esphome/esphome/core/application.h

#pragma once

#include <algorithm>
#include <ctime>
#include <limits>
#include <span>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>
#include "esphome/core/component.h"
#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
#include "esphome/core/hal.h"
#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
#include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
#include "esphome/core/progmem.h"
#include "esphome/core/scheduler.h"
#include "esphome/core/string_ref.h"
#include "esphome/core/version.h"

#ifdef USE_DEVICES
#include "esphome/core/device.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_AREAS
#include "esphome/core/area.h"
#endif

#ifdef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
#include "esphome/core/lwip_fast_select.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_HOST
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#endif
#ifdef USE_RUNTIME_STATS
#include "esphome/components/runtime_stats/runtime_stats.h"
#endif
#include "esphome/core/wake.h"
#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
#include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_SENSOR
#include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_SWITCH
#include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_BUTTON
#include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
#include "esphome/components/text_sensor/text_sensor.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_FAN
#include "esphome/components/fan/fan.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_CLIMATE
#include "esphome/components/climate/climate.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_LIGHT
#include "esphome/components/light/light_state.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_COVER
#include "esphome/components/cover/cover.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_NUMBER
#include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
#include "esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
#include "esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
#include "esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_TEXT
#include "esphome/components/text/text.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_SELECT
#include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_LOCK
#include "esphome/components/lock/lock.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_VALVE
#include "esphome/components/valve/valve.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_MEDIA_PLAYER
#include "esphome/components/media_player/media_player.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
#include "esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_WATER_HEATER
#include "esphome/components/water_heater/water_heater.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_INFRARED
#include "esphome/components/infrared/infrared.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_SERIAL_PROXY
#include "esphome/components/serial_proxy/serial_proxy.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_EVENT
#include "esphome/components/event/event.h"
#endif
#ifdef USE_UPDATE
#include "esphome/components/update/update_entity.h"
#endif

namespace esphome::socket {
#ifdef USE_HOST
/// Shared ready() helper for fd-based socket implementations.
bool socket_ready_fd(int fd, bool loop_monitored);  // NOLINT(readability-redundant-declaration)
#endif
}  // namespace esphome::socket

#ifdef USE_RUNTIME_STATS
namespace esphome::runtime_stats {
class RuntimeStatsCollector;
}  // namespace esphome::runtime_stats
#endif

// Forward declarations for friend access from codegen-generated setup()
void setup();           // NOLINT(readability-redundant-declaration) - may be declared in Arduino.h
void original_setup();  // NOLINT(readability-redundant-declaration) - used by cpp unit tests

namespace esphome {

/// SFINAE helper: detects whether T overrides Component::loop().
/// When &T::loop is ambiguous (multiple inheritance with separate loop() methods),
/// the ambiguity itself proves an override exists, so the true_type default is correct.
template<typename T, typename = void> struct HasLoopOverride : std::true_type {};
template<typename T>
struct HasLoopOverride<T, std::void_t<decltype(&T::loop)>>
    : std::bool_constant<!std::is_same_v<decltype(&T::loop), decltype(&Component::loop)>> {};

// Teardown timeout constant (in milliseconds)
// For reboots, it's more important to shut down quickly than disconnect cleanly
// since we're not entering deep sleep. The only consequence of not shutting down
// cleanly is a warning in the log.
static constexpr uint32_t TEARDOWN_TIMEOUT_REBOOT_MS = 1000;  // 1 second for quick reboot

