[api] Default response only string fields to a null StringRef (#19025)

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.h

@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ class InfoResponseProtoMessage : public ProtoMessage {
   StringRef name{};
   bool disabled_by_default{false};
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
-  StringRef icon{};
+  StringRef icon{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
 #endif
   enums::EntityCategory entity_category{};
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ class DeviceInfo final : public ProtoMessage {
 #ifdef USE_SERIAL_PROXY
 class SerialProxyInfo final : public ProtoMessage {
  public:
-  StringRef name{};
+  StringRef name{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   enums::SerialProxyPortType port_type{};
   uint32_t configured_line_states{0};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ class ListEntitiesBinarySensorResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_binary_sensor_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   bool is_status_binary_sensor{false};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ class ListEntitiesCoverResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
   bool assumed_state{false};
   bool supports_position{false};
   bool supports_tilt{false};
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   bool supports_stop{false};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ class FanStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
   bool oscillating{false};
   enums::FanDirection direction{};
   int32_t speed_level{0};
-  StringRef preset_mode{};
+  StringRef preset_mode{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ class LightStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
   float color_temperature{0.0f};
   float cold_white{0.0f};
   float warm_white{0.0f};
-  StringRef effect{};
+  StringRef effect{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -1030,10 +1030,10 @@ class ListEntitiesSensorResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_sensor_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef unit_of_measurement{};
+  StringRef unit_of_measurement{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   int32_t accuracy_decimals{0};
   bool force_update{false};
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   enums::SensorStateClass state_class{};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ class ListEntitiesSwitchResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_switch_response"); }
 #endif
   bool assumed_state{false};
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ class ListEntitiesTextSensorResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_text_sensor_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ class TextSensorStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("text_sensor_state_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef state{};
+  StringRef state{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   bool missing_state{false};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -1253,8 +1253,8 @@ class NoiseEncryptionSetKeyResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES
 class HomeassistantServiceMap final : public ProtoMessage {
  public:
-  StringRef key{};
-  StringRef value{};
+  StringRef key{nullptr, 0};    // null until set, encode only
+  StringRef value{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@ class HomeassistantActionRequest final : public ProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("homeassistant_action_request"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef service{};
+  StringRef service{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   FixedVector<HomeassistantServiceMap> data{};
   FixedVector<HomeassistantServiceMap> data_template{};
   FixedVector<HomeassistantServiceMap> variables{};
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ class HomeassistantActionRequest final : public ProtoMessage {
   bool wants_response{false};
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
-  StringRef response_template{};
+  StringRef response_template{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
 #endif
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -1332,8 +1332,8 @@ class SubscribeHomeAssistantStateResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("subscribe_home_assistant_state_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef entity_id{};
-  StringRef attribute{};
+  StringRef entity_id{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
+  StringRef attribute{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   bool once{false};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -1426,13 +1426,13 @@ class GetTimeResponse final : public ProtoDecodableMessage {
 #ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTIONS
 class ListEntitiesServicesArgument final : public ProtoMessage {
  public:
-  StringRef name{};
+  StringRef name{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   enums::ServiceArgType type{};
 #ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_METADATA
-  StringRef description{};
+  StringRef description{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_METADATA
-  StringRef example{};
+  StringRef example{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
 #endif
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -1453,12 +1453,12 @@ class ListEntitiesServicesResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_services_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef name{};
+  StringRef name{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   uint32_t key{0};
   FixedVector<ListEntitiesServicesArgument> args{};
   enums::SupportsResponseType supports_response{};
 #ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_METADATA
-  StringRef description{};
+  StringRef description{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
 #endif
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -1525,7 +1525,7 @@ class ExecuteServiceResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
 #endif
   uint32_t call_id{0};
   bool success{false};
-  StringRef error_message{};
