte != 0xFF) {
+          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Expected Version 0xFF, got %#02x", byte);
          this->read_pos_ = 0;
-          continue;
-      }
-      this->read_buffer_[this->read_pos_] = byte;
-      this->read_pos_++;
+          return;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 2:  // Buffer length
+        if (byte != 0x06) {
+          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Expected Buffer length 0x06, got %#02x", byte);
+          this->read_pos_ = 0;
+          return;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 9:  // End byte
+#ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE
+        char byte_sequence[100];
+        byte_sequence[0] = '\0';
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < this->read_pos_ + 1; ++i) {
+          snprintf(byte_sequence + strlen(byte_sequence), sizeof(byte_sequence) - strlen(byte_sequence), "%02X ",
+                   this->read_buffer_[i]);
+        }
+        ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Received byte sequence: %s", byte_sequence);
+#endif
+        if (byte != 0xEF) {
+          ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Expected end byte 0xEF, got %#02x", byte);
+          this->read_pos_ = 0;
+          return;
+        }
+        // Parse valid received command
+        uint8_t cmd = this->read_buffer_[3];
+        uint16_t argument = (this->read_buffer_[5] << 8) | this->read_buffer_[6];
+
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Received message cmd: %#02x arg %#04x", cmd, argument);
+
+        switch (cmd) {
+          case 0x3A:
+            if (argument == 1) {
+              ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB loaded");
+            } else if (argument == 2) {
+              ESP_LOGI(TAG, "TF Card loaded");
+            }
+            break;
+          case 0x3B:
+            if (argument == 1) {
+              ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB unloaded");
+            } else if (argument == 2) {
+              ESP_LOGI(TAG, "TF Card unloaded");
+            }
+            break;
+          case 0x3F:
+            if (argument == 1) {
+              ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB available");
+            } else if (argument == 2) {
+              ESP_LOGI(TAG, "TF Card available");
+            } else if (argument == 3) {
+              ESP_LOGI(TAG, "USB, TF Card available");
+            }
+            break;
+          case 0x40:
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Nack");
+            this->ack_set_is_playing_ = false;
+            this->ack_reset_is_playing_ = false;
+            switch (argument) {
+              case 0x01:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Module is busy or uninitialized");
+                break;
+              case 0x02:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Module is in sleep mode");
+                break;
+              case 0x03:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Serial receive error");
+                break;
+              case 0x04:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Checksum incorrect");
+                break;
+              case 0x05:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Specified track is out of current track scope");
+                this->is_playing_ = false;
+                break;
+              case 0x06:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Specified track is not found");
+                this->is_playing_ = false;
+                break;
+              case 0x07:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Insertion error (an inserting operation only can be done when a track is being played)");
+                break;
+              case 0x08:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "SD card reading failed (SD card pulled out or damaged)");
+                break;
+              case 0x09:
+                ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Entered into sleep mode");
+                this->is_playing_ = false;
+                break;
+              default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+          case 0x41:
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Ack ok");
+            this->is_playing_ |= this->ack_set_is_playing_;
+            this->is_playing_ &= !this->ack_reset_is_playing_;
+            this->ack_set_is_playing_ = false;
+            this->ack_reset_is_playing_ = false;
+            break;
+          case 0x3C:
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Playback finished (USB drive)");
+            this->is_playing_ = false;
+            this->on_finished_playback_callback_.call();
+            break;
+          case 0x3D:
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Playback finished (SD card)");
+            this->is_playing_ = false;
+            this->on_finished_playback_callback_.call();
+            break;
+          default:
+            ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Received unknown cmd %#02x arg %#04x", cmd, argument);
+        }
+        this->sent_cmd_ = 0;
+        this->read_pos_ = 0;
+        return;
    }
-  }
+    this->read_buffer_[this->read_pos_] = byte;
+    this->read_pos_++;
+  });
 }
 void DFPlayer::dump_config() { ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "DFPlayer:"); }

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(


 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
+    cg.add_define("USE_LINE_READER")
    await uart.new_uart_component(config)


@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once

+#include <algorithm>
+
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"

@@ -27,9 +29,12 @@ class DfrobotSen0395SettingsAction final : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented
  TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, det_max4)

  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(0));
+    // Worst case: stop, factory reset, six settings, save, start
+    if (!this->parent_->has_queue_room(10))
+      return;
+    this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_POWER, false);
    if (this->factory_reset_.has_value() && this->factory_reset_.value(x...) == true) {
-      this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<FactoryResetCommand>());
+      this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_FACTORY_RESET);
    }
    if (this->det_min1_.has_value() && this->det_max1_.has_value()) {
      // Each segment is read once, so the guard and the command see the same values.
@@ -37,10 +42,10 @@ class DfrobotSen0395SettingsAction final : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented
      if (min1 >= 0) {
        const float max1 = this->det_max1_.value(x...);
        if (max1 >= 0) {
-          this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<DetRangeCfgCommand>(
-              min1, max1, this->det_min2_.value_or(x..., -1), this->det_max2_.value_or(x..., -1),
-              this->det_min3_.value_or(x..., -1), this->det_max3_.value_or(x..., -1),
-              this->det_min4_.value_or(x..., -1), this->det_max4_.value_or(x..., -1)));
+          this->parent_->enqueue_det_range_cfg(min1, max1, this->det_min2_.value_or(x..., -1),
+                                               this->det_max2_.value_or(x..., -1), this->det_min3_.value_or(x..., -1),
+                                               this->det_max3_.value_or(x..., -1), this->det_min4_.value_or(x..., -1),
+                                               this->det_max4_.value_or(x..., -1));
        }
      }
    }
@@ -48,38 +53,35 @@ class DfrobotSen0395SettingsAction final : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented
      float detect = this->delay_after_detect_.value(x...);
      float disappear = this->delay_after_disappear_.value(x...);
      if (detect >= 0 && disappear >= 0) {
-        this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SetLatencyCommand>(detect, disappear));
+        this->parent_->enqueue_set_latency(detect, disappear);
      }
    }
    if (this->start_after_power_on_.has_value()) {
      int8_t val = this->start_after_power_on_.value(x...);
      if (val >= 0) {
-        this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SensorCfgStartCommand>(val));
+        this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SENSOR_CFG_START, val);
      }
    }
    if (this->turn_on_led_.has_value()) {
      int8_t val = this->turn_on_led_.value(x...);
      if (val >= 0) {
-        this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<LedModeCommand>(val));
+        this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_LED_MODE, val);
      }
    }
    if (this->presence_via_uart_.has_value()) {
      int8_t val = this->presence_via_uart_.value(x...);
      if (val >= 0) {
-        this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<UartOutputCommand>(val));
+        this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_UART_OUTPUT, val);
      }
    }
    if (this->sensitivity_.has_value()) {
      int8_t val = this->sensitivity_.value(x...);
      if (val >= 0) {
-        if (val > 9) {
-          val = 9;
-        }
-        this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SensitivityCommand>(val));
+        this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SENSITIVITY, std::min<int8_t>(val, 9));
      }
    }
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SaveCfgCommand>());
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(1));
+    this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SAVE_CFG);
+    this->parent_->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_POWER, true);
  }
 };

