diff --git a/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/__init__.py b/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/__init__.py
index 7bf3092a4e..d45f2d9df2 100644
--- a/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/__init__.py
+++ b/esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/__init__.py
@@ -62,6 +62,26 @@ MANUFACTURER_NAME_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = 0x2A29
 MODEL_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = 0x2A24
 FIRMWARE_VERSION_CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = 0x2A26
 
+# Suffix of the Bluetooth Base UUID used to expand 16/32 bit UUIDs to 128 bit.
+_BASE_UUID_SUFFIX = "-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB"
+
+
+def uuid_is(uuid: int | str, uuid16: int) -> bool:
+    """Return True if a validated UUID refers to the given 16-bit short UUID.
+
+    A service/characteristic UUID may be an ``int`` (from ``cv.hex_uint32_t``) or an
+    uppercase string in 16, 32 or 128 bit form (from ``bt_uuid``), so every
+    representation of the same UUID must be considered equivalent.
+    """
+    if isinstance(uuid, int):
+        return uuid == uuid16
+    return uuid.upper() in (
+        f"{uuid16:04X}",
+        f"{uuid16:08X}",
+        f"{uuid16:08X}{_BASE_UUID_SUFFIX}",
+    )
+
+
 # Core key to store the global configuration
 KEY_NOTIFY_REQUIRED = "notify_required"
 KEY_SET_VALUE = "set_value"
@@ -195,7 +215,7 @@ def create_description_cud(char_config):
         return char_config
     # If the config displays a description, there cannot be a descriptor with the CUD UUID
     for desc in char_config[CONF_DESCRIPTORS]:
-        if desc[CONF_UUID] == CUD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID:
+        if uuid_is(desc[CONF_UUID], CUD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID):
             raise cv.Invalid(
                 f"Characteristic {char_config[CONF_UUID]} has a description, but a CUD descriptor is already present"
             )
@@ -218,7 +238,7 @@ def create_notify_cccd(char_config):
         return char_config
     # If the CCCD descriptor is already present, return the config
     for desc in char_config[CONF_DESCRIPTORS]:
-        if desc[CONF_UUID] == CCCD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID:
+        if uuid_is(desc[CONF_UUID], CCCD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID):
             # Check if the WRITE property is set
             if not desc[CONF_WRITE]:
                 raise cv.Invalid(
@@ -244,7 +264,7 @@ def create_device_information_service(config):
     # If there is already a device information service,
     # there cannot be CONF_MODEL, CONF_MANUFACTURER or CONF_FIRMWARE_VERSION properties
     for service in config[CONF_SERVICES]:
-        if service[CONF_UUID] == DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID:
+        if uuid_is(service[CONF_UUID], DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID):
             if (
                 CONF_MODEL in config
                 or CONF_MANUFACTURER in config
@@ -592,7 +612,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
         )
         for char_conf in service_config[CONF_CHARACTERISTICS]:
             await to_code_characteristic(service_var, char_conf)
-        if service_config[CONF_UUID] == DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID:
+        if uuid_is(service_config[CONF_UUID], DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID):
             cg.add(var.set_device_information_service(service_var))
         else:
             cg.add(var.enqueue_start_service(service_var))
diff --git a/tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_server/__init__.py b/tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_server/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_server/test_esp32_ble_server.py b/tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_server/test_esp32_ble_server.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..88307d0dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/component_tests/esp32_ble_server/test_esp32_ble_server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""Tests for esp32_ble_server configuration helpers."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from esphome.components.esp32_ble_server import (
+    CCCD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID,
+    CUD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID,
+    DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID,
+    uuid_is,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "uuid",
+    [
+        DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID,  # int form (cv.hex_uint32_t)
+        "180A",  # 16 bit short form (bt_uuid)
+        "180a",  # lowercase is normalized by bt_uuid but guard anyway
+        "0000180A",  # 32 bit form
+        "0000180A-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FB",  # full 128 bit form
+    ],
+)
+def test_uuid_is_matches_all_representations(uuid) -> None:
+    """All representations of the same 16 bit UUID must compare equal."""
+    assert uuid_is(uuid, DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "uuid",
+    [
+        0x1818,  # Cycling Power Service (different int)
+        "1818",  # different 16 bit short form
+        "0000180B",  # adjacent UUID
+        "0000180A-0000-1000-8000-00805F9B34FC",  # wrong base UUID suffix
+    ],
+)
+def test_uuid_is_rejects_other_uuids(uuid) -> None:
+    """A different UUID must not be mistaken for the device information service."""
+    assert not uuid_is(uuid, DEVICE_INFORMATION_SERVICE_UUID)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("uuid16", [CUD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID, CCCD_DESCRIPTOR_UUID])
+def test_uuid_is_matches_descriptor_short_strings(uuid16) -> None:
+    """Reserved descriptor UUIDs match whether given as int or short string."""
+    assert uuid_is(uuid16, uuid16)
+    assert uuid_is(f"{uuid16:04X}", uuid16)
+    assert uuid_is(f"{uuid16:08X}", uuid16)