+  StringRef error_message{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
 #ifdef USE_API_USER_DEFINED_ACTION_RESPONSES_JSON
   const uint8_t *response_data{nullptr};
   uint16_t response_data_len{0};
@@ -1660,9 +1660,9 @@ class ClimateStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
   enums::ClimateAction action{};
   enums::ClimateFanMode fan_mode{};
   enums::ClimateSwingMode swing_mode{};
-  StringRef custom_fan_mode{};
+  StringRef custom_fan_mode{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   enums::ClimatePreset preset{};
-  StringRef custom_preset{};
+  StringRef custom_preset{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   float current_humidity{0.0f};
   float target_humidity{0.0f};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
@@ -1795,9 +1795,9 @@ class ListEntitiesNumberResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
   float min_value{0.0f};
   float max_value{0.0f};
   float step{0.0f};
-  StringRef unit_of_measurement{};
+  StringRef unit_of_measurement{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   enums::NumberMode mode{};
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -1875,7 +1875,7 @@ class SelectStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("select_state_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef state{};
+  StringRef state{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   bool missing_state{false};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -1982,7 +1982,7 @@ class ListEntitiesLockResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
   bool assumed_state{false};
   bool supports_open{false};
   bool requires_code{false};
-  StringRef code_format{};
+  StringRef code_format{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -2041,7 +2041,7 @@ class ListEntitiesButtonResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_button_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -2072,7 +2072,7 @@ class ButtonCommandRequest final : public CommandProtoMessage {
 #ifdef USE_MEDIA_PLAYER
 class MediaPlayerSupportedFormat final : public ProtoMessage {
  public:
-  StringRef format{};
+  StringRef format{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   uint32_t sample_rate{0};
   uint32_t num_channels{0};
   enums::MediaPlayerFormatPurpose purpose{};
@@ -2732,10 +2732,10 @@ class VoiceAssistantRequest final : public ProtoMessage {
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("voice_assistant_request"); }
 #endif
   bool start{false};
-  StringRef conversation_id{};
+  StringRef conversation_id{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   uint32_t flags{0};
   VoiceAssistantAudioSettings audio_settings{};
-  StringRef wake_word_phrase{};
+  StringRef wake_word_phrase{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -2876,8 +2876,8 @@ class VoiceAssistantAnnounceFinished final : public ProtoMessage {
 };
 class VoiceAssistantWakeWord final : public ProtoMessage {
  public:
-  StringRef id{};
-  StringRef wake_word{};
+  StringRef id{nullptr, 0};         // null until set, encode only
+  StringRef wake_word{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   std::vector<std::string> trained_languages{};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -3030,7 +3030,7 @@ class ListEntitiesTextResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #endif
   uint32_t min_length{0};
   uint32_t max_length{0};
-  StringRef pattern{};
+  StringRef pattern{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   enums::TextMode mode{};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -3051,7 +3051,7 @@ class TextStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("text_state_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef state{};
+  StringRef state{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   bool missing_state{false};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -3211,7 +3211,7 @@ class ListEntitiesEventResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_event_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   const FixedVector<const char *> *event_types{};
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
@@ -3232,7 +3232,7 @@ class EventResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("event_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef event_type{};
+  StringRef event_type{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -3254,7 +3254,7 @@ class ListEntitiesValveResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_valve_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   bool assumed_state{false};
   bool supports_position{false};
   bool supports_stop{false};
@@ -3374,7 +3374,7 @@ class ListEntitiesUpdateResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const LogString *message_name() const override { return LOG_STR("list_entities_update_response"); }
 #endif
-  StringRef device_class{};
+  StringRef device_class{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -3398,11 +3398,11 @@ class UpdateStateResponse final : public StateResponseProtoMessage {
   bool in_progress{false};
   bool has_progress{false};
   float progress{0.0f};
-  StringRef current_version{};
-  StringRef latest_version{};
-  StringRef title{};
-  StringRef release_summary{};
-  StringRef release_url{};
+  StringRef current_version{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
+  StringRef latest_version{nullptr, 0};   // null until set, encode only
+  StringRef title{nullptr, 0};            // null until set, encode only
+  StringRef release_summary{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
+  StringRef release_url{nullptr, 0};      // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);
@@ -3740,7 +3740,7 @@ class SerialProxyRequestResponse final : public ProtoMessage {
   uint32_t instance{0};
   enums::SerialProxyRequestType type{};
   enums::SerialProxyStatus status{};
-  StringRef error_message{};
+  StringRef error_message{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only
   static uint8_t *encode_msg(const void *self, ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM);
   uint8_t *encode(ProtoWriteBuffer &buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_PARAM) const {
     return encode_msg(this, buffer PROTO_ENCODE_DEBUG_ARG);