class Application {
 public:
#ifdef ESPHOME_NAME_ADD_MAC_SUFFIX
  // Called before Logger::pre_setup() — must not log (global_logger is not yet set).
  /// Pre-setup with MAC suffix: overwrites placeholder in mutable static buffers with actual MAC.
  void pre_setup(char *name, size_t name_len, char *friendly_name, size_t friendly_name_len) {
    arch_init();
    this->name_add_mac_suffix_ = true;
    // MAC address length: 12 hex chars + null terminator
    constexpr size_t mac_address_len = 13;
    // MAC address suffix length (last 6 characters of 12-char MAC address string)
    constexpr size_t mac_address_suffix_len = 6;
    char mac_addr[mac_address_len];
    get_mac_address_into_buffer(mac_addr);
    // Overwrite the placeholder suffix in the mutable static buffers with actual MAC
    // name is always non-empty (validated by validate_hostname in Python config)
    memcpy(name + name_len - mac_address_suffix_len, mac_addr + mac_address_suffix_len, mac_address_suffix_len);
    if (friendly_name_len > 0) {
      memcpy(friendly_name + friendly_name_len - mac_address_suffix_len, mac_addr + mac_address_suffix_len,
             mac_address_suffix_len);
    }
    this->name_ = StringRef(name, name_len);
    this->friendly_name_ = StringRef(friendly_name, friendly_name_len);
  }
#else
  // Called before Logger::pre_setup() — must not log (global_logger is not yet set).
  /// Pre-setup without MAC suffix: StringRef points directly at const string literals in flash.
  void pre_setup(const char *name, size_t name_len, const char *friendly_name, size_t friendly_name_len) {
    arch_init();
    this->name_add_mac_suffix_ = false;
    this->name_ = StringRef(name, name_len);
    this->friendly_name_ = StringRef(friendly_name, friendly_name_len);
  }
#endif

#ifdef USE_DEVICES
  void register_device(Device *device) { this->devices_.push_back(device); }
#endif
#ifdef USE_AREAS
  void register_area(Area *area) { this->areas_.push_back(area); }
#endif

  void set_current_component(Component *component) { this->current_component_ = component; }
  Component *get_current_component() { return this->current_component_; }

#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
  void register_binary_sensor(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *binary_sensor) {
    this->binary_sensors_.push_back(binary_sensor);
  }
#endif

#ifdef USE_SENSOR
  void register_sensor(sensor::Sensor *sensor) { this->sensors_.push_back(sensor); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_SWITCH
  void register_switch(switch_::Switch *a_switch) { this->switches_.push_back(a_switch); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_BUTTON
  void register_button(button::Button *button) { this->buttons_.push_back(button); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
  void register_text_sensor(text_sensor::TextSensor *sensor) { this->text_sensors_.push_back(sensor); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_FAN
  void register_fan(fan::Fan *state) { this->fans_.push_back(state); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_COVER
  void register_cover(cover::Cover *cover) { this->covers_.push_back(cover); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_CLIMATE
  void register_climate(climate::Climate *climate) { this->climates_.push_back(climate); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_LIGHT
  void register_light(light::LightState *light) { this->lights_.push_back(light); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_NUMBER
  void register_number(number::Number *number) { this->numbers_.push_back(number); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
  void register_date(datetime::DateEntity *date) { this->dates_.push_back(date); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
  void register_time(datetime::TimeEntity *time) { this->times_.push_back(time); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
  void register_datetime(datetime::DateTimeEntity *datetime) { this->datetimes_.push_back(datetime); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_TEXT
  void register_text(text::Text *text) { this->texts_.push_back(text); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_SELECT
  void register_select(select::Select *select) { this->selects_.push_back(select); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_LOCK
  void register_lock(lock::Lock *a_lock) { this->locks_.push_back(a_lock); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_VALVE
  void register_valve(valve::Valve *valve) { this->valves_.push_back(valve); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_MEDIA_PLAYER
  void register_media_player(media_player::MediaPlayer *media_player) { this->media_players_.push_back(media_player); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
  void register_alarm_control_panel(alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel *a_alarm_control_panel) {
    this->alarm_control_panels_.push_back(a_alarm_control_panel);
  }
#endif

#ifdef USE_WATER_HEATER
  void register_water_heater(water_heater::WaterHeater *water_heater) { this->water_heaters_.push_back(water_heater); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_INFRARED
  void register_infrared(infrared::Infrared *infrared) { this->infrareds_.push_back(infrared); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_SERIAL_PROXY
  void register_serial_proxy(serial_proxy::SerialProxy *proxy) {
    proxy->set_instance_index(this->serial_proxies_.size());
    this->serial_proxies_.push_back(proxy);
  }
#endif

#ifdef USE_EVENT
  void register_event(event::Event *event) { this->events_.push_back(event); }
#endif

#ifdef USE_UPDATE
  void register_update(update::UpdateEntity *update) { this->updates_.push_back(update); }
#endif

  /// Reserve space for components to avoid memory fragmentation

  /// Set up all the registered components. Call this at the end of your setup() function.
  void setup();

  /// Make a loop iteration. Call this in your loop() function.
  inline void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE loop();

  /// Get the name of this Application set by pre_setup().
  const StringRef &get_name() const { return this->name_; }