@@ -1,332 +0,0 @@
-#include "commands.h"
-
-#include <cmath>
-
-#include "esphome/core/log.h"
-
-#include "dfrobot_sen0395.h"
-
-namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395 {
-
-ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "dfrobot_sen0395.commands");
-
-uint8_t Command::execute(DfrobotSen0395Component *parent) {
-  this->parent_ = parent;
-  if (this->cmd_sent_) {
-    if (this->parent_->read_message_()) {
-      std::string message(this->parent_->read_buffer_);
-      if (message.rfind("is not recognized as a CLI command") != std::string::npos) {
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Command not recognized properly by sensor");
-        if (this->retries_left_ > 0) {
-          this->retries_left_ -= 1;
-          this->cmd_sent_ = false;
-          ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Retrying");
-          return 0;
-        } else {
-          this->parent_->find_prompt_();
-          return 1;  // Command done
-        }
-      }
-      uint8_t rc = on_message(message);
-      if (rc == 2) {
-        if (this->retries_left_ > 0) {
-          this->retries_left_ -= 1;
-          this->cmd_sent_ = false;
-          ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Retrying");
-          return 0;
-        } else {
-          this->parent_->find_prompt_();
-          return 1;  // Command done
-        }
-      } else if (rc == 0) {
-        return 0;
-      } else {
-        this->parent_->find_prompt_();
-        return 1;
-      }
-    }
-    if (millis() - this->parent_->ts_last_cmd_sent_ > this->timeout_ms_) {
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Command timeout");
-      if (this->retries_left_ > 0) {
-        this->retries_left_ -= 1;
-        this->cmd_sent_ = false;
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Retrying");
-      } else {
-        return 1;  // Command done
-      }
-    }
-  } else if (this->parent_->send_cmd_(this->cmd_.c_str(), this->cmd_duration_ms_)) {
-    this->cmd_sent_ = true;
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t ReadStateCommand::execute(DfrobotSen0395Component *parent) {
-  this->parent_ = parent;
-  if (this->parent_->read_message_()) {
-    std::string message(this->parent_->read_buffer_);
-    if (message.rfind("$JYBSS,0, , , *") != std::string::npos) {
-      this->parent_->set_detected_(false);
-      this->parent_->set_active(true);
-      return 1;  // Command done
-    } else if (message.rfind("$JYBSS,1, , , *") != std::string::npos) {
-      this->parent_->set_detected_(true);
-      this->parent_->set_active(true);
-      return 1;  // Command done
-    }
-  }
-  if (millis() - this->parent_->ts_last_cmd_sent_ > this->timeout_ms_) {
-    return 1;  // Command done, timeout
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet.
-}
-
-uint8_t ReadStateCommand::on_message(std::string &message) { return 1; }
-
-uint8_t PowerCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor stopped already") {
-    this->parent_->set_active(false);
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Stopped sensor (already stopped)");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "sensor started already") {
-    this->parent_->set_active(true);
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Started sensor (already started)");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "new parameter isn't save, can't startSensor") {
-    this->parent_->set_active(false);
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Can't start sensor! (Use SaveCfgCommand to save config first)");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    this->parent_->set_active(this->power_on_);
-    if (this->power_on_) {
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Started sensor");
-    } else {
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Stopped sensor");
-    }
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet.
-}
-
-DetRangeCfgCommand::DetRangeCfgCommand(float min1, float max1, float min2, float max2, float min3, float max3,
-                                       float min4, float max4) {
-  // TODO: Print warning when values are rounded
-  if (min1 < 0 || max1 < 0) {
-    this->min1_ = min1 = 0;
-    this->max1_ = max1 = 0;
-    this->min2_ = min2 = this->max2_ = max2 = this->min3_ = min3 = this->max3_ = max3 = this->min4_ = min4 =
-        this->max4_ = max4 = -1;
-
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "DetRangeCfgCommand invalid input parameters. Using range config 0 0.");
-
-    this->cmd_ = "detRangeCfg -1 0 0";
-  } else if (min2 < 0 || max2 < 0) {
-    this->min1_ = min1 = roundf(min1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max1_ = max1 = roundf(max1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min2_ = min2 = this->max2_ = max2 = this->min3_ = min3 = this->max3_ = max3 = this->min4_ = min4 =
-        this->max4_ = max4 = -1;
-
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15f, max1 / 0.15f);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
-  } else if (min3 < 0 || max3 < 0) {
-    this->min1_ = min1 = roundf(min1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max1_ = max1 = roundf(max1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min2_ = min2 = roundf(min2 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max2_ = max2 = roundf(max2 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min3_ = min3 = this->max3_ = max3 = this->min4_ = min4 = this->max4_ = max4 = -1;
-
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15f, max1 / 0.15f, min2 / 0.15f,
-             max2 / 0.15f);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
-  } else if (min4 < 0 || max4 < 0) {
-    this->min1_ = min1 = roundf(min1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max1_ = max1 = roundf(max1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min2_ = min2 = roundf(min2 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max2_ = max2 = roundf(max2 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min3_ = min3 = roundf(min3 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max3_ = max3 = roundf(max3 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min4_ = min4 = this->max4_ = max4 = -1;
-
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15f, max1 / 0.15f, min2 / 0.15f,
-             max2 / 0.15f, min3 / 0.15f, max3 / 0.15f);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
-  } else {
-    this->min1_ = min1 = roundf(min1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max1_ = max1 = roundf(max1 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min2_ = min2 = roundf(min2 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max2_ = max2 = roundf(max2 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min3_ = min3 = roundf(min3 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max3_ = max3 = roundf(max3 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->min4_ = min4 = roundf(min4 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-    this->max4_ = max4 = roundf(max4 / 0.15f) * 0.15f;
-
-    char buf[72];  // max 72: "detRangeCfg -1 "(15) + 8 * (float(5) + space(1)) + null
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "detRangeCfg -1 %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f", min1 / 0.15f, max1 / 0.15f,
-             min2 / 0.15f, max2 / 0.15f, min3 / 0.15f, max3 / 0.15f, min4 / 0.15f, max4 / 0.15f);
-    this->cmd_ = buf;
-  }
-
-  this->min1_ = min1;
-  this->max1_ = max1;
-  this->min2_ = min2;
-  this->max2_ = max2;
-  this->min3_ = min3;
-  this->max3_ = max3;
-  this->min4_ = min4;
-  this->max4_ = max4;
-};
-
-uint8_t DetRangeCfgCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor is not stopped") {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot configure range config. Sensor is not stopped!");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG,
-             "Updated detection area config:\n"
-             "  Detection area 1 from %.02fm to %.02fm.",
-             this->min1_, this->max1_);
-    if (this->min2_ >= 0 && this->max2_ >= 0) {
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Detection area 2 from %.02fm to %.02fm.", this->min2_, this->max2_);
-    }
-    if (this->min3_ >= 0 && this->max3_ >= 0) {
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Detection area 3 from %.02fm to %.02fm.", this->min3_, this->max3_);
-    }
-    if (this->min4_ >= 0 && this->max4_ >= 0) {
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Detection area 4 from %.02fm to %.02fm.", this->min4_, this->max4_);
-    }
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Used command: %s", this->cmd_.c_str());
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet.
-}
-
-SetLatencyCommand::SetLatencyCommand(float delay_after_detection, float delay_after_disappear) {
-  delay_after_detection = std::round(delay_after_detection / 0.025f) * 0.025f;
-  delay_after_disappear = std::round(delay_after_disappear / 0.025f) * 0.025f;
-  this->delay_after_detection_ = clamp(delay_after_detection, 0.0f, 1638.375f);
-  this->delay_after_disappear_ = clamp(delay_after_disappear, 0.0f, 1638.375f);
