[bq25186] Add bq25186 1-Cell, 1A Linear Battery Charger component (part 1) (#15700)

Co-authored-by: J. Nick Koston <nick@home-assistant.io>

tests/components/bq25186/common.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+esphome:
+  on_boot:
+    priority: -100
+    then:
+      # Just the defined configuration
+      - bq25186.apply_configuration: bq25186_charger
+      # Just the defined configuration with some overrides
+      - bq25186.apply_configuration:
+          id: bq25186_charger
+          battery_regulation_voltage: 4.1V
+          fast_charge_current: 200mA
+
+bq25186:
+  - id: bq25186_charger
+    configure_on_boot: false
+    fast_charge_current: 150mA
+    battery_regulation_voltage: 4.2V
+    input_current_limit: 500ma
+    system_regulation: 4.5v
+    charge_enabled: true
+  # Second charger with the boot-time write enabled
+  - id: bq25186_boot
+    address: 0x6B
+    configure_on_boot: true
+    fast_charge_current: 20mA

tests/components/bq25186/test.esp32-idf.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+packages:
+  i2c: !include ../../test_build_components/common/i2c/esp32-idf.yaml
+  bq25186: !include common.yaml

tests/components/bq25186/test.esp8266-ard.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+packages:
+  i2c: !include ../../test_build_components/common/i2c/esp8266-ard.yaml
+  bq25186: !include common.yaml