  /// Get the friendly name of this Application set by pre_setup().
  const StringRef &get_friendly_name() const { return this->friendly_name_; }

  /// Get the area of this Application set by pre_setup().
  const char *get_area() const {
#ifdef USE_AREAS
    // If we have areas registered, return the name of the first one (which is the top-level area)
    if (!this->areas_.empty() && this->areas_[0] != nullptr) {
      return this->areas_[0]->get_name();
    }
#endif
    return "";
  }

  /// Maximum size of the comment buffer (including null terminator)
  static constexpr size_t ESPHOME_COMMENT_SIZE_MAX = 256;

  /// Copy the comment string into the provided buffer
  void get_comment_string(std::span<char, ESPHOME_COMMENT_SIZE_MAX> buffer);

  /// Get the comment of this Application as a string
  std::string get_comment() {
    char buffer[ESPHOME_COMMENT_SIZE_MAX];
    this->get_comment_string(buffer);
    return std::string(buffer);
  }

  bool is_name_add_mac_suffix_enabled() const { return this->name_add_mac_suffix_; }

  /// Size of buffer required for build time string (including null terminator)
  static constexpr size_t BUILD_TIME_STR_SIZE = 26;

  /// Get the config hash as a 32-bit integer
  uint32_t get_config_hash();

  /// Get the config hash extended with ESPHome version
  uint32_t get_config_version_hash();

  /// Get the build time as a Unix timestamp
  time_t get_build_time();

  /// Copy the build time string into the provided buffer
  /// Buffer must be BUILD_TIME_STR_SIZE bytes (compile-time enforced)
  void get_build_time_string(std::span<char, BUILD_TIME_STR_SIZE> buffer);

  /// Get the build time as a string (deprecated, use get_build_time_string() instead)
  // Remove before 2026.7.0
  ESPDEPRECATED("Use get_build_time_string() instead. Removed in 2026.7.0", "2026.1.0")
  std::string get_compilation_time() {
    char buf[BUILD_TIME_STR_SIZE];
    this->get_build_time_string(buf);
    return std::string(buf);
  }

  /// Get the cached time in milliseconds from when the current component started its loop execution
  inline uint32_t IRAM_ATTR HOT get_loop_component_start_time() const { return this->loop_component_start_time_; }

  /** Set the target interval with which to run the loop() calls.
   * If the loop() method takes longer than the target interval, ESPHome won't
   * sleep in loop(), but if the time spent in loop() is small than the target, ESPHome
   * will delay at the end of the App.loop() method.
   *
   * This is done to conserve power: In most use-cases, high-speed loop() calls are not required
   * and degrade power consumption.
   *
   * Each component can request a high frequency loop execution by using the HighFrequencyLoopRequester
   * helper in helpers.h
   *
   * Note: This method is not called by ESPHome core code. It is only used by lambda functions
   * in YAML configurations or by external components.
   *
   * @param loop_interval The interval in milliseconds to run the core loop at. Defaults to 16 milliseconds.
   */
  void set_loop_interval(uint32_t loop_interval) {
    this->loop_interval_ = std::min(loop_interval, static_cast<uint32_t>(std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()));
  }

  uint32_t get_loop_interval() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(this->loop_interval_); }

  void schedule_dump_config() { this->dump_config_at_ = 0; }

  /// Minimum interval between real arch_feed_wdt() calls. Chosen to keep the
  /// rate of HAL pokes low while still being small enough that any plausible
  /// watchdog timeout (seconds) has orders of magnitude of safety margin.
  static constexpr uint32_t WDT_FEED_INTERVAL_MS = 3;

  /// Feed the task watchdog. Cold entry — callers without a millis()
  /// timestamp in hand. Out of line to keep call sites tiny.
  void feed_wdt();

  /// Feed the task watchdog, hot entry. Callers that already have a
  /// millis() timestamp pay only a load + sub + branch on the common
  /// (no-op) path. The actual arch feed + status LED update live in
  /// feed_wdt_slow_.
  void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE feed_wdt_with_time(uint32_t time) {
    if (static_cast<uint32_t>(time - this->last_wdt_feed_) > WDT_FEED_INTERVAL_MS) [[unlikely]] {
      this->feed_wdt_slow_(time);
    }
  }

  void reboot();

  void safe_reboot();

  void run_safe_shutdown_hooks();

  void run_powerdown_hooks();