-  // max 32: "setLatency "(11) + float(8) + " "(1) + float(8) + null, rounded to 32
-  char buf[32];
-  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "setLatency %.03f %.03f", this->delay_after_detection_, this->delay_after_disappear_);
-  this->cmd_ = buf;
-};
-
-uint8_t SetLatencyCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor is not stopped") {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot configure output latency. Sensor is not stopped!");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG,
-             "Updated output latency config:\n"
-             "  Signal that someone was detected is delayed by %.03f s.\n"
-             "  Signal that nobody is detected anymore is delayed by %.03f s.",
-             this->delay_after_detection_, this->delay_after_disappear_);
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Used command: %s", this->cmd_.c_str());
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t SensorCfgStartCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor is not stopped") {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot configure sensor startup behavior. Sensor is not stopped!");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Updated sensor startup behavior:");
-    if (startup_mode_) {
-      this->parent_->set_start_after_boot(true);
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Sensor will start automatically after power-on.");
-    } else {
-      this->parent_->set_start_after_boot(false);
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Sensor needs to be started manually after power-on.");
-    }
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Used command: %s", this->cmd_.c_str());
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t FactoryResetCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor is not stopped") {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot factory reset. Sensor is not stopped!");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Sensor factory reset done.");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t ResetSystemCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "leapMMW:/>") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Restarted sensor.");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t SaveCfgCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "no parameter has changed") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Not saving config (no parameter changed).");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Saved config. Saving a lot may damage the sensor.");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t LedModeCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor is not stopped") {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot set led mode. Sensor is not stopped!");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Set led mode done.");
-    if (this->active_) {
-      this->parent_->set_led_active(true);
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Sensor LED will blink.");
-    } else {
-      this->parent_->set_led_active(false);
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Turned off LED.");
-    }
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Used command: %s", this->cmd_.c_str());
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t UartOutputCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor is not stopped") {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot set uart output mode. Sensor is not stopped!");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Set uart mode done.");
-    if (this->active_) {
-      this->parent_->set_uart_presence_active(true);
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Presence information is sent via UART and GPIO.");
-    } else {
-      this->parent_->set_uart_presence_active(false);
-      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Presence information is only sent via GPIO.");
-    }
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Used command: %s", this->cmd_.c_str());
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-uint8_t SensitivityCommand::on_message(std::string &message) {
-  if (message == "sensor is not stopped") {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot set sensitivity. Sensor is not stopped!");
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  } else if (message == "Done") {
-    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Set sensitivity done. Set to value %d.", this->sensitivity_);
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Used command: %s", this->cmd_.c_str());
-    return 1;  // Command done
-  }
-  return 0;  // Command not done yet
-}
-
-}  // namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
-
-namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395 {
-
-class DfrobotSen0395Component;
-
-// Use command queue and time stamps to avoid blocking.
-// When component has run time, check if minimum time (1s) between
-// commands has passed. After that run a command from the queue.
-class Command {
- public:
-  virtual ~Command() = default;
-  virtual uint8_t execute(DfrobotSen0395Component *parent);
-  virtual uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) = 0;
-
- protected:
-  DfrobotSen0395Component *parent_{nullptr};
-  std::string cmd_;
-  bool cmd_sent_{false};
-  int8_t retries_left_{2};
-  uint32_t cmd_duration_ms_{1000};
-  uint32_t timeout_ms_{1500};
-};
-
-class ReadStateCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  ReadStateCommand() { timeout_ms_ = 500; }
-  uint8_t execute(DfrobotSen0395Component *parent) override;
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-};
-
-class PowerCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  PowerCommand(bool power_on) : power_on_(power_on) {
-    if (power_on) {
-      cmd_ = "sensorStart";
-    } else {
-      cmd_ = "sensorStop";
-    }
-  };
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-
- protected:
-  bool power_on_;
-};
-
-class DetRangeCfgCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  DetRangeCfgCommand(float min1, float max1, float min2, float max2, float min3, float max3, float min4, float max4);
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-
- protected:
-  float min1_, max1_, min2_, max2_, min3_, max3_, min4_, max4_;
-  // TODO: Set min max values in component, so they can be published as sensor.
-};
-
-class SetLatencyCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  SetLatencyCommand(float delay_after_detection, float delay_after_disappear);
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-
- protected:
-  float delay_after_detection_;
-  float delay_after_disappear_;
-};
-
-class SensorCfgStartCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  SensorCfgStartCommand(bool startup_mode) : startup_mode_(startup_mode) {
-    char tmp_cmd[20];  // "sensorCfgStart " (15) + "0/1" (1) + null = 17
-    buf_append_printf(tmp_cmd, sizeof(tmp_cmd), 0, "sensorCfgStart %d", startup_mode);
-    cmd_ = std::string(tmp_cmd);
-  }
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-
- protected:
-  bool startup_mode_;
-};
-
-class FactoryResetCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  FactoryResetCommand() { cmd_ = "factoryReset 0x45670123 0xCDEF89AB 0x956128C6 0xDF54AC89"; };
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-};
-
-class ResetSystemCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  ResetSystemCommand() { cmd_ = "resetSystem"; }
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-};
-
-class SaveCfgCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  SaveCfgCommand() {
-    cmd_ = "saveCfg 0x45670123 0xCDEF89AB 0x956128C6 0xDF54AC89";
-    cmd_duration_ms_ = 3000;
-    timeout_ms_ = 3500;
-  }
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-};
-
-class LedModeCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  LedModeCommand(bool active) : active_(active) {
-    if (active) {
-      cmd_ = "setLedMode 1 0";
-    } else {
-      cmd_ = "setLedMode 1 1";
-    }
-  };
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-
- protected:
-  bool active_;
-};
-
-class UartOutputCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  UartOutputCommand(bool active) : active_(active) {
-    if (active) {
-      cmd_ = "setUartOutput 1 1";
-    } else {
-      cmd_ = "setUartOutput 1 0";
-    }
-  };
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-
- protected:
-  bool active_;
-};
-
-class SensitivityCommand : public Command {
- public:
-  SensitivityCommand(uint8_t sensitivity) : sensitivity_(sensitivity) {
-    if (sensitivity > 9)
-      sensitivity_ = sensitivity = 9;
-    char tmp_cmd[20];  // "setSensitivity " (15) + "0-9" (1) + null = 17
-    buf_append_printf(tmp_cmd, sizeof(tmp_cmd), 0, "setSensitivity %d", sensitivity);
-    cmd_ = std::string(tmp_cmd);
-  };
-  uint8_t on_message(std::string &message) override;
-
- protected:
-  uint8_t sensitivity_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395
@@ -1,13 +1,27 @@
 #include "dfrobot_sen0395.h"

