[schema] Type config_validation validators and range bounds in language schema dump

The language schema dump left many config_validation validators untyped
(icon, mac_address, percentage, update_interval, lambdas, encryption keys,
...), so the visual editor and dashboard could not tell what YAML those
fields accept. Type them via convert() and schema_extractor decorators,
emit float_with_unit quantities (frequency, voltage, current, ...) as the
field type, and attach min/max bounds detected from range validators next
to the type.

tests/unit_tests/test_config_validation.py

@@ -1641,6 +1641,34 @@ def test_templatable_schema_extract() -> None:
     assert cv.templatable(cv.int_)(SCHEMA_EXTRACT) is cv.int_
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("validator", "quantity"),
+    [
+        (cv.float_with_unit("frequency", "(Hz)?"), "frequency"),
+        (cv.frequency, "frequency"),
+        (cv.voltage, "voltage"),
+        (cv.decibel, "decibel"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_float_with_unit_schema_extract(validator: object, quantity: str) -> None:
+    # For the SCHEMA_EXTRACT sentinel the validator returns its quantity name
+    # (not the parsed value) so build_language_schema can type the field by
+    # quantity (e.g. "frequency") instead of a bare float.
+    assert validator(SCHEMA_EXTRACT) == quantity
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "validator",
+    [
+        cv.date_time(date=True, time=False),
+        cv.date_time(date=False, time=True),
+        cv.date_time(date=True, time=True),
+    ],
+)
+def test_date_time_schema_extract(validator: object) -> None:
+    assert validator(SCHEMA_EXTRACT) is None
+
+
 def test_templatable_lambda() -> None:
     result = cv.templatable(cv.int_)(Lambda("return 5;"))
     assert isinstance(result, Lambda)