  /** Teardown all components with a timeout.
   *
   * @param timeout_ms Maximum time to wait for teardown in milliseconds
   */
  void teardown_components(uint32_t timeout_ms);

  /// Return the public app state status bits (STATUS_LED_* only).
  /// Internal bookkeeping bits like APP_STATE_SETUP_COMPLETE are masked
  /// out so external readers (status_led components, etc.) never see them.
  uint8_t get_app_state() const { return this->app_state_ & ~APP_STATE_SETUP_COMPLETE; }

  /// True once Application::setup() has finished walking all components
  /// and finalized the initial status flags. Before this point, the
  /// slow-setup busy-wait may be forcing STATUS_LED_WARNING on, and
  /// status_clear_* intentionally skips its walk-and-clear step so the
  /// forced bit doesn't get wiped. Stored as a free bit on app_state_
  /// (bit 6) to avoid costing additional RAM.
  bool is_setup_complete() const { return (this->app_state_ & APP_STATE_SETUP_COMPLETE) != 0; }

// Helper macro for entity getter method declarations
#ifdef USE_DEVICES
#define GET_ENTITY_METHOD(entity_type, entity_name, entities_member) \
  entity_type *get_##entity_name##_by_key(uint32_t key, uint32_t device_id, bool include_internal = false) { \
    for (auto *obj : this->entities_member##_) { \
      if (obj->get_object_id_hash() == key && obj->get_device_id() == device_id && \
          (include_internal || !obj->is_internal())) \
        return obj; \
    } \
    return nullptr; \
  }
  const auto &get_devices() { return this->devices_; }
#else
#define GET_ENTITY_METHOD(entity_type, entity_name, entities_member) \
  entity_type *get_##entity_name##_by_key(uint32_t key, bool include_internal = false) { \
    for (auto *obj : this->entities_member##_) { \
      if (obj->get_object_id_hash() == key && (include_internal || !obj->is_internal())) \
        return obj; \
    } \
    return nullptr; \
  }
#endif  // USE_DEVICES
#ifdef USE_AREAS
  const auto &get_areas() { return this->areas_; }
#endif
#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
  auto &get_binary_sensors() const { return this->binary_sensors_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(binary_sensor::BinarySensor, binary_sensor, binary_sensors)
#endif
#ifdef USE_SWITCH
  auto &get_switches() const { return this->switches_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(switch_::Switch, switch, switches)
#endif
#ifdef USE_BUTTON
  auto &get_buttons() const { return this->buttons_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(button::Button, button, buttons)
#endif
#ifdef USE_SENSOR
  auto &get_sensors() const { return this->sensors_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(sensor::Sensor, sensor, sensors)
#endif
#ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
  auto &get_text_sensors() const { return this->text_sensors_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(text_sensor::TextSensor, text_sensor, text_sensors)
#endif
#ifdef USE_FAN
  auto &get_fans() const { return this->fans_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(fan::Fan, fan, fans)
#endif
#ifdef USE_COVER
  auto &get_covers() const { return this->covers_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(cover::Cover, cover, covers)
#endif
#ifdef USE_LIGHT
  auto &get_lights() const { return this->lights_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(light::LightState, light, lights)
#endif
#ifdef USE_CLIMATE
  auto &get_climates() const { return this->climates_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(climate::Climate, climate, climates)
#endif
#ifdef USE_NUMBER
  auto &get_numbers() const { return this->numbers_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(number::Number, number, numbers)
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
  auto &get_dates() const { return this->dates_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(datetime::DateEntity, date, dates)
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
  auto &get_times() const { return this->times_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(datetime::TimeEntity, time, times)
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
  auto &get_datetimes() const { return this->datetimes_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(datetime::DateTimeEntity, datetime, datetimes)
#endif
#ifdef USE_TEXT
  auto &get_texts() const { return this->texts_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(text::Text, text, texts)
#endif
#ifdef USE_SELECT
  auto &get_selects() const { return this->selects_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(select::Select, select, selects)
#endif
#ifdef USE_LOCK
  auto &get_locks() const { return this->locks_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(lock::Lock, lock, locks)
#endif
#ifdef USE_VALVE
  auto &get_valves() const { return this->valves_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(valve::Valve, valve, valves)
#endif
#ifdef USE_MEDIA_PLAYER
  auto &get_media_players() const { return this->media_players_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(media_player::MediaPlayer, media_player, media_players)
#endif