+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/progmem.h"

 namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395 {

 ESPHOME_LOG_TAG(TAG, "dfrobot_sen0395");
-const char ASCII_CR = 0x0D;
-const char ASCII_LF = 0x0A;
+static constexpr float DET_RANGE_STEP_M = 0.15f;
+static constexpr float LATENCY_STEP_S = 0.025f;
+// Sent after a reset with no line end
+static constexpr char PROMPT[] PROGMEM = "leapMMW:/>";
+
+// What each CommandType cannot do while the sensor runs; empty for commands that do not need it stopped
+PROGMEM_STRING_TABLE(BusyActions, "", "configure range config", "configure output latency",
+                     "configure sensor startup behavior", "factory reset", "", "", "set led mode",
+                     "set uart output mode", "set sensitivity");
+static_assert(BusyActions::COUNT == static_cast<size_t>(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SENSITIVITY) + 1,
+              "BusyActions needs one entry per CommandType");

 void DfrobotSen0395Component::dump_config() {
  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Dfrobot Mmwave Radar:");
@@ -23,72 +37,287 @@ void DfrobotSen0395Component::dump_config() {
 }

 void DfrobotSen0395Component::loop() {
-  if (cmd_queue_.is_empty()) {
-    // Command queue empty. Read sensor state.
-    cmd_queue_.enqueue(make_unique<ReadStateCommand>());
+  if (this->cmd_queue_.empty()) {
+    this->read_state_();
+    return;
  }
-
-  // Commands are non-blocking and need to be called repeatedly.
-  if (cmd_queue_.process(this)) {
-    // Dequeue if command is done
-    cmd_queue_.dequeue();
+  // Commands are non-blocking and need to be called repeatedly
+  if (this->run_command_(this->cmd_queue_.front(), App.get_loop_component_start_time())) {
+    this->cmd_queue_.pop();
+    this->cmd_sent_ = false;
+    this->retries_left_ = 2;
  }
 }

-int8_t DfrobotSen0395Component::enqueue(std::unique_ptr<Command> cmd) {
-  return cmd_queue_.enqueue(std::move(cmd));  // Transfer ownership using std::move
+bool DfrobotSen0395Component::enqueue(CommandType type, uint8_t arg) {
+  if (!this->cmd_queue_.push({type, arg})) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Command queue is full");
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
 }