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -455,8 +455,9 @@ void APIServer::send_homeassistant_action(const HomeassistantActionRequest &call
     // Home Assistant subscribes to actions shortly *after* authenticating, so actions
     // fired right at connection time (on_client_connected, on_time_sync, ...) can
     // arrive before the subscription and are lost - warn instead of failing silently.
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Home Assistant %s '%s' dropped; %s",
-             call.is_event ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("event") : LOG_STR_LITERAL("action"), call.service.c_str(),
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Home Assistant %s '%.*s' dropped; %s",
+             call.is_event ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("event") : LOG_STR_LITERAL("action"),
+             static_cast<int>(call.service.size()), call.service.empty() ? "" : call.service.c_str(),
              this->is_connected() ? LOG_STR_LITERAL("client has not subscribed to actions (yet)")
                                   : LOG_STR_LITERAL("no client connected"));
   }

esphome/core/string_ref.h

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ namespace esphome {
  * pointer.  When it is default constructed, it has empty string.  You can freely copy or move around this struct, but
  * never free its pointer.  str() function can be used to export the content as std::string. StringRef is adopted from
  * <https://github.com/nghttp2/nghttp2/blob/29cbf8b83ff78faf405d1086b16adc09a8772eca/src/template.h#L376>
+ *
+ * A StringRef may carry a null pointer while its length is zero (the generated api messages start their encode only
+ * string fields that way). Every member treats that as the empty string: the iterators form an empty range, and
+ * c_str() and byte() return the null pointer, so callers that print or copy through those must check empty() first.
  */
 class StringRef {
  public:
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ class StringRef {
 
   /// True if the view begins with the given prefix (std::string::starts_with-like)
   bool starts_with(const StringRef &prefix) const {
-    return len_ >= prefix.len_ && std::memcmp(base_, prefix.base_, prefix.len_) == 0;
+    return len_ >= prefix.len_ && (prefix.len_ == 0 || std::memcmp(base_, prefix.base_, prefix.len_) == 0);
   }
   bool starts_with(const char *prefix) const { return this->starts_with(StringRef(prefix)); }
   bool starts_with(const std::string &prefix) const { return this->starts_with(StringRef(prefix)); }
@@ -92,14 +96,15 @@ class StringRef {
     return actual;
   }
 
-  std::string str() const { return std::string(base_, len_); }
+  std::string str() const { return std::string(base_, len_); }  // fine for {nullptr, 0}: nothing is read
   const uint8_t *byte() const { return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(base_); }
 
   operator std::string() const { return str(); }
 
   /// Compare (compatible with std::string::compare)
   int compare(const StringRef &other) const {
-    int result = std::memcmp(base_, other.base_, std::min(len_, other.len_));
+    size_type common = std::min(len_, other.len_);
+    int result = common == 0 ? 0 : std::memcmp(base_, other.base_, common);
     if (result != 0)
       return result;
     if (len_ < other.len_)
@@ -222,6 +227,11 @@ inline std::string operator+(const std::string &lhs, const StringRef &rhs) {
 namespace internal {
 // NOLINTBEGIN(google-runtime-int)
 template<typename R, typename F> inline R parse_number(const StringRef &str, size_t *pos, F conv) {
+  if (str.empty()) {  // nothing to parse, and a null view must not reach the C library
+    if (pos)
+      *pos = 0;
+    return R{};
+  }
   char *end;
   R result = conv(str.c_str(), &end);
   // Set pos to 0 on conversion failure (when no characters consumed), otherwise index after number
@@ -230,6 +240,11 @@ template<typename R, typename F> inline R parse_number(const StringRef &str, siz
   return result;
 }
 template<typename R, typename F> inline R parse_number(const StringRef &str, size_t *pos, int base, F conv) {
+  if (str.empty()) {  // nothing to parse, and a null view must not reach the C library
+    if (pos)
+      *pos = 0;
+    return R{};
+  }
   char *end;
   R result = conv(str.c_str(), &end, base);
   // Set pos to 0 on conversion failure (when no characters consumed), otherwise index after number
@@ -258,7 +273,14 @@ inline double stod(const StringRef &str, size_t *pos = nullptr) {
 
 #ifdef USE_JSON
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-identifier-naming)
-inline void convertToJson(const StringRef &src, JsonVariant dst) { dst.set(src.c_str()); }
+inline void convertToJson(const StringRef &src, JsonVariant dst) {
+  // Bounded by the view length; a null, empty view becomes "" rather than JSON null
+  if (src.empty()) {
+    dst.set("");
+    return;
+  }
+  dst.set(JsonString(src.c_str(), src.size()));
+}
 #endif  // USE_JSON
 
 }  // namespace esphome

script/api_protobuf/api_protobuf.py

@@ -566,17 +566,17 @@ def create_field_type_info(
         # For messages that decode (SOURCE_CLIENT or SOURCE_BOTH), use pointer
         # for zero-copy access to the receive buffer
         if needs_decode:
-            return PointerToBytesBufferType(field, None)
+            return PointerToBytesBufferType(field, needs_decode)
 