#ifdef USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
  auto &get_alarm_control_panels() const { return this->alarm_control_panels_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel, alarm_control_panel, alarm_control_panels)
#endif

#ifdef USE_WATER_HEATER
  auto &get_water_heaters() const { return this->water_heaters_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(water_heater::WaterHeater, water_heater, water_heaters)
#endif

#ifdef USE_INFRARED
  auto &get_infrareds() const { return this->infrareds_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(infrared::Infrared, infrared, infrareds)
#endif

#ifdef USE_SERIAL_PROXY
  auto &get_serial_proxies() const { return this->serial_proxies_; }
#endif

#ifdef USE_EVENT
  auto &get_events() const { return this->events_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(event::Event, event, events)
#endif

#ifdef USE_UPDATE
  auto &get_updates() const { return this->updates_; }
  GET_ENTITY_METHOD(update::UpdateEntity, update, updates)
#endif

  Scheduler scheduler;

  /// Register/unregister a socket to be monitored for read events.
  /// WARNING: These functions are NOT thread-safe. They must only be called from the main loop.
#ifdef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
  /// Fast select path: hooks netconn callback and registers for monitoring.
  /// @return true if registration was successful, false if sock is null
  bool register_socket(struct lwip_sock *sock);
  void unregister_socket(struct lwip_sock *sock);
#elif defined(USE_HOST)
  /// Fallback select() path: monitors file descriptors.
  /// NOTE: File descriptors >= FD_SETSIZE (typically 10 on ESP) will be rejected with an error.
  /// @return true if registration was successful, false if fd exceeds limits
  bool register_socket_fd(int fd);
  void unregister_socket_fd(int fd);
#endif

  /// Wake the main event loop from another thread or callback.
  /// @see esphome::wake_loop_threadsafe() in wake.h for platform details.
  void wake_loop_threadsafe() { esphome::wake_loop_threadsafe(); }

#ifdef USE_ESP32
  /// Wake from ISR (ESP32 only).
  static void IRAM_ATTR wake_loop_isrsafe(BaseType_t *px) { esphome::wake_loop_isrsafe(px); }
#endif

  /// Wake from any context (ISR, thread, callback).
  static void IRAM_ATTR wake_loop_any_context() { esphome::wake_loop_any_context(); }

 protected:
  friend Component;
#ifdef USE_HOST
  friend bool socket::socket_ready_fd(int fd, bool loop_monitored);
#endif
#ifdef USE_RUNTIME_STATS
  friend class runtime_stats::RuntimeStatsCollector;
#endif
  friend void ::setup();
  friend void ::original_setup();
#ifdef USE_HOST
  friend void wake_loop_threadsafe();  // Host platform accesses wake_socket_fd_
#endif

#ifdef USE_HOST
  bool is_socket_ready_(int fd) const { return FD_ISSET(fd, &this->read_fds_); }
#endif

  /// Walk all registered components looking for any whose component_state_
  /// has the given flag set. Used by Component::status_clear_*_slow_path_()
  /// (which is a friend) to decide whether to clear the corresponding bit on
  /// this->app_state_ (the app-wide "any component has this status" indicator).
  bool any_component_has_status_flag_(uint8_t flag) const;

  /// Register a component, detecting loop() override at compile time.
  /// Uses HasLoopOverride<T> which handles ambiguous &T::loop from multiple inheritance.
  template<typename T> void register_component_(T *comp) {
    this->register_component_impl_(comp, HasLoopOverride<T>::value);
  }

  void register_component_impl_(Component *comp, bool has_loop);

  void calculate_looping_components_() {
    // FixedVector capacity was pre-initialized by codegen with the exact count
    // of components that override loop(), computed at C++ compile time.