-uint8_t DfrobotSen0395Component::read_message_() {
+bool DfrobotSen0395Component::has_queue_room(size_t count) const {
+  if (COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE - this->cmd_queue_.size() >= count)
+    return true;
+  ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Command queue is full");
+  return false;
+}
+
+void DfrobotSen0395Component::enqueue_det_range_cfg(float min1, float max1, float min2, float max2, float min3,
+                                                    float max3, float min4, float max4) {
+  // TODO: Print warning when values are rounded
+  const float values[8] = {min1, max1, min2, max2, min3, max3, min4, max4};
+  int16_t steps[8];
+  bool in_use = true;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; i += 2) {
+    in_use = in_use && values[i] >= 0 && values[i + 1] >= 0;
+    for (size_t j = i; j < i + 2; j++) {
+      steps[j] = in_use ? static_cast<int16_t>(clamp(roundf(values[j] / DET_RANGE_STEP_M), 0.0f, 32767.0f)) : -1;
+    }
+  }
+  if (steps[0] < 0) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid detection range, using 0 0");
+    steps[0] = steps[1] = 0;
+  }
+  if (this->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_DET_RANGE_CFG))
+    memcpy(this->det_range_steps_, steps, sizeof(steps));
+}
+
+void DfrobotSen0395Component::enqueue_set_latency(float delay_after_detection, float delay_after_disappear) {
+  if (!this->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SET_LATENCY))
+    return;
+  // 1638.375 s is 65535 steps
+  this->latency_steps_[0] =
+      static_cast<uint16_t>(clamp(std::round(delay_after_detection / LATENCY_STEP_S), 0.0f, 65535.0f));
+  this->latency_steps_[1] =
+      static_cast<uint16_t>(clamp(std::round(delay_after_disappear / LATENCY_STEP_S), 0.0f, 65535.0f));
+}
+
+void DfrobotSen0395Component::enqueue_saved_setting(CommandType type, bool value) {
+  const bool was_active = this->active_;
+  if (!this->has_queue_room(was_active ? 4 : 2))
+    return;
+  if (was_active)
+    this->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_POWER, false);
+  this->enqueue(type, value);
+  this->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SAVE_CFG);
+  if (was_active)
+    this->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_POWER, true);
+}
+
+bool DfrobotSen0395Component::run_command_(const Command &cmd, uint32_t now) {
+  // The interval between two commands must be larger than the command duration
+  const uint32_t duration = cmd.type == CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SAVE_CFG ? 3000 : 1000;
+  if (!this->cmd_sent_) {
+    if (now - this->ts_last_cmd_sent_ > duration) {
+      char buf[64];  // "detRangeCfg -1" + 8 * " 32767" + null
+      this->format_command(cmd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sending command: %s", buf);
+      this->write_str(buf);
+      this->ts_last_cmd_sent_ = now;
+      this->cmd_sent_ = true;
+    }
+    return false;  // Command not done yet
+  }
+
+  if (const char *message = this->read_message_()) {
+    if (ESPHOME_strstr_P(message, ESPHOME_PSTR("is not recognized as a CLI command")) == nullptr) {
+      if (!this->handle_reply_(cmd, message))
+        return false;         // Command not done yet
+      this->read_message_();  // Skip the prompt
+      return true;
+    }
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Command not recognized properly by sensor");
+  } else if (now - this->ts_last_cmd_sent_ <= duration + 500) {
+    return false;  // Command not done yet
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Command timeout");
+  }
+
+  if (this->retries_left_ == 0) {
+    this->read_message_();  // Skip the prompt
+    return true;            // Give up
+  }
+  this->retries_left_--;
+  this->cmd_sent_ = false;
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Retrying");
+  return false;
+}
+
+void DfrobotSen0395Component::read_state_() {
+  const char *message = this->read_message_();
+  if (message == nullptr)
+    return;
+  if (ESPHOME_strstr_P(message, ESPHOME_PSTR("$JYBSS,0, , , *")) != nullptr) {
+    this->set_detected_(false);
+    this->set_active(true);
+  } else if (ESPHOME_strstr_P(message, ESPHOME_PSTR("$JYBSS,1, , , *")) != nullptr) {
+    this->set_detected_(true);
+    this->set_active(true);
+  }
+}
+
+static size_t append_cfg_key(char *buf, size_t size, size_t pos) {
+  return buf_append_str(buf, size, pos, " 0x45670123 0xCDEF89AB 0x956128C6 0xDF54AC89");
+}
+
+void DfrobotSen0395Component::format_command(const Command &cmd, char *buf, size_t size) const {
+  buf[0] = '\0';
+  switch (cmd.type) {
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_POWER:
+      if (cmd.arg) {
+        buf_append_str(buf, size, 0, "sensorStart");
+      } else {
+        buf_append_str(buf, size, 0, "sensorStop");
+      }
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_DET_RANGE_CFG: {
+      size_t pos = buf_append_str(buf, size, 0, "detRangeCfg -1");
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < 8 && this->det_range_steps_[i] >= 0; i += 2) {
+        pos = buf_append_printf(buf, size, pos, " %d %d", this->det_range_steps_[i], this->det_range_steps_[i + 1]);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SET_LATENCY:
+      buf_append_printf(buf, size, 0, "setLatency %.03f %.03f", this->latency_steps_[0] * LATENCY_STEP_S,
+                        this->latency_steps_[1] * LATENCY_STEP_S);
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SENSOR_CFG_START:
+      buf_append_printf(buf, size, 0, "sensorCfgStart %d", cmd.arg);
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_FACTORY_RESET:
+      append_cfg_key(buf, size, buf_append_str(buf, size, 0, "factoryReset"));
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_RESET_SYSTEM:
+      buf_append_str(buf, size, 0, "resetSystem");
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SAVE_CFG:
+      append_cfg_key(buf, size, buf_append_str(buf, size, 0, "saveCfg"));
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_LED_MODE:
+      buf_append_printf(buf, size, 0, "setLedMode 1 %d", cmd.arg ? 0 : 1);
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_UART_OUTPUT:
+      buf_append_printf(buf, size, 0, "setUartOutput 1 %d", cmd.arg ? 1 : 0);
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SENSITIVITY:
+      buf_append_printf(buf, size, 0, "setSensitivity %d", cmd.arg);
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+bool DfrobotSen0395Component::handle_reply_(const Command &cmd, const char *message) {
+  auto is = [message](ESPHOME_PGM_P text) { return ESPHOME_strcmp_P(message, text) == 0; };
+
+  // Commands with their own replies
+  switch (cmd.type) {
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_POWER:
+      if (is(ESPHOME_PSTR("sensor stopped already"))) {
+        this->set_active(false);
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Stopped sensor (already stopped)");
+      } else if (is(ESPHOME_PSTR("sensor started already"))) {
+        this->set_active(true);
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Started sensor (already started)");
+      } else if (is(ESPHOME_PSTR("new parameter isn't save, can't startSensor"))) {
+        this->set_active(false);
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Can't start sensor! (Use SaveCfgCommand to save config first)");
+      } else if (is(ESPHOME_PSTR("Done"))) {
+        this->set_active(cmd.arg);
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "%s", cmd.arg ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("Started sensor") : LOG_STR_LITERAL("Stopped sensor"));
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_RESET_SYSTEM:
+      if (!is(PROMPT))
+        return false;
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Restarted sensor.");
+      return true;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SAVE_CFG:
+      if (is(ESPHOME_PSTR("no parameter has changed"))) {
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Not saving config (no parameter changed).");
+      } else if (is(ESPHOME_PSTR("Done"))) {
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Saved config. Saving a lot may damage the sensor.");
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // Configuration commands, which need the sensor stopped
+  if (is(ESPHOME_PSTR("sensor is not stopped"))) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Cannot %s. Sensor is not stopped!",
+             LOG_STR_ARG(BusyActions::get_log_str(static_cast<uint8_t>(cmd.type), 0)));
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (!is(ESPHOME_PSTR("Done")))
+    return false;
+
+  switch (cmd.type) {
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_DET_RANGE_CFG:
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Updated detection area config:");
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < 8 && this->det_range_steps_[i] >= 0; i += 2) {
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Detection area %u from %.02fm to %.02fm.", static_cast<unsigned>(i / 2 + 1),
+                 this->det_range_steps_[i] * DET_RANGE_STEP_M, this->det_range_steps_[i + 1] * DET_RANGE_STEP_M);
+      }
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SET_LATENCY:
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG,
+               "Updated output latency config:\n"
+               "  Signal that someone was detected is delayed by %.03f s.\n"
+               "  Signal that nobody is detected anymore is delayed by %.03f s.",
+               this->latency_steps_[0] * LATENCY_STEP_S, this->latency_steps_[1] * LATENCY_STEP_S);
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SENSOR_CFG_START:
+      this->set_start_after_boot(cmd.arg);
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Updated sensor startup behavior: %s",
+               cmd.arg ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("sensor will start automatically after power-on.")
+                       : LOG_STR_LITERAL("sensor needs to be started manually after power-on."));
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_FACTORY_RESET:
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Sensor factory reset done.");
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_LED_MODE:
+      this->set_led_active(cmd.arg);
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Set led mode done. %s",
+               cmd.arg ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("Sensor LED will blink.") : LOG_STR_LITERAL("Turned off LED."));
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_UART_OUTPUT:
+      this->set_uart_presence_active(cmd.arg);
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Set uart mode done. %s",
+               cmd.arg ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("Presence information is sent via UART and GPIO.")
+                       : LOG_STR_LITERAL("Presence information is only sent via GPIO."));
+      break;
+    case CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_SENSITIVITY:
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Set sensitivity done. Set to value %d.", cmd.arg);
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+const char *DfrobotSen0395Component::read_message_() {
  while (this->available()) {
    uint8_t byte;
    this->read_byte(&byte);
-
-    if (this->read_pos_ == MMWAVE_READ_BUFFER_LENGTH)
-      this->read_pos_ = 0;
-
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Buffer pos: %u %d", this->read_pos_, byte);
-
-    if (byte == ASCII_CR)
-      continue;
    if (byte >= 0x7F)
      byte = '?';  // needs to be valid utf8 string for log functions.
-    this->read_buffer_[this->read_pos_] = byte;
-
-    if (this->read_pos_ == 9 && byte == '>')
-      this->read_buffer_[++this->read_pos_] = ASCII_LF;
-
-    if (this->read_buffer_[this->read_pos_] == ASCII_LF) {
-      this->read_buffer_[this->read_pos_] = 0;
-      this->read_pos_ = 0;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Message: %s", this->read_buffer_);
-      return 1;  // Full message in buffer
-    } else {
-      this->read_pos_++;
+    const char *line = this->line_reader_.feed(byte);
+    if (line == nullptr && byte == '>' && this->line_reader_.length() == sizeof(PROMPT) - 1) {
+      line = this->line_reader_.partial();
+      this->line_reader_.reset();
    }
-  }
-  return 0;  // No full message yet
-}
-
-uint8_t DfrobotSen0395Component::find_prompt_() {
-  if (this->read_message_()) {
-    std::string message(this->read_buffer_);
-    if (message.rfind("leapMMW:/>") != std::string::npos) {
-      return 1;  // Prompt found
+    if (line != nullptr) {
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Message: %s", line);
+      return line;
    }
+    this->line_reader_.log_if_overflowed(TAG);
  }
-  return 0;  // Not found yet
-}
-
-uint8_t DfrobotSen0395Component::send_cmd_(const char *cmd, uint32_t duration) {
-  // The interval between two commands must be larger than the specified duration (in ms).
-  if (millis() - ts_last_cmd_sent_ > duration) {
-    this->write_str(cmd);
-    ts_last_cmd_sent_ = millis();
-    return 1;  // Command sent
-  }
-  // Could not send command yet as command duration did not fully pass yet.
-  return 0;
+  return nullptr;
 }