         # For SOURCE_SERVER (encode only), explicit annotation is still needed
         if get_field_opt(field, pb.pointer_to_buffer, False):
-            return PointerToBytesBufferType(field, None)
+            return PointerToBytesBufferType(field, needs_decode)
 
         return BytesType(field, needs_decode, needs_encode)
 
     # Special handling for string fields - use StringRef for zero-copy
     if field.type == 9:
-        return PointerToStringBufferType(field, None)
+        return PointerToStringBufferType(field, needs_decode)
 
     validate_field_type(field.type, field.name)
     if field.type == 11:
@@ -1134,11 +1134,12 @@ class PointerToBufferTypeBase(TypeInfo):
     def can_use_dump_field(cls) -> bool:
         return False
 
+    # Only here to make needs_decode required: the null string default keys off it, so a call
+    # site must not fall back on the base class default
     def __init__(
-        self, field: descriptor.FieldDescriptorProto, size: int | None = None
+        self, field: descriptor.FieldDescriptorProto, needs_decode: bool
     ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(field)
-        self.array_size = 0
+        super().__init__(field, needs_decode)
 
     @property
     def wire_type(self) -> WireType:
@@ -1219,14 +1220,28 @@ class PointerToStringBufferType(PointerToBufferTypeBase):
     def can_use_dump_field(cls) -> bool:
         return True
 
+    @property
+    def _starts_null(self) -> bool:
+        """A field that is only encoded, and skipped when empty, never has its pointer read
+        before it is set, so it can default to a null StringRef and the message constructs as
+        one zero fill. Any encode path that copies unconditionally must check this."""
+        return not self._needs_decode and not self.force
+
     @property
     def public_content(self) -> list[str]:
+        if self._starts_null:
+            return [
+                f"StringRef {self.field_name}{{nullptr, 0}};  // null until set, encode only"
+            ]
         return [f"StringRef {self.field_name}{{}};"]
 
     @property
     def encode_content(self) -> str:
         max_len = self.max_data_length
         if max_len is not None and max_len < 128 and self.force:
+            assert not self._starts_null, (
+                "unconditional copy of a field that may start null"
+            )
             tag = self.calculate_tag()
             if tag < 128:
                 return _encode_call(
@@ -1236,6 +1251,9 @@ class PointerToStringBufferType(PointerToBufferTypeBase):
             f"this->{self.field_name}.c_str()",
             f"this->{self.field_name}.size()",
         ):
+            assert not self._starts_null, (
+                "unconditional copy of a field that may start null"
+            )
             return result
         return _encode_call(
             "encode_string",

tests/components/core/test_string_ref.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/string_ref.h"
 
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string>
+
 namespace esphome::core::testing {
 
 TEST(StringRefStartsWith, ProperPrefixMatches) {
@@ -59,4 +62,103 @@ TEST(StringRefStartsWith, RefOverloadComparesOnlyTheViewedLength) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(ref.starts_with(prefix));
 }
 