    // Add all components with loop override that aren't already LOOP_DONE
    // Some components (like logger) may call disable_loop() during initialization
    // before setup runs, so we need to respect their LOOP_DONE state
    this->add_looping_components_by_state_(false);
    this->looping_components_active_end_ = this->looping_components_.size();
    // Then add any components that are already LOOP_DONE to the inactive section
    // This handles components that called disable_loop() during initialization
    this->add_looping_components_by_state_(true);
  }
  void add_looping_components_by_state_(bool match_loop_done);

  // These methods are called by Component::disable_loop() and Component::enable_loop()
  // Components should not call these directly - use this->disable_loop() or this->enable_loop()
  // to ensure component state is properly updated along with the loop partition
  void disable_component_loop_(Component *component);
  void enable_component_loop_(Component *component);
  void enable_pending_loops_();
  void activate_looping_component_(uint16_t index);
  inline void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE before_loop_tasks_(uint32_t loop_start_time);
  inline void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE after_loop_tasks_() { this->in_loop_ = false; }

  /// Process dump_config output one component per loop iteration.
  /// Extracted from loop() to keep cold startup/reconnect logging out of the hot path.
  /// Caller must ensure dump_config_at_ < components_.size().
  void __attribute__((noinline)) process_dump_config_();

  /// Slow path for feed_wdt(): actually calls arch_feed_wdt(), updates
  /// last_wdt_feed_, and re-dispatches the status LED. Out of line so the
  /// inline wrapper stays tiny.
  void feed_wdt_slow_(uint32_t time);

  /// Perform a delay while also monitoring socket file descriptors for readiness
#ifdef USE_HOST
  // select() fallback path is too complex to inline (host platform)
  void yield_with_select_(uint32_t delay_ms);
#else
  inline void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE yield_with_select_(uint32_t delay_ms);
#endif

#ifdef USE_HOST
  void setup_wake_loop_threadsafe_();       // Create wake notification socket
  inline void drain_wake_notifications_();  // Read pending wake notifications in main loop (hot path - inlined)
#endif

  // === Member variables ordered by size to minimize padding ===

  // Pointer-sized members first
  Component *current_component_{nullptr};

  // std::vector (3 pointers each: begin, end, capacity)
  // Partitioned vector design for looping components
  // =================================================
  // Components are partitioned into [active | inactive] sections:
  //
  // looping_components_: [A, B, C, D | E, F]
  //                                  ^
  //                      looping_components_active_end_ (4)
  //
  // - Components A,B,C,D are active and will be called in loop()
  // - Components E,F are inactive (disabled/failed) and won't be called
  // - No flag checking needed during iteration - just loop 0 to active_end_
  // - When a component is disabled, it's swapped with the last active component
  //   and active_end_ is decremented
  // - When a component is enabled, it's swapped with the first inactive component
  //   and active_end_ is incremented
  // - This eliminates branch mispredictions from flag checking in the hot loop
  FixedVector<Component *> looping_components_{};
#ifdef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
  std::vector<struct lwip_sock *> monitored_sockets_;  // Cached lwip_sock pointers for direct rcvevent read
#elif defined(USE_HOST)
  std::vector<int> socket_fds_;  // Vector of all monitored socket file descriptors
#endif
#ifdef USE_HOST
  int wake_socket_fd_{-1};  // Shared wake notification socket for waking main loop from tasks
#endif

  // StringRef members (8 bytes each: pointer + size)
  StringRef name_;
  StringRef friendly_name_;

  // 4-byte members
  uint32_t last_loop_{0};
  uint32_t loop_component_start_time_{0};
  uint32_t last_wdt_feed_{0};  // millis() of most recent arch_feed_wdt(); rate-limits feed_wdt() hot path

#ifdef USE_HOST
  int max_fd_{-1};  // Highest file descriptor number for select()
#endif

  // 2-byte members (grouped together for alignment)
  uint16_t dump_config_at_{std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()};  // Index into components_ for dump_config progress
  uint16_t loop_interval_{16};                                     // Loop interval in ms (max 65535ms = 65.5 seconds)
  uint16_t looping_components_active_end_{0};  // Index marking end of active components in looping_components_
  uint16_t current_loop_index_{0};             // For safe reentrant modifications during iteration

  // 1-byte members (grouped together to minimize padding)
  uint8_t app_state_{0};
  bool name_add_mac_suffix_;
  bool in_loop_{false};
  volatile bool has_pending_enable_loop_requests_{false};

#ifdef USE_HOST
  bool socket_fds_changed_{false};  // Flag to rebuild base_read_fds_ when socket_fds_ changes
#endif

#ifdef USE_HOST
  // Variable-sized members (not needed with fast select — is_socket_ready_ reads rcvevent directly)
  fd_set read_fds_{};       // Working fd_set: populated by select()
  fd_set base_read_fds_{};  // Cached fd_set rebuilt only when socket_fds_ changes
#endif