 void DfrobotSen0395Component::set_detected_(bool detected) {
@@ -99,44 +328,4 @@ void DfrobotSen0395Component::set_detected_(bool detected) {
 #endif
 }

-int8_t CircularCommandQueue::enqueue(std::unique_ptr<Command> cmd) {
-  if (this->is_full()) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Command queue is full");
-    return -1;
-  } else if (this->is_empty()) {
-    front_++;
-  }
-  rear_ = (rear_ + 1) % COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE;
-  commands_[rear_] = std::move(cmd);  // Transfer ownership using std::move
-  return 1;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<Command> CircularCommandQueue::dequeue() {
-  if (this->is_empty())
-    return nullptr;
-  std::unique_ptr<Command> dequeued_cmd = std::move(commands_[front_]);
-  if (front_ == rear_) {
-    front_ = -1;
-    rear_ = -1;
-  } else {
-    front_ = (front_ + 1) % COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE;
-  }
-
-  return dequeued_cmd;
-}
-
-bool CircularCommandQueue::is_empty() { return front_ == -1; }
-
-bool CircularCommandQueue::is_full() { return (rear_ + 1) % COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE == front_; }
-
-// Run execute method of first in line command.
-// Execute is non-blocking and has to be called until it returns 1.
-uint8_t CircularCommandQueue::process(DfrobotSen0395Component *parent) {
-  if (!is_empty()) {
-    return commands_[front_]->execute(parent);
-  } else {
-    return 1;
-  }
-}
-
 }  // namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include "esphome/components/uart/uart.h"
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+#include "esphome/core/line_reader.h"

 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
 #include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
@@ -11,29 +13,30 @@
 #include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
 #endif

-#include "commands.h"
-
 namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395 {

-const uint8_t MMWAVE_READ_BUFFER_LENGTH = 255;
+static constexpr uint8_t MMWAVE_READ_BUFFER_LENGTH = 253;  // largest LineReader size with a one byte position
+static constexpr uint8_t COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE = 20;

