[core] Call loop() directly in main loop, bypass call() indirection

In the main loop, components in looping_components_ active section are
guaranteed to be in LOOP state. The call() method's state machine
dispatch (checking CONSTRUCTION, SETUP, FAILED, LOOP_DONE) is only
needed during Application::setup(). In the main loop it adds two
unnecessary function call frames per component per iteration
(call() -> call_loop_() -> loop()).

This became dead weight when looping_components_ partitioning was
introduced in June 2025 (8a06c4380d). Before that, Application::loop()
iterated components_[] which contained all states, so the state check
was necessary.

esphome/core/application.cpp

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ void Application::loop() {
     {
       this->set_current_component(component);
       WarnIfComponentBlockingGuard guard{component, last_op_end_time};
-      component->call();
+      component->loop();
       // Use the finish method to get the current time as the end time
       last_op_end_time = guard.finish();
     }