  // StaticVectors (largest members - contain actual array data inline)
  StaticVector<Component *, ESPHOME_COMPONENT_COUNT> components_{};

#ifdef USE_DEVICES
  StaticVector<Device *, ESPHOME_DEVICE_COUNT> devices_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_AREAS
  StaticVector<Area *, ESPHOME_AREA_COUNT> areas_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
  StaticVector<binary_sensor::BinarySensor *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_BINARY_SENSOR_COUNT> binary_sensors_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_SWITCH
  StaticVector<switch_::Switch *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_SWITCH_COUNT> switches_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_BUTTON
  StaticVector<button::Button *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_BUTTON_COUNT> buttons_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_EVENT
  StaticVector<event::Event *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_EVENT_COUNT> events_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_SENSOR
  StaticVector<sensor::Sensor *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_SENSOR_COUNT> sensors_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
  StaticVector<text_sensor::TextSensor *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_TEXT_SENSOR_COUNT> text_sensors_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_FAN
  StaticVector<fan::Fan *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_FAN_COUNT> fans_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_COVER
  StaticVector<cover::Cover *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_COVER_COUNT> covers_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_CLIMATE
  StaticVector<climate::Climate *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_CLIMATE_COUNT> climates_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_LIGHT
  StaticVector<light::LightState *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_LIGHT_COUNT> lights_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_NUMBER
  StaticVector<number::Number *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_NUMBER_COUNT> numbers_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
  StaticVector<datetime::DateEntity *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_DATE_COUNT> dates_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
  StaticVector<datetime::TimeEntity *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_TIME_COUNT> times_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
  StaticVector<datetime::DateTimeEntity *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_DATETIME_COUNT> datetimes_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_SELECT
  StaticVector<select::Select *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_SELECT_COUNT> selects_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_TEXT
  StaticVector<text::Text *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_TEXT_COUNT> texts_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_LOCK
  StaticVector<lock::Lock *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_LOCK_COUNT> locks_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_VALVE
  StaticVector<valve::Valve *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_VALVE_COUNT> valves_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_MEDIA_PLAYER
  StaticVector<media_player::MediaPlayer *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_MEDIA_PLAYER_COUNT> media_players_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
  StaticVector<alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_COUNT>
      alarm_control_panels_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_WATER_HEATER
  StaticVector<water_heater::WaterHeater *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_WATER_HEATER_COUNT> water_heaters_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_INFRARED
  StaticVector<infrared::Infrared *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_INFRARED_COUNT> infrareds_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_SERIAL_PROXY
  StaticVector<serial_proxy::SerialProxy *, SERIAL_PROXY_COUNT> serial_proxies_{};
#endif
#ifdef USE_UPDATE
  StaticVector<update::UpdateEntity *, ESPHOME_ENTITY_UPDATE_COUNT> updates_{};
#endif
};

/// Global storage of Application pointer - only one Application can exist.
extern Application App;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)

#ifdef USE_HOST
// Inline implementations for hot-path functions
// drain_wake_notifications_() is called on every loop iteration

// Small buffer for draining wake notification bytes (1 byte sent per wake)
// Size allows draining multiple notifications per recvfrom() without wasting stack
static constexpr size_t WAKE_NOTIFY_DRAIN_BUFFER_SIZE = 16;

inline void Application::drain_wake_notifications_() {
  // Called from main loop to drain any pending wake notifications
  // Must check is_socket_ready_() to avoid blocking on empty socket
  if (this->wake_socket_fd_ >= 0 && this->is_socket_ready_(this->wake_socket_fd_)) {
    char buffer[WAKE_NOTIFY_DRAIN_BUFFER_SIZE];
    // Drain all pending notifications with non-blocking reads
    // Multiple wake events may have triggered multiple writes, so drain until EWOULDBLOCK
    // We control both ends of this loopback socket (always write 1 byte per wake),
    // so no error checking needed - any errors indicate catastrophic system failure
    while (::recvfrom(this->wake_socket_fd_, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, nullptr, nullptr) > 0) {
      // Just draining, no action needed - wake has already occurred
    }
  }
}
#endif  // USE_HOST

inline void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE Application::before_loop_tasks_(uint32_t loop_start_time) {
#ifdef USE_HOST
  // Drain wake notifications first to clear socket for next wake
  this->drain_wake_notifications_();
#endif