-// forward declaration due to circular dependency
-class DfrobotSen0395Component;
+// Keep in sync with the BusyActions table in dfrobot_sen0395.cpp
+enum class CommandType : uint8_t {
+  COMMAND_TYPE_POWER,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_DET_RANGE_CFG,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_SET_LATENCY,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_SENSOR_CFG_START,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_FACTORY_RESET,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_RESET_SYSTEM,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_SAVE_CFG,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_LED_MODE,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_UART_OUTPUT,
+  COMMAND_TYPE_SENSITIVITY,
+};

-static const uint8_t COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE = 20;
-
-class CircularCommandQueue {
- public:
-  int8_t enqueue(std::unique_ptr<Command> cmd);
-  std::unique_ptr<Command> dequeue();
-  bool is_empty();
-  bool is_full();
-  uint8_t process(DfrobotSen0395Component *parent);
-
- protected:
-  int front_{-1};
-  int rear_{-1};
-  std::unique_ptr<Command> commands_[COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE];
+/// A queued command. arg is the on/off flag, startup mode or sensitivity; the detection range and
+/// latency values are held by the component.
+struct Command {
+  CommandType type;
+  uint8_t arg;
 };

 class DfrobotSen0395Component final : public uart::UARTDevice, public Component {
@@ -93,9 +96,21 @@ class DfrobotSen0395Component final : public uart::UARTDevice, public Component
  }
 #endif

-  int8_t enqueue(std::unique_ptr<Command> cmd);
+  // Commands run one at a time from a queue, at least 1 s apart, so loop() never blocks
+  bool enqueue(CommandType type, uint8_t arg = 0);
+  /// True when count more commands fit; logs when they do not, so a stop/start sequence is never queued in part
+  bool has_queue_room(size_t count) const;
+  /// Queue a detection range config; segments are used up to the first one with a negative bound
+  void enqueue_det_range_cfg(float min1, float max1, float min2, float max2, float min3, float max3, float min4,
+                             float max4);
+  /// Queue an output latency config, both delays in seconds
+  void enqueue_set_latency(float delay_after_detection, float delay_after_disappear);
+  /// Queue a setting change, stopping the sensor around it and saving it when the sensor is running
+  void enqueue_saved_setting(CommandType type, bool value);
  /// Queue a sensor reset
-  void reset_system() { this->enqueue(make_unique<ResetSystemCommand>()); }
+  void reset_system() { this->enqueue(CommandType::COMMAND_TYPE_RESET_SYSTEM); }
+  /// Write the text sent to the sensor for cmd into buf
+  void format_command(const Command &cmd, char *buf, size_t size) const;

 protected:
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
@@ -107,19 +122,24 @@ class DfrobotSen0395Component final : public uart::UARTDevice, public Component
  bool led_active_{false};
  bool uart_presence_active_{false};
  bool start_after_boot_{false};
-  char read_buffer_[MMWAVE_READ_BUFFER_LENGTH];
-  size_t read_pos_{0};
-  CircularCommandQueue cmd_queue_;
+  LineReader<MMWAVE_READ_BUFFER_LENGTH> line_reader_;
+  bool cmd_sent_{false};
+  uint8_t retries_left_{2};
+  StaticRingBuffer<Command, COMMAND_QUEUE_SIZE> cmd_queue_;
  uint32_t ts_last_cmd_sent_{0};
+  // Range and latency of the queued commands, in sensor steps (0.15 m, 0.025 s); a later command overwrites them
+  int16_t det_range_steps_[8]{};
+  uint16_t latency_steps_[2]{};

-  uint8_t read_message_();
-  uint8_t find_prompt_();
-  uint8_t send_cmd_(const char *cmd, uint32_t duration);
+  /// The next complete line, valid until the next call, or nullptr
+  const char *read_message_();
+  void read_state_();
+  /// Run the command at the front of the queue; true when it is done
+  bool run_command_(const Command &cmd, uint32_t now);
+  /// Handle a reply to a sent command; true when the command is done
+  bool handle_reply_(const Command &cmd, const char *message);

  void set_detected_(bool detected);
-
-  friend class Command;
-  friend class ReadStateCommand;
 };

 }  // namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395
@@ -2,63 +2,49 @@ import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import switch
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_TYPE, ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG
-from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObjClass
 from esphome.types import ConfigType

-from .. import CONF_DFROBOT_SEN0395_ID, DfrobotSen0395Component
+from .. import CONF_DFROBOT_SEN0395_ID, DfrobotSen0395Component, dfrobot_sen0395_ns

 DEPENDENCIES = ["dfrobot_sen0395"]

-dfrobot_sen0395_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("dfrobot_sen0395")
-DfrobotSen0395Switch = dfrobot_sen0395_ns.class_(
-    "DfrobotSen0395Switch",
-    switch.Switch,
-    cg.Component,
-    cg.Parented.template(DfrobotSen0395Component),
-)
+CommandType = dfrobot_sen0395_ns.enum("CommandType", is_class=True)

-Sen0395PowerSwitch = dfrobot_sen0395_ns.class_(
-    "Sen0395PowerSwitch", DfrobotSen0395Switch
-)
-Sen0395LedSwitch = dfrobot_sen0395_ns.class_("Sen0395LedSwitch", DfrobotSen0395Switch)
-Sen0395UartPresenceSwitch = dfrobot_sen0395_ns.class_(
-    "Sen0395UartPresenceSwitch", DfrobotSen0395Switch
-)
-Sen0395StartAfterBootSwitch = dfrobot_sen0395_ns.class_(
-    "Sen0395StartAfterBootSwitch", DfrobotSen0395Switch
-)
-
-
-def _switch_schema(class_: MockObjClass) -> cv.Schema:
-    return (
-        switch.switch_schema(
-            class_,
-            entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
-        )
-        .extend(
-            {
-                cv.GenerateID(CONF_DFROBOT_SEN0395_ID): cv.use_id(
-                    DfrobotSen0395Component
-                ),
-            }
-        )
-        .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
-    )
-
-
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.typed_schema(
+_SWITCH_SCHEMA = switch.switch_schema(
+    switch.ApplySwitch,
+    entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
+).extend(
    {
-        "sensor_active": _switch_schema(Sen0395PowerSwitch),
-        "turn_on_led": _switch_schema(Sen0395LedSwitch),
-        "presence_via_uart": _switch_schema(Sen0395UartPresenceSwitch),
-        "start_after_boot": _switch_schema(Sen0395StartAfterBootSwitch),
+        cv.GenerateID(CONF_DFROBOT_SEN0395_ID): cv.use_id(DfrobotSen0395Component),
    }
 )