+// The generated api messages start their encode only string fields as a null pointer with zero
+// length; every member must treat that exactly like the default constructed empty string.
+TEST(StringRefNullEmpty, BehavesAsEmptyString) {
+  const StringRef null_empty{nullptr, 0};
+  const StringRef empty;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(null_empty.empty());
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.size(), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.c_str(), nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.byte(), nullptr);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(null_empty == empty);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(null_empty < empty);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(empty < null_empty);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(null_empty == "");             // NOLINT(readability-container-size-empty) - operator under test
+  EXPECT_TRUE(null_empty == std::string());  // NOLINT(readability-container-size-empty) - operator under test
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.compare(empty), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.compare(""), 0);
+  EXPECT_LT(null_empty.compare("a"), 0);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(null_empty.starts_with(""));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(null_empty.starts_with("a"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.str(), std::string());
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.substr(0), std::string());
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.find('a'), std::string::npos);
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.find("a"), std::string::npos);
+  char buf[4] = "xyz";
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.copy(buf, sizeof(buf)), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.begin(), null_empty.end());
+}
+
+TEST(StringRefNullEmpty, ComparesAgainstText) {
+  const StringRef null_empty{nullptr, 0};
+  const StringRef text("abc", 3);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(null_empty == text);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(text == null_empty);
+  EXPECT_LT(null_empty.compare(text), 0);
+  EXPECT_GT(text.compare(null_empty), 0);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(null_empty < text);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(text < null_empty);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(text.starts_with(null_empty));
+}
+
+TEST(StringRefNullEmpty, TwoNullViewsAreEqual) {
+  const StringRef a{nullptr, 0};
+  const StringRef b{nullptr, 0};
+  EXPECT_TRUE(a == b);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(a < b);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.compare(b), 0);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(a.starts_with(b));
+}
+
+// Every iterator endpoint of a null view is the same null position: nothing is dereferenced and
+// no offset is applied to the null pointer, so the range is simply empty.
+TEST(StringRefNullEmpty, IteratorEndpointsFormAnEmptyRange) {
+  const StringRef null_empty{nullptr, 0};
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.cbegin(), null_empty.cend());
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.rbegin(), null_empty.rend());
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.crbegin(), null_empty.crend());
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::distance(null_empty.begin(), null_empty.end()), 0);
+  size_t visited = 0;
+  for (char c : null_empty) {
+    (void) c;
+    visited++;
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(visited, 0u);
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-string-constructor) - empty range under test
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(null_empty.begin(), null_empty.end()), std::string());
+}
+
+// The pointer and length constructor accepts an empty range at a null pointer; the copy into a
+// std::string reads nothing.
+TEST(StringRefNullEmpty, ConvertsToEmptyStdString) {
+  const StringRef null_empty{nullptr, 0};
+  const std::string copy = null_empty.str();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(copy.empty());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<std::string>(null_empty), std::string());
+  EXPECT_EQ(null_empty.substr(0, 5), std::string());
+  std::string target("keep");
+  target += null_empty;
+  EXPECT_EQ(target, "keep");
+}
+
+// The number conversions hand the pointer to the C library; a null view must stop before that.
+TEST(StringRefNullEmpty, NumericConversionsReturnZero) {
+  const StringRef null_empty{nullptr, 0};
+  size_t pos = 99;
+  EXPECT_EQ(stoi(null_empty, &pos), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(pos, 0u);
+  pos = 99;
+  EXPECT_EQ(stol(null_empty, &pos, 16), 0L);
+  EXPECT_EQ(pos, 0u);
+  pos = 99;
+  EXPECT_EQ(stof(null_empty, &pos), 0.0f);
+  EXPECT_EQ(pos, 0u);
+  pos = 99;
+  EXPECT_EQ(stod(null_empty, &pos), 0.0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(pos, 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(stoi(null_empty), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(stof(null_empty), 0.0f);
+}
+
 }  // namespace esphome::core::testing

tests/unit_tests/components/api/test_api_protobuf_generator.py

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parents[4] / "script" / "api_protobuf"))
 import aioesphomeapi.api_options_pb2 as pb  # noqa: E402
 from api_protobuf import (  # noqa: E402
     MAX_MESSAGE_ID,
+    SOURCE_BOTH,
     SOURCE_CLIENT,
+    SOURCE_SERVER,
     _make_ifdef_line,
     build_message_type,
     create_field_type_info,
@@ -199,6 +201,24 @@ def _decode_case(field_type: int, number: int, *, repeated: bool = False) -> str
     ).decode_content
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("needs_decode", "force", "member"),
+    [
+        (False, False, "StringRef value{nullptr, 0};  // null until set, encode only"),
+        (True, False, "StringRef value{};"),
+        (False, True, "StringRef value{};"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_string_fields_default_to_null_only_when_never_read(
+    needs_decode: bool, force: bool, member: str
+) -> None:
+    """Only a string that is neither decoded nor force encoded may start as a null StringRef."""
+    ti = create_field_type_info(
+        _field(STRING, force=force), needs_decode=needs_decode, needs_encode=True
+    )
+    assert ti.public_content == [member]
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ("field_type", "number", "wire_type", "accessor"),
     [
@@ -290,3 +310,21 @@ def test_message_gets_a_single_decode_field_override() -> None:
         (3, "WIRE_TYPE_FIXED32"),
     ):
         assert f"case proto_tag({number}, {wire_type}):" in cpp, cpp
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("source", [SOURCE_CLIENT, SOURCE_SERVER, SOURCE_BOTH])
+def test_repeated_strings_generate_in_every_direction(source: int) -> None:
+    """A repeated string builds its element type from the type map, so the null
+    default plumbing on the pointer string type never sees it."""
+    desc = descriptor_pb2.DescriptorProto(name="Names")
+    desc.field.add(
+        name="names",
+        number=1,
+        type=STRING,
+        label=descriptor_pb2.FieldDescriptorProto.LABEL_REPEATED,
+    )
+    header, cpp, _ = build_message_type(desc, {}, {"Names": source})
+    assert "std::vector<std::string> names{};" in header
+    assert "nullptr" not in header
+    if source != SOURCE_SERVER:
+        assert "case proto_tag(1, WIRE_TYPE_LENGTH_DELIMITED):" in cpp