  // Process scheduled tasks. Scheduler::call now feeds the watchdog itself
  // after each scheduled item that actually runs, so we no longer need an
  // unconditional feed here — when Scheduler::call has no work to do, the
  // only elapsed time is a sleep wake + a few instructions, and when it does
  // have work, it fed the wdt as it went.
  this->scheduler.call(loop_start_time);

  // Process any pending enable_loop requests from ISRs
  // This must be done before marking in_loop_ = true to avoid race conditions
  if (this->has_pending_enable_loop_requests_) {
    // Clear flag BEFORE processing to avoid race condition
    // If ISR sets it during processing, we'll catch it next loop iteration
    // This is safe because:
    // 1. Each component has its own pending_enable_loop_ flag that we check
    // 2. If we can't process a component (wrong state), enable_pending_loops_()
    //    will set this flag back to true
    // 3. Any new ISR requests during processing will set the flag again
    this->has_pending_enable_loop_requests_ = false;
    this->enable_pending_loops_();
  }

  // Mark that we're in the loop for safe reentrant modifications
  this->in_loop_ = true;
}

inline void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE Application::loop() {
  // Get the initial loop time at the start
  uint32_t last_op_end_time = millis();

  this->before_loop_tasks_(last_op_end_time);

  for (this->current_loop_index_ = 0; this->current_loop_index_ < this->looping_components_active_end_;
       this->current_loop_index_++) {
    Component *component = this->looping_components_[this->current_loop_index_];

    // Update the cached time before each component runs
    this->loop_component_start_time_ = last_op_end_time;

    {
      this->set_current_component(component);
      WarnIfComponentBlockingGuard guard{component, last_op_end_time};
      component->loop();
      // Use the finish method to get the current time as the end time
      last_op_end_time = guard.finish();
    }
    this->feed_wdt_with_time(last_op_end_time);
  }

  this->after_loop_tasks_();

#ifdef USE_RUNTIME_STATS
  // Process any pending runtime stats printing after all components have run
  // This ensures stats printing doesn't affect component timing measurements
  if (global_runtime_stats != nullptr) {
    global_runtime_stats->process_pending_stats(last_op_end_time);
  }
#endif

  // Use the last component's end time instead of calling millis() again
  uint32_t delay_time = 0;
  auto elapsed = last_op_end_time - this->last_loop_;
  if (elapsed < this->loop_interval_ && !HighFrequencyLoopRequester::is_high_frequency()) {
    delay_time = this->loop_interval_ - elapsed;
    uint32_t next_schedule = this->scheduler.next_schedule_in(last_op_end_time).value_or(delay_time);
    // next_schedule is max 0.5*delay_time
    // otherwise interval=0 schedules result in constant looping with almost no sleep
    next_schedule = std::max(next_schedule, delay_time / 2);
    delay_time = std::min(next_schedule, delay_time);
  }
  this->yield_with_select_(delay_time);
  this->last_loop_ = last_op_end_time;

  if (this->dump_config_at_ < this->components_.size()) {
    this->process_dump_config_();
  }
}

// Inline yield_with_select_ for all paths except the select() fallback
#ifndef USE_HOST
inline void ESPHOME_ALWAYS_INLINE Application::yield_with_select_(uint32_t delay_ms) {
#ifdef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
  // Fast path (ESP32/LibreTiny): reads rcvevent directly from cached lwip_sock pointers.
  // Safe because this runs on the main loop which owns socket lifetime (create, read, close).
  if (delay_ms == 0) [[unlikely]] {
    yield();
    return;
  }

  // Check if any socket already has pending data before sleeping.
  // If a socket still has unread data (rcvevent > 0) but the task notification was already
  // consumed, ulTaskNotifyTake would block until timeout — adding up to delay_ms latency.
  // This scan preserves select() semantics: return immediately when any fd is ready.
  for (struct lwip_sock *sock : this->monitored_sockets_) {
    if (esphome_lwip_socket_has_data(sock)) {
      yield();
      return;
    }
  }

  // Sleep with instant wake via FreeRTOS task notification.
  // Woken by: callback wrapper (socket data), wake_loop_threadsafe() (background tasks), or timeout.
#endif
  esphome::internal::wakeable_delay(delay_ms);
}
#endif  // !USE_HOST

}  // namespace esphome