+# Per type: the hub setter that stores the switch, and the command its writes queue
+_SWITCHES = {
+    "sensor_active": (
+        lambda hub: hub.set_sensor_active_switch,
+        f"enqueue({CommandType.COMMAND_TYPE_POWER}, state)",
+    ),
+    "turn_on_led": (
+        lambda hub: hub.set_turn_on_led_switch,
+        f"enqueue_saved_setting({CommandType.COMMAND_TYPE_LED_MODE}, state)",
+    ),
+    "presence_via_uart": (
+        lambda hub: hub.set_presence_via_uart_switch,
+        f"enqueue_saved_setting({CommandType.COMMAND_TYPE_UART_OUTPUT}, state)",
+    ),
+    "start_after_boot": (
+        lambda hub: hub.set_start_after_boot_switch,
+        f"enqueue_saved_setting({CommandType.COMMAND_TYPE_SENSOR_CFG_START}, state)",
+    ),
+}
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.typed_schema(dict.fromkeys(_SWITCHES, _SWITCH_SCHEMA))
+

 async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
-    parent = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_DFROBOT_SEN0395_ID])
-    var = await switch.new_switch(config)
-    await cg.register_component(var, config)
-    await cg.register_parented(var, parent)
-    cg.add(getattr(parent, f"set_{config[CONF_TYPE]}_switch")(var))
+    hub = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_DFROBOT_SEN0395_ID])
+    setter, apply = _SWITCHES[config[CONF_TYPE]]
+    await switch.sub_switches(config, parent=hub).create(
+        config, setter(hub), apply=apply
+    )
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-#include "dfrobot_sen0395_switch.h"
-
-namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395 {
-
-void Sen0395PowerSwitch::write_state(bool state) { this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(state)); }
-
-void Sen0395LedSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
-  bool was_active = false;
-  if (this->parent_->is_active()) {
-    was_active = true;
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(false));
-  }
-  this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<LedModeCommand>(state));
-  this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SaveCfgCommand>());
-  if (was_active) {
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(true));
-  }
-}
-
-void Sen0395UartPresenceSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
-  bool was_active = false;
-  if (this->parent_->is_active()) {
-    was_active = true;
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(false));
-  }
-  this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<UartOutputCommand>(state));
-  this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SaveCfgCommand>());
-  if (was_active) {
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(true));
-  }
-}
-
-void Sen0395StartAfterBootSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
-  bool was_active = false;
-  if (this->parent_->is_active()) {
-    was_active = true;
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(false));
-  }
-  this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SensorCfgStartCommand>(state));
-  this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<SaveCfgCommand>());
-  if (was_active) {
-    this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(true));
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
-#include "esphome/core/component.h"
-
-#include "../dfrobot_sen0395.h"
-
-namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395 {
-
-class DfrobotSen0395Switch : public switch_::Switch, public Component, public Parented<DfrobotSen0395Component> {};
-
-class Sen0395PowerSwitch final : public DfrobotSen0395Switch {
- public:
-  void write_state(bool state) override;
-};
-
-class Sen0395LedSwitch final : public DfrobotSen0395Switch {
- public:
-  void write_state(bool state) override;
-};
-
-class Sen0395UartPresenceSwitch final : public DfrobotSen0395Switch {
- public:
-  void write_state(bool state) override;
-};
-
-class Sen0395StartAfterBootSwitch final : public DfrobotSen0395Switch {
- public:
-  void write_state(bool state) override;
-};
-
-}  // namespace esphome::dfrobot_sen0395
@@ -34,10 +34,7 @@ DFRobotSEN0465Component = dfrobot_sen0465_base_ns.class_(
    "DFRobotSEN0465Component", cg.PollingComponent
 )
 AlarmType = dfrobot_sen0465_base_ns.enum("AlarmType", is_class=True)
-ALARM_TYPES = {
-    "LOW": AlarmType.ALARM_TYPE_LOW,
-    "HIGH": AlarmType.ALARM_TYPE_HIGH,
-}
+ALARM_TYPES = AlarmType.options("LOW", "HIGH", prefix="ALARM_TYPE_")

 # One piece of the temperature compensation from the DFRobot_MultiGasSensor library:
 # for low < T <= high, compensated = raw / (a * T + b) - (c * T + d)
@@ -72,10 +72,7 @@ void DFRobotSEN0465Component::dump_config() {
  if (this->alarm_type_ == AlarmType::ALARM_TYPE_OFF) {
    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Alarm: off");
  } else {
-    float scale = 1.0f;
-    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < this->alarm_decimals_; i++)
-      scale *= 10.0f;
-    const float threshold = this->alarm_threshold_ / scale;
+    const float threshold = this->alarm_threshold_ / pow10_int(this->alarm_decimals_);
    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Alarm: %s %.*f",
                  this->alarm_type_ == AlarmType::ALARM_TYPE_HIGH ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("above") : LOG_STR_LITERAL("below"),
                  this->alarm_decimals_, threshold);
@@ -83,9 +80,6 @@ void DFRobotSEN0465Component::dump_config() {
  if (this->setup_incomplete_) {
    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Setup incomplete: yes");
  }
-  if (this->is_failed()) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL);
-  }
  LOG_UPDATE_INTERVAL(this);
  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Concentration", this->concentration_sensor_);
  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Temperature", this->temperature_sensor_);
@@ -228,23 +222,14 @@ void DFRobotSEN0465Component::handle_data_(const uint8_t *frame) {
    return;
  }

-  float concentration = encode_uint16(frame[2], frame[3]);
-  switch (frame[5]) {
-    case 0:
-      break;
-    case 1:
-      concentration *= 0.1f;
-      break;
-    case 2:
-      concentration *= 0.01f;
-      break;
-    default:
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid number of decimal places: %u", frame[5]);
-      if (this->concentration_sensor_ != nullptr)
-        this->concentration_sensor_->publish_state(NAN);
-      this->status_set_warning();
-      return;
+  if (frame[5] > 2) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid number of decimal places: %u", frame[5]);
+    if (this->concentration_sensor_ != nullptr)
+      this->concentration_sensor_->publish_state(NAN);
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
  }
+  float concentration = encode_uint16(frame[2], frame[3]) * pow10_int(-frame[5]);

 #ifdef USE_DFROBOT_SEN0465_TEMPERATURE_COMPENSATION
  if (!this->compensation_.empty())